bio chapter 36

True or false: The Arctic tundra has about the same amount of precipitation as a desert.

True

The organisms at the base of the food chain in a hydrothermal vent ecosystem are chemoautotrophic

bacteria

Select the areas of the ocean that are included in the benthic division

continental slope abyssal

Often referred to as nurseries of the sea, ________ are typically nutrient-rich and biologically diverse.

estuaries

Chemoautotrophs use energetic electrons derived from hydrogen sulfide to reduce bicarbonates to ___________ compounds which support an ecosystem near hydrothermal vents in the ocean.

organic

The mixing process that occurs in the fall in stratified lakes is called fall

overturn

An African grassland biome characterized by few trees and a severe dry season is a(n)

savanna

A biome characterized by dense shrubs that are adapted to fire is a(n)

shrubland

Cold-water fish in lakes tend to be in the deeper, colder waters during the

summer

True or false: The pelagic division is the open portion of an ocean.

t

The terrestrial biome that is a coniferous forest extending in a broad belt across northern Eurasia and North America is the

tagia

Which of the following would be most likely to have extensive amphibian and reptile animal life?

temperate deciduous forest

The physical features of the land are called its

topography

What animals are characteristic of a temperate deciduous forest?

white-tail deer red fox black bear

Which of the following would be a typical top carnivore in the taiga?

wolf

epilimnion

An upper layer of warm water with high levels of dissolved oxygen

Which pelagic zone receives light only from bioluminescent creatures?

Bathypelagic

True or false: Insects are not found in the tundra biome.

False

True or false: Most of the animals in a tropical rain forest live on the forest floor.

False

True or false: Permafrost is typical of the taiga biome.

False

True or false: The North American prairies and African savannas are examples of chaparrals.

False

What current is related to the El Nino-Southern Oscillation?

Humboldt

Which of the following are locations at which coniferous forests are found?

Pacific coast of North America the taiga near mountain tops

Select all of the adaptations used by animals that live in regions of the tundra.

Some migrate. Some have thick fur coats and squat body shapes. Some burrow into the snow during storms.

True or false: Shrublands tend to occur along coasts.

True

True or false: The growing season in a temperate deciduous forests can be quite long.

True

True or false: The soil of a tropical rain forest has a lower nutrient level than that of a temperate deciduous forest.

True

True or false: The taiga is a type of coniferous forest found only in the northern hemisphere.

True

True or false: The temperate grasslands have very cold winters and hot summers.

True

thermocline

a steep temperature gradient in a body of water such as a lake, marked by a layer above and below which the water is at different temperatures.

Sea cucumbers, tube worms, and sea lilies are common in the

abyssal plain

Zooxanthellae are microscopic ___________ that have a mutualistic relationship with coral.

algae

Where does upwelling occur?

along a coast

The tundra near the peak of a mountain is called

alpine tundra

Select all of the reasons why trees of coniferous forests are well adapted to the cold.Which of the following would be most likely to have extensive amphibian and reptile animal life?

bark with thick coverings needles that can withstand the weight of heavy snow leaves reduced to needles

In which ocean zone would you find the strangest looking fish?

bathypelagic

The monsoon climate of India is dependent on the temperature of the land

being warmer than the ocean.

Most of the decomposers in a lake ecosystem would be found in the

benthic

Which lake life zone contains worms and clams?

benthic

The ocean floor division of the ocean is referred to as the

benthic.

A major terrestrial ecosystem type that is characterized by certain climatic conditions and particular types of plants is called a(n)

biome

The type of water that is a mixture of fresh and salt water is referred to as

brackish.

Land masses cause ocean currents to travel in

circular paths

The prevailing weather conditions in a particular region, dictated specifically by temperature and rainfall, is called

climate

Variations in solar radiation, topography, and proximity to bodies of water are factors that can affect

climate

Select all of the following that are used in the classification of biomes.

climate particular types of plants particular types of animals

In which direction do ocean currents move in the Northern Hemisphere?

clockwise

The Earth's spinning about its axis causes the winds to blow ____________ in the Northern Hemisphere and ___________ in the Southern Hemisphere.

clockwise counterclockwise

Having needle-like leaves and thick bark are reasons trees of the _____________ forests are well adapted to the cold.

coniferous

Redwood, spruce, fir, and pine are typical types of trees found in

coniferous or taiga forest

The steady flow of water within an ocean is called an ocean

current

The temperate deciduous forests in the United States and Canada contain primarily _____ trees.

deciduous

A forest characterized by oak, beech, and maple is a temperate

deciduous forest

A forest in the eastern half of the US, Canada, Europe and parts of Russia is the temperate

deciduous forest

A specific type of estuary that is a triangular-shaped area of land at the mouth of a river is called a(n)

delta

An ecological biome characterized by limited rainfall and very hot days with cool nights is a(n)

desert

In order to conserve water, many animals of the ____________ are either nocturnal or burrowing.

desert

Which biome has the least precipitation?

desert

Having a waterproof outer covering that conserves water and being nocturnal are two adaptations used by animals that live in a(n)

deserts

Which of the following layers of a stratified lake is warmed by solar radiation?

epilimnion

Which pelagic zone is frequented by porpoise and dolphin for feeding?

epipelagic

An aerial plant that takes nourishment from the air is called a(n)

epiphyte.

Precipitation is greatest near the _______________ because the sun heats the air and evaporates water. This warm, moist air rises and loses most of its moisture as rain.

equator

Salt marshes, mudflats, and mangrove swamps are all aquatic ecosystems called

estuaries

Organisms that inhabit a(n) ____________ must be able to withstand rapid changes in salinity.

estuary

The transition zone that occurs where a river meets the ocean and where fresh water mixes with salt water is called a(n)

estuary

Which contains a mixture of both fresh and salt water?

estuary

If large amounts of nutrients are added to a lake, it can become

eutrophic.

Pollution of bodies of water by human activities can lead to excessive algae growth and oxygen depletion known as

eutrophication

The enrichment of water by inorganic nutrients is called

eutrophication

True or false: Desert nights are typically very warm due to radiation of heat from the ground.

false

True or false: India's monsoon climate begins because the land is cooler than the water of the Indian Ocean.

false

True or false: Northern and Southern Hemisphere ocean currents move in the same direction.

false

True or false: The Humboldt current carries warm water northward along the west coast of North America.

false

True or false: The taiga is characterized by deciduous forest.

false

True or false: The two factors that have the greatest effect on climate are solar radiation and the Earth's rotation.

false

Sponges, sea squirts, and fanworms are coral reef residents that

filter feed

An inlet of water between two cliffs is called a(n)

fjord

The two main types of aquatic ecosystems are

freshwater and saltwater.

Select the animals that live in shrublands.

gophers jackrabbits coyotes

A(n) _____________ is a temperate biome that is too wet for a desert to form, but too dry for forests to form.

grassland

Mice, prairie dogs, and rabbits are small mammals that inhabit ecosystems called temperate

grasslands

Both the North American prairie and the South American pampas are examples of

grasslands.

The ocean current that carries warm Caribbean water to the Atlantic coast of North America and higher latitudes of western Europe is called the

gulf stream

Which of the following are animal adaptations to the seasonal growth of grass?

hibernation migration

Deserts occur at regions of

high atmospheric pressure created by warm air, which results in low rainfall.

The poles of the Earth are

high pressure areas and have low amounts of precipitation.

Select all of the following that contribute to the relatively low nutrient content of tropical rain forest soil.

high temperature long growing season high productivity

The northward ocean current that flows along the west coast of South America is called the

humbolt current

Seawater heated to 350˚C percolates through cracks called ___________ vents in the ocean bottom.

hydrothermal

In the United States, the lake effect snowfall in the Great Lakes region

increases snowfall over cities south of the Great Lakes.

Ice that forms on lakes provides a(n) ____________ effect, preventing further cooling of the water below and thus allowing aquatic life to live through the winter.

insulating

The organisms of the abyssal plain are primarily

invertebrates.

The hypolimnion, epilimnion, and the thermocline are layers of a stratified

lake

Bodies of fresh water, often classified as oligotrophic or eutrophic, are called

lakes.

Ocean currents travel in circular paths because they strike

land

At night along a coast, the breeze blows from

land to sea.

Along a coast, wind blows landward during the day because the

land warms more quickly than the sea.

On which side of a mountain barrier do you find the rain shadow?

leeward

profundal zone

life zone of a lake, catfish may feed on debris that fall from upper life zones.

In which lake life zone would you find most of the small fish like minnows?

limnetic

Large carnivores of the African savanna include which of the following?

lions leopards cheetahs hyenas

A water-strider walks at the air-water interface on top of the

littoral

Aquatic plants are rooted in the _____ zone of a lake.

littoral

zone lies between the low tide and high tide marks.

littoral

The lake life zone that is closest to the shore is the

littoral zone.

The forests of the temperate zones are _____ pressure regions with high rainfall.

low

Carnivores that are adapted to the absence of light, and thus tend to be translucent, red, or luminescent, can be found in the _________ zone.

mesopelagic

When the grass is not growing on a grassland, animals like bison respond by

migrating.

Select all of the following that describe the climate of a temperate deciduous forest.

moderate climate relatively high rainfall four well defined seasons

A coniferous forest of a mountain is called a(n) ____________ coniferous forest.

montane

Which biome occurs at a higher altitude?

montane coniferous forest

The coniferous forest found on a mountain is called

montane coniferous forest.

Which of the following are typical tundra plants?

mosses grasses sedges

The type of relationship formed by zooxanthellae and corals is

mutualistic.

The two provinces included in the pelagic division of the ocean are?

neritic oceanic

The Mississippi River carries __________________ into the Gulf of Mexico, leading to eutrophication.

nitrates

The Arctic tundra is found in the

northern hemisphere.

Oligotrophic lakes can become eutrophic if large amounts of

nutrients are added to the water.

Select all of the characteristics of hydrothermal vents.

occur on the ocean floor hydrogen sulfide is formed water temperatures can be 350 degrees C contain colonies of chemoautotrophic bacteria

A lagoon is a body of water separated from the

ocean by a narrow strip of land

Air takes on the temperature of the water below it, which causes wind to blow. Therefore, the ____________ have a major influence on wind patterns.

oceans

The two main types of lakes are

oligotrophic and eutrophic.

The mixing process that occurs in the spring in a stratified lake is called spring

overturn

The chemoautotrophic bacteria at a hydrothermal vent obtain energy by

oxidizing hydrogen sulfide.

The open portion of the ocean is called the

pelagic division

The oceanic and the neritic are the two provinces of the

pelagic, division of the ocean.

The permanently frozen ground of a tundra biome is called

permafrost

Runoff from farming in the Midwest is causing excessive levels of ______ & _____ to enter the Gulf of Mexico.

phosphates nitrates

In the limnetic zone, small fish feed on

plankton

Bison and pronghorn antelope are grazing animals that were once numerous in North American temperate grasslands called

prairies

Barracuda, moray eel, and shark are the top __________ within a coral reef.

predators

A "lurking predator" like a pike would most likely be found in the

profundal

A challenge for an organism that inhabits an estuary would be

rapid changes in salinity.

Select all of the trees that are typical of the coniferous forest.

redwood fir spruce pine

The most characteristic vertebrates of the deserts are the

reptiles.

The curving pattern of winds, ocean currents, and cyclones is a result of the fact that the Earth

rotates on its axis.

Elephants and giraffes are found in grasslands called

savannas.

The large grasslands of central and southern Africa are called

savannas.

The leeward side of a mountain barrier, which receives less precipitation than the windward side, is said to be in the rain

shadow

An arid, coastal, terrestrial biome in which shrubs are predominant is called a(n)

shrubland

Jackrabbits and coyotes are two animals that are typically found in

shrublands.

Deserts occur at about 30 degrees north and south latitudes because air

sinks towards the Earth's surface and reheats creating high pressure which results in low rainfall.

Nutrients are added to the soil by the burning of trees during the process of swidden agriculture or ___________ and ____________ agriulture.

slash and burn agriculture

Select the areas included in the benthic division of the ocean.

soil of the continental shelf continental slope abyssal plain

The epilimnion of a lake is warmed by

solar radiation

Which of the following are important factors in the determination of climate?

solar radiation proximity to water topography

In a desert dwelling spiny cactus, the ______ both stores water and performs photosynthesis.

stem

When it is winter in the northern hemisphere, the southern hemisphere is experiencing which season?

summer

mangrove

swamp is a type of estuary ecosystem found in the tropics.

Trees are not found in the tundra because

the growing season is too short. tree roots cannot penetrate the permafrost layer.

hypolimnion

the lower layer of water in a stratified lake, typically cooler than the water above and relatively stagnant.

Nearly all permanent beach residents dwell beneath the sand because

the sand is shifting and unstable.

The direction of the winds of the Earth are affected by

the spinning of the Earth about its axis.

The greatest amount of rainfall on Earth occurs near the equator because

the warm, moist air rises and loses most of its moisture as rain.

Select the layers of a stratified lake.

thermocline epilimnion hypolimnion

Due to the Earth's spinning on its axis, there are ____________ large circulation patterns in each hemisphere.

three

Seasons occur in the northern and southern hemispheres because the Earth is

tilted.

The rainfall in a grassland biome is insufficient to support

trees

Select characteristics of a location where a coral reef forms.

tropical nutrient-poor neritic province

A biome near the equator with plentiful rainfall and abundant tree-living animal life is the

tropical rain

In which biome would you expect to find lemurs, sloths, and monkeys?

tropical rain forest

Which biome is characterized by the highest temperature and greatest precipitation?

tropical rain forest

Which biome is located closest to the equator?

tropical rain forest

Which of the following biomes would have the warmest climate?

tropical rain forest

Where has slash and burn agriculture been most destructive?

tropical rain forests

True or false: Montane coniferous forests are found on mountains.

true

True or false: The Gulf Stream current is responsible for the relatively warm weather in Great Britain.

true

True or false: Topographical features influence climate.

true

True or false: Trees do not grow in the tundra biome.

true

Animal species living in the _________________ such as ptarmigan or musk ox, have adaptations for extreme cold weather and short growing or feeding seasons.

tundra

The biome located just south of the ice-covered polar seas in the Northern Hemisphere is the arctic

tundra

The biome that is often cold and dark, with long winters and short summers and little precipitation is the Arctic

tundra

The growing season is too short and roots have difficulty growing into the soil, which prevents trees from growing in the ______.

tundra

Which biome is characterized by the lowest temperature and the lowest precipitation?

tundra

Which biome occurs at the highest latitude?

tundra

Vertical stratification and seasonal change of temperatures in a lake influences the distribution of cold-water fish. For example, during the winter cold water fish inhabit the

upper water area of a lake

During an El Nino-Southern Oscillation, stagnation results because __________ does not occur.

upwelling

In oceans, when cold, offshore winds cause cold nutrient rich waters to rise and take the place of warm nutrient poor waters,

upwelling

In the United States, the lake effect occurs when air blowing over the Great Lakes becomes

warm and moisture-laden.

Select the strategies used by desert animals to survive.

waterproof outer coverings being nocturnal

Climate refers to the prevailing ____________ conditions in a particular area.

weather