APUSH Struz all vocab 2015-16

French Alliance

-after battle of Saratoga-colonies could win, so France agrees to help -France recognizes the existence of the US and after trade concessions for US merchants -France will be in war until US is independent -neither side will sign a peace treaty without consulting each other -respect each other's territory in North America -France promised they wouldn't seek Canada or any other British claimed territory

House of Burgesses

1619. Formed the first legislative body in colonial America. This body was empowered to enact legislation for the colony, but its actions were subject to veto by the governor, council and ultimately by the directors in London. Nevertheless, such a legislative body would have been unthinkable in the Spanish or French colonies of that day, which highlights the degree to which the concept of a limited monarchy had become accepted by the English people.

Mayflower compact

1620. The first agreement for self-government in America. It was signed by the 41 men on the ___ and set up a government for the Plymouth colony. The Pilgrims landed in the Cape Cod area instead of their original destination, and chose a spot which the named plymouth. But, since their charter was not for this land, and Plymouth was outside the London Company's territory, they didn't have a legal basis for settling there. Because of this they signed the ___, which also proclaimed their allegiance to the king

Great Puritan Migration

1629 to 1640, years when the Puritan crisis in England reached its height. In 1629, King Charles I dissolved Parliament, preventing Puritan leaders from working within the system to effect change and leaving them vulnerable to persecution. The MA Bay Colony, represented a refuge and an opportunity for Puritans to establish a "Zion in the wilderness." During the ten years that followed, over twenty thousand men, women, and children left England to settle permanently in MA

Roger Williams

1635. He left the Massachusetts colony and purchased the land from a neighboring Indian tribe to found the colony of Rhode Island. Rhode Island was the only colony at that time to offer complete religious freedom. ___ believed in complete separation from church and state—thus challenging the church's authority and banished.

William Penn

1681, received land grant from King Charles II & used it to form a colony that would be a safe haven for Quakers; founded Pennsylvania; colony had religious freedom & treated NA so gentle that there was no fear on either end

Stamp Act Congress

27 delegates from 9 colonies met from October 7-24, 1765, and drew up a list of declarations and petitions against the new taxes imposed on the colonies.

John Adams

A Massachusetts attorney and politician who was a strong believer in colonial independence. He argued against the Stamp Act and was involved in various patriot groups. As a delegate from Massachusetts, he urged the Second Continental Congress to declare independence. He helped draft and pass the Declaration of Independence. later served as the second President of the United States.

William Bradford

A Pilgrim, the second governor of the Plymouth colony, 1621-1657. He developed private land ownership and helped colonists get out of debt. He helped the colony survive droughts, crop failures, and Indian attacks. He also persuaded Council of New England, which had charter rights to the territory, to let the people legally live there.

Spanish Mission system

A chain of missions estalbished by Franciscan monks in the Spanish Southwest and California that forced Indians to convert to Catholicism and work as agricultural laborers

Joint stock company

A company made up of a group of shareholders. Each shareholder contributes some money to the company and receives some share of the company's profits and debts.

John Dickinson

A man from Pennsylvania that led one end of the extreme at the Second Continental Congress. He led a group of moderates, much like himself, that hoped for a quick reconciliation with Great Britian.

mestizo

A person with mixed Native American and European heritage. These people were seen as above Native Americans but below "purebred" Europeans.

Sons of Liberty

A radical political organization for colonial independence which formed in 1765 after the passage of the Stamp Act. They incited riots and burned the customs houses where the stamped British paper was kept. After the repeal of the Stamp Act, many of the local chapters formed the Committees of Correspondence which continued to promote opposition to British policies towards the colonies. The Sons leaders included Samuel Adams and Paul Revere

King Philip's War (1675)

A series of battles in New Hampshire between the colonists and the Wompanowogs, led by a chief known as ___. The war was started when the Massachusetts government tried to assert court jurisdiction over the local Indians. The colonists won with the help of the Mohawks, and this victory opened up additional Indian lands for expansion, and ultimately crushed any alliances that were established between the native tribes which thus could no longer resist the English.

Patrick Henry

An American orator and member of the Virginia House of Burgesses who gave speeches against the British government and its policies urging the colonies to fight for independence. In connection with a petition to declare a "state of defense" in Virginia in 1775, he gave his most famous speech which ends with the words, "Give me liberty or give me death." Henry served as Governor of Virginia from 1776-1779 and 1784-1786, and was instrumental in causing the Bill of Rights to be adopted as part of the U.S. Constitution.

smallpox

An Old World disease which was brought by Spanish explorers to Native American populations. This disease ravaged the communities since the Native Americans had no immunity to it.

The Columbian Exchange

An exchange between the Old World, New World, and Africa. In this exchange the Old World gave the New World food, animals, and diseases. Africa gave the New World slaves. Lastly, the New World gave the Old World gold, silver, raw materials, and syphilis.

Townshend Acts

Another series of revenue measures, passed by Chancellor of the Exchequer in 1767, they taxed quasi-luxury items imported into the colonies, including paper, lead, tea, and paint. The colonial reaction was outrage and they instituted another movement to stop importing British goods.

Grenville's Program

As Prime Minister, he passed the Sugar Act in 1764 and the Stamp Act in 1765 to help finance the cost of maintaining a standing force of British troops in the colonies. He believed in reducing the financial burden on the British by enacting new taxes in the colonies.

General Braddock

British commander during French & Indian War; killed & army defeated at intersection of Ohio; killed at Battle of Fallen Timbers; second in command of his army was George Washington who led British forces; remembered for command of expedition against French Canada in 1755 when he was killed

Molasses Act (1733)

British law that taxed all molasses, rum, & sugar which colonies imported from other countries besides Britain; angered NE colonies; British had difficulty enforcing tax & most colonial merchants ignored it

William Pitt

British secretary of state during French & Indian War; brought British/colonial army under tight British control & started drafting colonists for war; led to riots

George Washington

Chosen to command the army during the revolution against Britain. First President of the United States

First Continental Congress (1774)

Convened on September 5, 1774, to protest the Intolerable Acts. The congress endorsed the Suffolk Resolves, voted for a boycott of British imports, and sent a petition to King George III, conceding to Parliament the power of regulation of commerce but stringently objecting to its arbitrary taxation and unfair judicial system.

Committees of Correspondence

Dispatching organization formed in 1772 and headed by Sam Adams that created an informed consensus among the residents of Massachusetts. Publicized decisions of town meetings by delivering letters to other towns. Eventually established in other colonies.

Declaration of Independence

Drafted by Thomas Jefferson, a Virgininan in 1776. Formally adopted by the Congress on July 4, 1776. "Shout heard round the world" has been a source of inspiration to other revolutionary movements.

writs of assistance (1767)

Enacted by the British, enforced by customs officers; general search warrant that gave British officials a carte blanche to search civilian property. Meant to enforce Navigation acts, aid British officials in America. Colonists outraged, tensions increase, later influences 4th amendment

New England Confederation (1643)

Formed to provide for the defense of the four New England colonies, and also acted as a court in disputes between colonies. These four colonies included Connecticut, New Haven, Massachusetts Bay and Plymouth Colony. Each would have two representatives and 6 out of the 8 votes were needed in order to adopt new measure.

James Oglethorpe

Founder and governor of the Georgia colony. He ran a tightly-disciplined, military-like colony. Slaves, alcohol, and Catholicism were forbidden in his colony. Many colonists felt that ___ was a dictator, and that (along with the colonist's dissatisfaction over not being allowed to own slaves) caused the colony to break down and ___ to lose his position as governor. he wanted to erect a military barrier against the Spanish lands in florida

Huguenots

French Calvinists; Edict of Nantes (1598) granted religious freedom in France, revoked in 1700s & Huguenots fled France & went to other countries, including U.S.

John Winthrop

He became the first governor of the MA Bay colony, and served in that capacity from 1630 through 1649. A Puritan with strong religious beliefs. He opposed total democracy, believing the colony was best governed by a small group of skillful leaders. He helped organize the New England Confederation in 1643 and served as its first president

John Rolfe

He was one of the English settlers at Jamestown (and he married Pocahontas). He discovered how to successfully grow tobacco in Virginia and cure it for export, which made Virginia an economically successful colony.

Crispus Attucks

He was one of the colonials involved in the Boston Massacre, and when the shooting started, he was the first to die. He became a martyr.

John Smith

Helped found and govern Jamestown. His leadership and strict discipline helped the Virginia colony get through the difficult first winter. Unlike his fellow bickering councilors, he acted--- he led raids to local Native villages to steal food and imposed work and order into the community. He was a great organizer and of great fame prior to this expedition

Pontiac's Rebellion

Indian uprising after war; led by Ottowa Chief; opposed British expansion into western Ohio Valley & began destroying British forts in area; attacked ended when chief was killed

Christopher Colombus

Italian explorer who convinced the Spanish crown to give him three ships so that he could spread Catholicism in the New World. His voyages were critical to the success of Spanish colonization of the New World because he spoke very highly of, and thus encouraged increased exploration and colonization of, the New World.

Bunker (Breed's) Hill

June 1775- colonists threatened British army in Boston. British victory on account of the depletion of American supplies. yet gave them confidence- It pushed Americans towards a final decision for war.

R. H. Lee's Resolution (June 7, 1776)

June 6, 1776. made a motion that "the United Colonies are and ought to be free and independent states" Motion was heavily debated and was adopted on July 2, 1776. It was a formal declaration of independence by the American colonies.

Stamp Act

March 22, 1765 - British legislation passed as part of Prime Minister Grenville's revenue measures which required that all legal or official documents used in the colonies, such as wills, deeds and contracts, had to be written on special, stamped British paper. It was so unpopular in the colonies that it caused riots, and most of the stamped paper sent to the colonies from Britain was burned by angry mobs. Because of this opposition, and the decline in British imports caused by the non- importation movement, London merchants convinced Parliament to repeal the Stamp Act in 1766.

Boston Massacre

March 5, 1770. Dispute between British soldiers and Bostonian laborers that ended with the death of five Bostonians and injury of seven. Those that died in this dispute were later idealized as martyrs for the cause of liberty. Paul Revere's engraving of this event was a part of the anti-British propaganda campaign.

Aztecs

Native American empire that controlled present-day Mexico until 1521, when they were conquered by Spanish Hernán Cortés. They maintained control over their vast empire through a system of trade and tribute, and came to be known for their advances in mathematics and writing, and their use of human sacrifices in religious ceremonies.

agricultural practices (maize cultivation)

Native Americans used a farming system, known as the "three sister" system, by which corn, squash and beans grew together and effectively replenished the nutrients of the soil which were depleted by the other vegetables.

Puritans

Non-separatists who wished to adopt reforms to purify the Church of England. They received a right to settle in the Massachusetts Bay area from the King of England.

Headright system

Parcels of land consisting of about 50 acres which were given to colonists who brought indentured servants into America. They were used by the Virginia Company to attract more colonists.

Sugar Act (1764)

Part of Prime Minister Grenville's revenue program, the act replaced the Molasses Act of 1733, and actually lowered the tax on sugar and molasses (which the New England colonies imported to make rum as part of the triangular trade) from 6 cents to 3 cents a barrel, but for the first time adopted provisions that would insure that the tax was strictly enforced; created the vice-admiralty courts; and made it illegal for the colonies to buy goods from non-British Caribbean colonies.

Declaratory Act (1766)

Passed at the same time that the Stamp Act was repealed, the Act declared that Parliament had the power to tax the colonies both internally and externally, and had absolute power over the colonial legislatures.

"salutary neglect"

Prime Minister Robert Walpole's policy for dealing with the American colonies; primarily concerned with success for Britain; believed unrestricted trade with colonies would be more profitable for GB then taxing colonies would be

Albany Plan of Union

Proposal written by Franklin during French & Indian War to unify colonial govs that would operate under authority of British gov; general colony gov to be administered by a general president appointed by the crown & a council; colonial America & British gov rejected plan

Quartering Act (1765)

Required the colonials to provide food, lodging, and supplies for the British troops in the colonies.

Staple crops in the south

Rice, which was picked by African-American planters who were imported by the Dutch in 1616. Others were tobacco, indigo, various grains, wood, and skins. All of these products were exported to Europe and the west Indies. Most of the colonists' profit came from farming.

John Paul Jones

Scotsman navy officer fighting for colonies who helped destroy British merchant shipping and thus carried the war into the waters around the British Isles

Pilgrims

Separatists who believed that the Church of England could not be reformed. Separatist groups were illegal in England, so these people fled to US and settled in Plymouth.

Anne Hutchinson

She preached the idea that God communicated directly to individuals instead of through the church elders. She was forced to leave Massachusetts in 1637. She also declared that most of the religious elite (clergyman) did not disserve the right of interpreting the scriptures to a congregation. Only those who were directly spoken to by the Holy Spirit (John Cotton - her minister, her brother-in-law, and herself) could gain this authority. Because this belief challenged the right of the Puritan authority she was banished to Rohde Island.

Paul Revere

Silversmith and patriot who alerted the colonists that the British were coming before Lexington and Concord by taking a midnight horse ride to spread the word and to prepare colonists

Encomienda system

Spanish government's policy to give Indians (thus viewed them as property) to certain colonists in return for the promise to Christianize them. Part of a broader Spanish effort to subdue Indian tribes in the West Indies and on the North American mainland.

Pueblo Revolt

Taos and Apache Indians living in pueblos rose up against Spanish missionaries and settlers; established a short-lived confederacy.

The Great Basin

The largest contiguous drainage basin that retains water and does not allow outflow into other areas in North America. Contains Death Valley, which is a desert located in Eastern California. Also known as the "Watershed region".

Bacon's Rebellion (1676)

This guy and other western Virginia settlers were angry at Virginia Governor Berkley for trying to appease the Doeg Indians after the Doegs attacked the western settlements. The frontiersmen formed an army, with Bacon as its leader, which defeated the Indians and then marched on Jamestown and burned the city. The rebellion ended suddenly when Bacon died of an illness. "Mobocracy" and 1st official protest to royal authority

Carolina Regulators

This name applies to several groups of insurgents who, in 1764, wanted to protect the rights of their community. The North ones threatened to rebel and not pay taxes. The South ones, in 1767, opposed corrupt government and cleared their homeland of outlaw bands of terrorists.

Treaty of Tordesillas

Treaty signed in 1494 by the Papacy, Spain, and Portugal that didvided the New World beteen Portugal and Spain. Portugal received the short end of the stick (but received much of Africa). Spain received the western New World, and thus the Americas.

Massachusetts Circular Letter (1770)

Written by Samuel Adams in response to the Townshend Acts that invited the people of Massachusetts to "maintain the liberties of America"

Coercive (Intolerable) Acts

a series of legislative laws by Parliament that invaded the privacy of the colonists and blocked all aspects of trade in Boston. These acts blocked all trade into Boston until the tea from the Boston Tea Party was paid for, forced colonists to entertain British soldiers in their homes as if they were living there and allowed that a criminal could be tried in another colony from which he committed the crime. (so in a sense a British soldier could be tried in Britain even if he committed a crime in Massachusetts)

Salem witch trials

accusations of witchcraft; led to trials where 18 people were hanged & many arrested and sent to prison; after trials were admitted to have been a mistake

Boston Tea Party

an act of rebellion where colonists dumped crates of tea into the Boston Harbor on December 16, 1773. Over 342 chests were dumped and it cost the British nearly 10,000 pounds. The colonists never paid back Britain and this caused the motherland to draft the Intolerable Acts.

"Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania"

an incredibly popular pamphlet published in the colonies. Argued that Parliament could regulate colonial trade, but could not exercise that power to raise revenue. This allowed the colonists to feel as if they could approve each of Parliament's laws pertaining to trade and then decide whether or not to obey it. This was ineffective.

Gaspee Incident (1772)

colonials boarded and burned a British ship that had gone missing. They were sent to Britain for trial. Colonial outrage led to the widespread formation of Committees of Correspondence.

mercantilism

economic policy of Europe from 1500s to 1700s; gov had control over industry & trade; idea was to export more than import for economic success; Great Britain exported goods & forced colonies to buy them

Lexington and Concord (1775)

first "battles"; meant to get suppies from militia, but shots exchanged between minutemen and the british as the british continued to concord; Americans ambushed british, killing 300

Proclamation of 1763

forbade British colonists from settling west of Appalachian Mountains; required any settles already living west to move back east

royal/crown colonies

formed by king; British government had total control over colonies

charter colonies

founded by a gov't charter & granted to a company or group of people; British gov had some control over colonies

proprietary colonies

founded by a proprietary company or individual owner & controlled by proprietor

Benjamin Franklin

from Pennsylvania; served on Committee for Independence in 1776; prime minister to Britain; signed a peace treaty between U.S. & England concerning new American borders in Nov 1782; printer, author, inventor, diplomat, statesmen, & Founding Father; highly respected in Europe because of discoveries with electricity

Triangular Trade

gave New England economy; ships from New England first sail to Africa to exchange New England rum for slaves; slaves shipped from Africa to Caribbean; in Caribbean slaves traded for sugar & molasses; molasses used to make rum in New England

Peter Stuyvesant

governor of New Amsterdam (Dutch); hated by colonists; surrendered colony to English on Sept 8, 1664; in 1665 was sent to surround main Swedish Fort & won; ended Swedish colonial rule

John Peter Zenger Trial

he published critical articles of British governor William Cosby; taken to trial & defended by Andrew Hamilton; found not guilty; trial set a precedent for freedom of press in colonies; ruled that criticism of gov were not writings of what was actually true

Robert Morris

head of the Confederation and superintendent of finances following the Revolutionary War; envisioned a "public debt supported by public revenue"

Thomas Paine, "Common Sense"

helped American public recognize the need to separate from the crown

Second Continental Congress

intercolonial assembly that met in Philadelphia on May 10, 1775; all thirteen colonies were represented; still wanted to just get British acts repealed and wrote new appeals to British people and king, but raised money to create an army and navy

Iroquois Confederacy

joining of six Indian tribes recognized by Albany; most organized & effective NA confederacy; tribes band together to fight outside influences (French, English, etc...)

George Whitefield

minister who started/helped spread Great Awakening in Britain & colonies; was leader of "New Lights" which was a group started during Great Awakening that broke away from the congregational church in New England

Paxton Boys (1754-1763)

mob of Pennsylvania frontiersmen who massacred a group of non hostile NA because they wanted gov protection from NA; stopped by Franklin

Edmund Burke

moved to England and served as a statesman in the House of Commons. During his time there, he came to be known as a supporter of the American Revolution while disagreeing with the happenings of the French Revolution

Benedict Arnold

one of the leaders in an American force in 1775 that captured British garrisons at Ticonderoga and Crown Point in NY, seizing gunpowder; also led battle at Bunker Hill (Boston), first massive British army destruction; kept British from reaching Fort Ticonderoga in 1776, forcing them to stay in Canada for the winter; 1780 turned traitor for money, greatly hurting American morale (was going to sell out Hudson River)

Maryland Act of Toleration (1754)

ordered by Lord Baltimore; created after a Protestant was elected governor; allowed religious freedom to all Christians; worship freely as either Protestant or Catholic

French and Indian War (1756-1763)

part of Seven Years' War in Europe; Britain & France fought for control of Ohio Valley & Canada; Algonquins & Mohawk Indians sided with French while rest of Iroquois Confederation sided with British; Britain eventually won & gained control of all remaining French territory in Canada & India; Spain also sided with France & gave Florida to Britain at end of war; Spain got Louisiana in exchange for Florida

indentured servants

people who could not afford passage to colonies; another person would pay their passage & in exchange would serve that person for a set length of time (usually 7 years) then would be free

The Enlightenment

philosophical movement in Europe in 1700s; spread to colonies; emphasized reason & scientific method; writers tended to focus on gov, ethics, & science rather than fantasy writing & emotions; many members rejected traditional beliefs & favored deism

Lord Baltimore

proprietor of Maryland; allowed religious freedom to all Christian colonists; brought over Huguenots

Calvinism

religion founded by John Calvin; believes in pre-destination; supported constitutional gov & separation of church & state

deism

religion of Enlightenment; followers believed that God existed & had created world, but afterwards left it to be run by natural laws; denied that God communicated to man in any way or influenced his life; believed humans live in a perfect universe and laws that humans created were created naturally

Navigation acts

series of British regulations which taxed goods imported by colonies from places other than Britain; increased trade between Britain & the colonies & tax revenues; reinstated after French-Indian War so Britain could pay off debts; British colonies could only import goods if they were sent on British ships & 3/4 of crew was British

Treaty of Paris (1763)

signed by Great Britain, France, & Spain with Portugal in agreement; ended French & Indian War; marked period of excessive British dominance outside of Europe

Stono Rebellion (1739)

slaves were trying to escape to Spanish Florida; killed many people along way; got caught before they were successful

patroon system

special privileges that were offered to individuals who managed to build a settlement of at least 50 people within 4 years; few people accomplished

Tea Act

stated that tea could only be sold by the East India Company and it's designated agents. Tea ended up being cheaper for the colonists but resistance leaders found this to be a new foundation for a monopoly and rejected the legislation.

Great Awakening

sudden outbreak of religious earnestness in 1730s that went throughout most colonies; one of first events that unified colonies

pueblo

term used by Spanish explorers in the American Southwest to describe the Native American villages and towns in this region.

John Locke

wrote that all humans have a right to life, liberty, & property and that gov exists to protect those rights; rejected theory of divine right absolutism; believed gov was based on a "social contract"; wrote Two Treatises of Gov; believed if gov failed to protect people's rights then people could revolt & start a new gov