ARTH 3130 (exam 1)

Social issues during the Porfiriato

- Class gap - Better working conditions and rights - Discontent of campesinos and indigenous population - Racism

Soladeras

Camp followers composed of woman and children of the Soldiers of Revolution Doing domestic work and other duties Wide spread kidnapping posed and gazed at and seen as sacred figures (folk song is even dedicated to them) Symbolizes loyalty and solidarity however, romanticizes them as the "woman soldier" and used to construct images with them

China Poblana and Charro

China Poblana is a woman partner from Puebla with a traditional dress, skirt, lace, scarf Charro as a cowboy dance partner and also in traditional dress

Diego Rivera, Distribution of arms, (1928)

Communism and ideology shown in the mural Workers unifying and distributing arms across the crowd of people Handing our rifles and knives (Frida Kahlo also is depicted doing this) Siquieros is also in the background of it Sense of unity and nationalism

Images of revolutionary leader and iconography

Constructed imagery that shows a sense of power, confidence and independence that is free from corruption Showing a sense of Mexicanidad through clothing and other symbols Using photography as a way to create propaganda

José María Velasco, Metlac Bridge, (1881)

Creation of unified Identity Creating National symbolism Using Landscape to represent stories Creating nostalgia through the symbolism. (plants related to Mexico and Animals) Depicting the Modernity of national railways

José Guadalupe Posada, El mosquito Americano (1903)

In the Revista Moderna Depicting the universal struggles of Mexicans Satire and comical depictions of ugly and evil mosquitos showing all classes (can be seen through the use of clothing) Bringing sense of unity

Diego Rivera, Creation, 1922-23

Influenced by murals in Europe with Renaissance themes Looking through a Christian lense and showing symbolism At the bottom there are indigenous figures of Adam and Eve Above them there are the 9 muses of Art and culture Above the muses, there are angles that represent christian values In the Center there is a Jesus like figure and animals around him

Youth Atheneum

Intellectual organization that was created in Mexico during the Revolution Made up of influential thinkers, writers and artists Questioning society and then publishing their thoughts in various publications

Revista Moderna

International literacy and arts magazine Exclusively male fraternity Censored for erotic content that created "feminine uneasiness"

Modernismo

International movement that spans multidisciplinary works and projects Stressed aesthetics in art and poetry. Looked for ways to express alternative modernities. Fear, anxiety, erotism and please. Idea of the creative genius and tortured artist Anti-positivist movement in Mexico.

Costumbrismo

art that reflects everyday life. Incorporating elements of still life, rural and folk art, street scenes and life.

Petronilo Monroy, Allegory of the Constitution of 1857 (1860's)

- Representation of Mexican Nation and identity - Olive branch as peace - Darker skin and curvy form. figure is from mixed heritage - theatricality and emotion

New Spain

1400s and 1500s *Spain tightly controlled empire in the New World *Mainly located in North and Central America, including the Caribbean and Spanish East Indies *To deal with labor shortages, the Spaniards developed a system of large manors (ecomiendas) using Native American slaves under conquistadors *With the death of Native American slaves, Spaniards began importing African slaves to supply their labor needs

Mesoamerica

A geographic region in the western hemisphere that was home of the Mayan and Aztec civilizations.

Pancho Villa

A popular leader during the Mexican Revolution of 1910. An outlaw in his youth, when the revolution started, he formed a cavalry army in the north of Mexico and fought for the rights of the landless in collaboration with Emiliano Zapata.

Jose Clemente Orozco, House of tears (1913-1915)

A series of paintings made by Orozco Very cynical artist and critic of society Dark, shadowy, tragedy, and pessimistic part of society Artist in poverty for part of his life (red light district) Monstrous depiction of people and their lifestyle

Adolfo Best Maugard and drawing method of 1922

Adolfo Best Maugard is a friend of Rivera Created the Best method drawing in order to study indigenous artifacts and pottery Showing primitive forms with straight lines, curves, circles, and shapes. Overall, breaking down the forms and combination of forms Method was supported by Vasconcelos and drawings were then published in book form and given to children Overall promoting unified Mexican art style and Identity

Diego Rivera, Courtyard of the Fiestas (1924-1928) - Armed forces unite - Banquet of the Rich - In the trenches

Armed forces unite - Tinity of people (soldier, farmer, worker) - leading a strong army Banquet of the Rich - Juxapostion - rich succulent and champagne riches enviornment - Capitalist relaxation and corruption - Specific American capitalist depicted (Ford and Rockefeller) In the Trenches - referencing the revolution - Trinity of people and campesino people - Unity then, Unity now - Glory of Mexico

Mexican Independence

Creoles fearing loss of privileges joined together, led by Father Miguel Hidalgo. Declared Mexican's independence in 1821 colonizers were overthrown in 1821 and Central America had independence from Mexico.

Exhibition of the Popular Arts in 1921

Curated by Dr. Atl Displayal of popular arts and folk arts Conflicted "popular" with native art Showing the artistic ability of indigenous artists showing Lacquerware, textiles, bead paintings, embroidery tiles

Casasola Archive, Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata (1914)

Depicting rebellious unity with in the photography Unity of political uprising constructed imagery

Casasola Archives, Diaz at Ceremony commemorating the death of Benito Juarez

Depicting the political climate of Mexico Depicting history and story of the Revolution Foreshadowing to the future of Mexican society and problems of the revolution

Saturino Herran, Legend of Volcanoes (1910)

Depicts a landscape of the volcanoes that represent a human body It is a trio panel painting Legend of two lovers First panel: princess and warrior in love Second panel: warrior goes away for war and princess think he has died so she dies of grief third panel: warrior not dead and carries his lover's body into the mountain (woman turns in to the mountain) Tragic love story and sense of mextizaje

Rodrigo Gutiérrez, Senate of Tlaxcala, 1875

Depicts a scene where four leaders that are in a deep discussion Talking possibly meeting Cortes in the future and forming an alliance. There is some dissent in the group Alludiong to precolonial past and hertiage Finding a unified Mexican aesthetic

Porfirio Diaz

Dictator in Mexico from 1876 to 1911. Overthrown by the Mexican Revolution of 1910.

Felix parra, Fray Bartolome de las Casas, (1875)

Felix Parra's Fray Bartolome de las Casas represent a the actions of the Spanish and also connects to the past of Mexican politics and culture. This particular painting depicts the famous missionary Fray Bartolome from Pre-Hispanic colonization and the violent conflicts that occurred in the name of the Spanish crown and Christianity. The scene seems especially melancholic with the bright light shining down on Fray's sad face. portrays indigenous subjects as victims of abuse, oppression and violence. It also seems if Fray looks to heaven and tries to ask God to forgive the Spanish In this particular painting, Parra makes indigenous subjects that display emotion and brings them to a level of humanity that was not seen in other depictions of them in Europe. the inclusion of Mesoamerican architecture elements help create a sense of identity through the scene and display how the Spanish destroyed this culture to replace it with their own rules and standards.

Guillermo Heredia, Monument to Benito Juarez (Juarez Hemicycle), (1910)

First president to unite Mexico Not located along the Paseo de la Reforma Neoclassical design Nothing declared about his indigenous heritage, only European design Allegory of motherland and Law depicted next to him

Alvaro Obregon

General who violently seized power/overthrew Carranza because Carranza did not support the final version of the Mexican Constitution. Promoted reforms and was assassinated in 1928.

Syndicate of Technical Workers, Painters and Sculptors

Group of artists in a union of some sort that were associated with the Communist party Frida Kahlo, Diego Rivera and Siquieros were apart of this group Active in protest and projecting their opinions outlaid and through their art

Saturino Herran, Man from San Luis (1915)

Herran's painting has more loose brushstrokes and contains a more bright color palette. Additionally, the subject matter does not seem to be a political representative or someone with power, but an ordinary man in his everyday life. It could possibly represent a reconciliation of the past and history of Mexico and promote it through the depictions of individuals, territorial traditions, and customs. It even seems as if the subject in Herran's paining is looking off into the distance and this could symbolize looking towards a New Mexican future and society.

Neo-Azteca or Neo-indegenismo style

Hybridity of cultures visual iconography mixing of narratives

Francisco M. Jimenez and Miguel Noreña, Monument to Cuahtemoc, (1878-1887)

Last emperor of the Aztecs Criollo Nationalism that is displayed within the sculptures However, generalizes Aztec culture Cuahtemoc as héros, Spaniards as Villians

The Paseo de la Reforma

Main Boulevard in Mexico City. Connects historic district to Chapultepec part Vision of Mexican modernity

Jose Clemente Orozco, Cortes and Malinche, (1926)

Malinche was translator for Cortes and was given to him as a present Adama and eve depiction showing contrast of skin color Pose of both figures are weird. Cortez has a protective yet restricting arm that crosses over Malinche's body There Is an indigenous figure at the bottom under them and represent the Mexican race. Cortes and Malinche's union represents the union of races Reframing the Conquest of Mexico and whitewashing of Mexican history

Characteristics of the Mexican Revolution

Mexican Revolution can be described as a continual struggle to reform the oppressive and elite Mexican society "tame the tigers". Revolutionaries came from all over Mexico; however, all wanted to expose the poverty, racism, and oppression of Diaz and the Porfiriato. Additionally, the revolution can be described a rejection of Diaz's dictatorship and cause for social and political activism. The Mexican Revolution served as a way to create equality and establish a better sense of Mexican identity and nationalism.

Benito Juarez

Mexican national hero; brought liberal reforms to Mexico, including separation of church and state, land distribution to the poor, and an educational system for all of Mexico. Establishment of Mexican Republic

Frida Kahlo - Major life events - Art style and subjectivity

Mexican painter; international popularity with self-portraits; was married to Diego Rivera; influenced by Rivera, shared his Communist views

Jesus F. Contreras, Molgre tout (in spite of everything), (1898)

Modernism Natural and sensual texture with the surface of the body Shackles around her ankles and wrists There is a sense of anxiety within the woman depicted Symbol of Mexico through her hardships and fighting to stay alive and have hope

Academy of San Carlos

Official art academy (1781) Political policies passed in order to reinvestigate Spanish empire and history Reinforce central authority Promote official art

Centennial Celebrations of 1921

Organized by Vasconcelos Search for Mexicanidad and nationalism through the celebration Celebrating Mexican independence Displaying cultures

Casta Paintings

Paintings intended to demonstrate the class system in Latin America and mixture of various races. Displaying many stereotypes

Porfiriato

Period of rule by Porfirio Diaz. Rich getting richer. Poor getting poorer. Influences of the Porfiriato are: stability, authoritarianism, foreign investment and economic growth, and growing gap between the rich and the poor.

Emiliano Zapata

Revolutionary and leader of peasants in the Mexican Revolution. He mobilized landless peasants in south-central Mexico in an attempt to seize and divide the lands of the wealthy landowners. Though successful for a time, he was ultimately defeated and assassinated.

Diego Rivera, Zapatista Landscape, 1915

Rivera studied in Europe with other artist Experimented in cubism and with flattened forms and layering perspectives references to his past and Mexican Identity during the Revolution

Glorieta

Roundabout like area Sculptural elements within the cityscape.

Julio Ruelas, Criticism, (1906)

Self portrait print Creature on the head of the sitter. (hybrid bat-dog) fancy dressed creature with holiday newspaper that is drilling into the artist's head Representing pressures of society and artists being located on the outside of society as loners

José María Velasco, The Valley of Mexico From the Santa Isabel Mountain Range, 1875, oil on canvas

Sense of awe and overwhelming factor of the painting. Creating respect for nature Beautiful landscape of Mexico. As an exotic land

Mexican Pavilion at the 1889 Paris World Fair

Showcasing industrial, artistic, and scientific evolution of Different countries indigenous architecture Calendar stone designed displayed with other geometric patterns Bronze plaques of Aztec Emperors European interior with modern design

"Our facade in Paris" significance

Showing a Modern Mexico after Independence Mexican society that display the past and potential future for Mexico through technology Attempt to europeanize themselves by using Classical architecture Creating a National Identity

Julio Ruelas, The Dominatrix, (1897)

Showing a powerful woman, confidently displayed nude with a whip in hand There is an overt sense of sexuality on display. Animals represent love and desire. (pigs as men, Monkey as sex and vice) Male consumption and the female gaze Differs from the maternal scene tradition and wifely emotions and duties Femme Fatale

Antonio Rivas Mercado, Column of Independence, Mexico City, 1902-10

Showing allegorical figures of angles (justice, hope etc.) Classical inspiration from Rome sculptures Father Miguel Hidalgo depicted as well (first figure to cry for Independence) Holding wreaths and broken chains (breaking away from Spain)

Frieda and Diego Rivera, Frida Kahlo (1931)

Showing portraits of the stressed couple Certain tension that is depicted in the scene Diego standing in a protective way Kahlo sitting as reference to her health issues

Felix Parra, "The Massacre of Cholula", (1877)

Showing the aftermath of a particular Massacre in the Americas Some Aztec alliances part of Flowery wars so Aztec soldiers were very strong Sever destruction and violence in the area Foreshadowing to what is to cone during and after the Spanish Conquest

José Clemente Orozco, Maternity (1923)

Showing the gift of nature to Man (virginity, beauty, grace, force, and youth) Allegorical painting series Later replaced in 1923-1924 with some of his revolutionary murals References Catholosicm. Mother and child arrangement, references to other depictions of Mary and Child

Jose Clemente Orozco, The trench, (1926)

Showing violence and distraction of the Revolution Three figures grouped either (different individuals or a dynamic portrait of one person in motion) Angular and jagged depiction and forms with a rough landscape Blood red sky

José Guadalupe Posada, Four Zapatistas Executed by firing squad, (1912)

Showing where the artist's true sympathies lie Dramatic violence and depicting the harshness of Mexican reality

Criollos

Spaniards born in the Americas.

The Noche Mexicana 1921

The Mexican evening and organized by Adolfo Best Maugard Regional fair and garden party Sharing regional foods, crafts, music, and dress. Showing events like a beauty pageants Showing a united Mexico with emphasis on symbols and icons Jarabe Tapatío as a signature dance of Mexico

Jose Vasconcelos

The revolution's first education minister, best known for having invited Diego Rivera and Jose Clemente Orozco to paint their murals in several government buildings in early 1920's. Raza Cosmica (Vasconcelos' vision of mestizo Mexico.

Tehuana

Traditional dress in Southwest Mexico and depicting the dress exploring regional icons of Mexico especially Maternal society

Academic Curriculum

Various classes for students Spanish instructors 12 years of education classes in religious studies, color, perspective, geometry, history and other classes

Agustin Victor Casasola and the Archive

Was a journalist in 1900, he began doing photography and collector of prints for the imparcial newspaper source 1912 Casasola purchases the photo archives of Imparcial over 30,000 photos in the archive

David Alfaro Siquieros, Burial of the worker (1923)

Was created after the assassination of Puerto and dedicated to him Figures are carrying a blue coffin with hammer and sickle on it Mural was controversial with conservative students and parents and was later defaced and vandalized Siquieros was then "invited to leave"

broadsheet

a serious type of newspaper that is printed on large sheets of paper Penny press that is very cheap Would often depict various reports, official acts, and often with satirical content Would also put corridos in there "songs"

femme fatale

a woman who is considered to be dangerously seductive

Syncretic

combining ideas from different sources Aztec and European styles

Calavera

genre of satirical portraiture of skeletons and upper class I think

Fernando Leal, Zapatistas at rest (1921)

how Mexican revolution is reframed Followers of Zapata during leisure (peaceful and relaxed) False reality of the revolution. Inclusion of national iconography (fruit, plants, clothing and hair) Revolution as a romanticized icon of Mexican History

Frida Kahlo, The Two Fridas, 1939

surrealism like painting Very intimate Showing indigenous cultures and also her European heritage Showing parts of herself that Diego Rivera loved and Her mixed heritage. Showing blood on her white dress, a reference to her miscarriages and problems with fertility Double portrait

Neoclassicism

the revival of a classical style or treatment in art, literature, architecture, or music. Buen Gusto "good taste" copying classical subjects