ART 1301 Midterm

Feminist Criticism

-1970's -Cindy Sherman -Why no great women artists/not many women in art -Guerilla Girls (criticize lack of women in art world, protest art, critique or art world)

Shape

-2D visual entity

Aesthetics

-A branch of philosophy and a study of creativity

Line

-A moving point, having length and no width

The function of the Cut Meringues painting by Wayne Thiebaud is to show food as...

-A popular icon

What is art according to the textbook?

-A primarily visual medium that is used to express ideas about our human experience and the world around us -Contingent, changes from place and time -Reflets general perception of art here and now

Texture

-A surface characteristic that is tactile or visual -Tactile: Consists of physical surface variations that can be perceived by touch -Visual Texture: Illusionary -Simulated Textures: Mimics reality -Abstracted Textures: Based on an existing texture but has been simplified and regularized -Invented Textures: Products of human imagination -A medium may have inherent texture (Mosaic: A picture created out of small pieces of colored glass or stone pieces affixed to a surface)

Kinetic Works

-Actual movement is part of the piece -Ex. Alexander Calder's Crinkly with a Red Disk

Animism

-All forces of nature are inhabited by spirits, a rock or tree can be carved into an image to bring out the natural force -Ex. The Venus of Willendorf (spiritual force of procreation, fertility)

Mixed Media

-An assembled work made with a variety of techniques and materials

Content Analysis

-Analysis of meaning, usually requires more info -Subject matter and subtext (substance of a work of art and underlying ideas or message) -Subject matter and subtext, iconography (system of symbols, allow to refer to complex ideas) and symbols, context (external conditions that surround a work of art), physical surroundings, method of encounter

Formal Analysis

-Analysis only on form -Composition, size and scale, color and tone, etc.

Definition of Art (Professor)

-Art as an activity -Objects worthy of study -Reveal things about person/society that produced it -Artists challenging definitions of art -Value?(Monetary, culture)

Decorative Art

-Arts that are attached to something that has a function (silverware. table cloth, interior design); nearly interchangeable with applied art

Assembling

-Assembled works are made of various parts that are then put together -Assembly is the process used to create many works of art or personal adornment -Ex. Masai women wearing beaded necklace (most fundamental form)

Principles of Composition

-Balance -Rhythm -Proportion -Scale -Emphasis -Unity -Variety

Space in Installation or Performance Art

-Can be particularly significant because part of the meaning comes from the environment; location affects meaning -Huang Yong Ping's Bat Project I (American spy plane)

Line Quality

-Can express a range of emotions -Fragility, roughness, anger, whimsy, vigor -Flowing, meandering, calligraphic, jagged

Asymmetrical Balance

-Careful distribution of uneven elements

Chalk and Pastels

-Colored materials held together by wax or glue and shaped into sticks, almost pure pigment -Pastel drawings have an intensity that surpasses most other media Ex. Edgar Degas' At the Milliner's

Space in Sculpture and Architecture

-Consists of the footprint occupies by the structure and also the voids and solids within each piece and immediately surrounding it

Representational/Naturalistic

-Contains entities from the world in recognizable form -Recognizable imagery depicted very much as seen in nature

Three-Point Perspective

-Creates the illusion of forms that recede to the left, to the right, downward

Craft

-Creation of functional aesthetic objects (pottery, needlepoint, leatherwork) -Single person with compete charge of an object

Design

-Creator makes a prototype for mass production for general use (plastic chairs) -Comes from industrial revolution

Modern and Post-Modern Critical Theories of Art

-Criticisms in the 20th century -Modern (1940's-1950's)- Clement Greenburg (no context, form only: Formalist criticism) -Postmodern (1960's, 1970's, and 1980's)

Churches

-Designed like installations, create a spiritual environment -Ex. Little Chapel in the Woods

Personal Stye

-Difference between individual artists styles -Ex. Van Gogh and Gauguin Mrs. Ginoux paintings

Alternating Rhythm

-Different elements repeatedly placed side by side

Criticism

-Distinct body of literature that includes the critics opinion and provides interpretations

Implied Lines

-Do not physically exist but appear to be real -Dotted, broken, pointing action -The Creation of Adam by Michelangelo

Most art...

-Does not emit light, but reflects the light all around us (ambient light)

Radial Balance

-Elements in the composition visually radiate outward from a central point. -Ex. Angkor Wat in Cambodia (symmetry and radial balance add to grandeur)

New Technologies

-Experimental drawing and designing media -Artosts can make sculptures rom computer-aided design files and 3D print -Frank Gehry's "El Peix" fish sculpture, 3D printed

Proportion and Scale

-Expressive devices -Ex. Tall sculptural forms on the masks of the Bwa Masqueraders suggest other worlds power -Hieratic scaling points to the highest-ranking person in the scene (ex. in Parinirvana, Buddha is enormous compared to other figures)

Intaglio

-Fine lines -High level of detail -Rich, dark tones -Artists cut into a flat surface to make the image ("to cut into") -Processes: Drypoint, engraving, etching, and aquatint -Ex. Albrecht Durer's Knight, Death, and the Devil

Outline

-Follows the edges of a silhouette of a 3D form with uniform line thickness (not necessarily)

Function

-For what purpose was the art originally made?

Avant-Garde

-Forward-thinking, unusual

Rybcynski (Chairs)

-Functional, cultural, decorative -Cirey apartment, all objects and interior extravagantly decorated -Types of ornamentation: One modulates surfaces with patterns or decorative designs, the other appears "as if" it were other than it really was -Perhaps the interaction with a beautiful chair makes it more than art

Feminist criticism deals with what issues in art?

-Gender -Cindy Sherman, Guerrilla Girls, etc.

In what ways can art be categorized?

-Geographically -Thematically -Historically

Regular Shapes

-Geometric -Circle -Square -Triangle -Hexagon

Modern Criticism (Formalism)

-Greenburg's "method of painting" idea: Felt Morris Louis' (Blue Veil) work was true and honest because it was a part of the canvas -Should be 2D, not attempt to be 3D -Promoted ideas

What 19th century French artist was known for this satirical political cartoons?

-Honore Daumier

Function of Art

-How does this thing do a job?

Religion and Sacrifice

-Idea of nature as holy -Sacrifice of Isaac: emotionally tense moment, Isaac's perfect nude body increased merit of sacrifice, etc.: Because not everyone was literate, this was wordless preaching of the ultimate test of faith -The Hopis make small sculptures as a form of prayer, colors represent sacred directions -Prehistoric cultures linked art and ritual to bringing rain, food, etc. -Ceremonies, offerings, sacrifices, prayers, the cosmos

Ideological Criticism

-Interpreting everything though a lens (i.e. Marxist economic lens) -Political underpinnings of art -All art supports political agenda, etc.

Eccentric Rhythm

-Irregular, but not so much that the visuals do not connect

Damien Hirst

-Known for shocking or controversial work -Ex. For the Love of God (Platinum cast of human skull covered in diamonds with original teeth)

Hatching

-Lines produce tones or values in parallel lines

Rulers have always...

-Looked to art to distinguish themselves -Idealized image: Ruler's face and/or body is depicted youthfully and without flaw -Symbols: Details are included that indicate omnipotence, authority or divine blessing Compositional devices: Ruler often occupies the center of a picture and may be shown larger than attendants or other figures -Exalted with elaborate thrones, garments, dazzling jewelry, or objects of power -Palaces and monuments can make the state and ruler seem powerful and glorious

Neutral Color

-Low-intensity colors such as cream, tan, beige -Ex. Mr. and Mrs. Andrews by Thomas Gainsborough (tree)

Shading/Modeling

-Manipulating graduations in values creating the appearance of natural light -Renaissance Italians used chiaroscuro to describe light-dark graduations

Contour Lines

-Mark the edges of a 3D object with varying line thickness and with some internal detail

Importance of Materials

-Materials are the physical embodiment of the idea

Becker (Art Worlds)

-More interested in process -Specialists are essential (printmakers: one makes prints, one prints them) -Focus on understanding what/why/how art happens -Justification of art (NECESSARY!) by people other than artists -Art making is a complex societal endeavor -Art is a human activity -Training: Art schools, professors, curriculum -Legal system/Social Organization: If society doesn't vote individual property/have laws about private property/economic stability, art cannot happen; Advantageous tax laws persuade people to buy art

Fine Art

-Not functional, aesthetic only -Refined objects considered to be among the highest cultural achievements of the human race -Painting, sculpting

Freestanding Sculpture

-Objects meant to be seen from all sides -Ex. Moai statue

Functional Art (Applied)

-Objects that are functional and have artistic value

Irregular Shapes

-Organic or biomorphic

Pattern

-Ornamentation is profuse and serves several purposes -Geometric pattern: Regular elements spaced at regular intervals -Pattern in architecture creates visual interest (Function is to direct eye to certain features) -Ex. Royal Mosque (symbolizes Allah, infinity, creation, enhances character, etc.) or Mosque of Cordoba

Artistic Hierarchy

-Painting -Sculpture -Photography -Chairs fall low because they are functional -Less functional = higher on hierarchy

Painting

-Painting media consists of two basic components: -Pigments are intense colors in powder form -Binders are substances into which pigment is blended, holds the components together when dry -Need some kind of support, usually stone, clay (some of oldest), plaster, wood panel, paper, fabric, found objects -The human body is and has been a surface for painting

Crosshatching

-Parallel lines in layer -May thin, create the illusion of a light gray tone; lines layered on top of each other create darker gray tone

Phenomenology

-Perception and experience -Perceiving subject engages with artwork

Actual Lines

-Physically exist and can be straight, thin, jagged, etc. -Regular and irregular

Balance

-Placing elements so that their visual weights seem evenly distributed

Gesture Lines

-Rapid, sketchy marks mimicking the movement of the human eye when examining a subject

Cross-Countours

-Repeated lines around an object and to express its three-dimensionality

High-Intensity Color

-Saturated/bright colors -Ex. Mr. and Mrs. Andrews by Thomas Gainsborough (dress)

Serigraphy

-Screen printing; a stencil is attached over a piece of finely woven fabric stretched on a frame, ink is squeezed through the open areas of the stencils and deposited on the surface below -Silkscreen makes it possible to get broad ares of intense color -Ex. Andy Warhol's Marilyn Monroe

Relief Sculpture

-Seen only from the front -Usually carved out of a single stone or wood block -Ex. Hindu, Banteay Srei, Cambodia.

Regular Rhythm

-Smooth, systematically repeated -Ex. Churning of the Ocean of Milk

A lines direction describes...

-Spatial relationships -Horizontal lines imply inactivity -Vertical lines imply aspiration and potential -Diagonal lines suggest movement -Curving lines suggest flowing movement

Site-Specific Sculpture

-Specifically designed for a particular place, the space becomes part of the experience of the artwork -Ex. Maya Lin's Vietnam Veterans Memorial

Cultural Style

-Styles of different cultural -Ex. Mosques in Africa and Spain

Window Design

-Technical achievements -Powerful symbols of heavenly radiance Ex. Little Chapel in the Woods

Carving

-Technique for crating 3D work, artists remove unwanted material from a large block of stone or wood of a synthetic product -Subtractive process -Ex. Michelangelo's David

Design History

-The academic study of the history and development of objects of design

Art History

-The academic study of the history and development of painting, sculpture, and the other visual arts

Media/Medium

-The actual material substance used to make a work of art

Composition

-The arrangement of formal elements in a work of art

One-Point Perspective

-The frontal plane of a volume is closest to the viewer, all other planes appear to recede to a single vanishing point -Ex. Ronald Davis' Cube and Four Panels

Content

-The mass of ideas associated with artwork -Theme or message -Immediately apparent or needs more clarification (research)

Time

-The period that viewers study and absorb an artwork -New media: Film, etc. -Ex. Marcel Duchamp's The Passage from Virgin to Bride

Printmaking

-The process of making multiple impressions using a printing plate, woodblock, stone, or stencil -Types: Intaglio, relief, lithography, serigraphy, monotype (single impressions)

Rhythm

-The repetition of carefully placed elements

Proportion

-The size of one part in relation to another within a work of art

Scale

-The size of something in relation to what we assume to be normal -Frank O. Gehry's Binocular Enterance to the Chiat Building

Space

-The space in 2D artwork -The space of sculpture and architecture, the area it occupies and the void it contains -The space of performance art, installation, and intermedia work -Positive Space: Where something is -Negative Space: Where nothing is

Methods and Media in 3D Art

-Traditional to new media -Freestanding -Relief sculpture -Site-specific -Kinetic

Fabrics, Needlework, and Weaving

-Transitions from the 2D art to 3D works, covers a range of art objects -Tapestries, quilts, rugs, embroidery, and other woven objects -Ex. El Anatsui's Sasa is made of salvaged materials, discarded strips of metal foil woven into a wall hanging

Fabricated sculpture

-Uses industrial and commercial processes such as welding or neon lighting -Ex. Nam June Paik's Electronic Superhighway

Multipoint Perspective

-Various sections conform to different perspective systems -Ex. Giorge de Chirico's Gare Montparnasse shows an unreal/illogical depiction of space

Symmetrical Balance

-Visual weight is distributed evenly

Visual Form

-What elements compose it and how are they arranged? -Symbology

Time and Motion

-With architecture and large sculpture, viewers cannot grasp all their features in an instant; these works unfold in time as we move through/around them -Ex. Chaitya Hall -African masquerades are art forms that incorporate art objects, singing, dancing, and community celebrations and rituals; masks are not considered static sculptures but are integral parts of the larger masquerade art form (Ex. Bwa masks)

What artist created sculptures that look like cardboard packaging for grocery store items?

Andy Warhol

Visual artists...

Intentionally communicate