BIOL 1202 Exam 2 Chapter 27 Prokaryotes

a sticky wall of polysaccharide or protein that surrounds the cell wall of many prokaryotes

Capsule

a key feature of almost all prokaryotes

Cell wall

Select the correct statement about bacteria. Certain bacteria live within rocks kilometers below the Earth's surface. All organisms with cells containing a membrane-enclosed nucleus and organelles are eukaryotes, whereas all organisms with cells lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and organelles are bacteria. The majority of bacteria cause human disease.

Certain bacteria live within rocks kilometers below the Earth's surface.

gram-negative, lack peptidoglycan, parasitical, live inside eukaryotic cells.

Chlamydias

gram-negative, photoautotrophic, plantlike photosynthesis, some specialized nitrogen fixers, produce atmospheric O2

Cyanobacteria

Bacteria perform the following ecological roles. Which role typically does not involve symbiosis? A) Pathogen B) Gut mutualist C) Aggregate with methane-consuming archaea D) Decomposer E) Skin commensalist

D

Genes for the resistance of antibiotics are usually located ______. A) In mitochondria B) In eukaryotic cells C) On the outside of the cell wall D) On plasmids E) On the main chromosome

D

The prokaryotic organisms most likely to be found living in salt ponds are the _______. A) Korarchaeota B) Thermophiles C) Extremophiles D) Halophiles E) Methanogens

D

What is the function of fimbriae? A) They are used in motility. B) They protect the cell from dehydration. C) They are components of the outer cell wall in gram-negative bacteria. D) They are used to attach the cell to its substrate or to other prokaryotes. E) They are used to transfer DNA during conjugation.

D

Which statement is true about obligate anaerobes? A) They use O2 for cellular respiration and cannot grow without it. B) They live exclusively by cellular respiration or by anaerobic respiration. C) They obtain energy by oxidizing ferrous ions. D) They are poisoned by O2. E) They will use O2 if it is present, but can obtain energy by fermentation if needed.

D

A gene that has two alleles, A and a, is located on the same chromosome as a second gene that also has two alleles, B and b. Suppose a diploid individual has alleles AB on one copy of this chromosome and alleles ab on the other copy of this chromosome. For this individual, select the pair of recombinant genotypes that could result if crossing over occurs between these two chromosomes. 1. AB and aB 2. Ab and ab 3. Ab and aB 4. AB and ab

3. Ab and aB

1. Proteobacteria 2. Chlamydias (Parasitic inside animal cells) 3. Spirochetes (Helica heterotrophs) 4. Cyanobacteria (photoautotrophs that generate O2 "Blue Green Algae") 5. Gram-Positive Bacteria

5 major bacteria groups

Approximately how many prokaryotic cells live in 5 mL of fertile soil? A) About 100 million prokaryotic cells B) About 10,000 prokaryotic cells C) About 10 million prokaryotic cells

A

Bacteria that live around deep-sea, hot-water vents obtain energy by oxidizing inorganic hydrogen sulfide belched out by the vents. They use this energy to build organic molecules from carbon obtained from the carbon dioxide in seawater. These bacteria are ______. A) Chemoautotrophs B) Photoheterotrophs C) Photoautotrophs D) Chemoheterotrophs

A

Bioremediation is ______. A) The use of organisms to remove pollutants from the environment. B) The use of prokaryotes in producing pharmaceutical products. C) The modification of prokaryotes for industrial purposes. D) The use of biological processes to remedy diseases. E) The use of prokaryotes in producing transgenic organisms.

A

Which of the following involves metabolic cooperation among prokaryotic cells? A) Biofilms B) Binary fission C) Endospore formation D) Endotoxin release E) Photoautotrophy

A

Which of the following statements about phylogenetic trees is true? A paraphyletic group consists of an ancestral population and all of its descendants. A paraphyletic group consists of a common ancestor and some of its descendants. A paraphyletic group has not experienced lateral gene transfer. A monophyletic group consists of a common ancestor and some of its descendants.

A paraphyletic group consists of a common ancestor and some of its descendants.

Approximately how many prokaryotic cells live in 5 mL of fertile soil? A. About 100 million prokaryotic cells B. About 10,000 prokaryotic cells C. About 10 million prokaryotic cells

A. About 100 million prokaryotic cells

Which statement about the domain Archaea is accurate? A. Genetic prospecting has recently revealed the existence of many previously unknown archaean species. B. The genomes of archaeans are unique, containing no genes that originated within bacteria. C. No archaeans are adapted to waters with temperatures above the boiling point. D. No archaeans can inhabit solutions that are nearly 30% salt.

A. Genetic prospecting has recently revealed the existence of many previously unknown archaean species.

You have found a new prokaryote. What line of evidence would support your hypothesis that the organism is a cyanobacterium? A. It is able to form colonies and produce oxygen. B. It is an endosymbiont. C. It forms chains called mycelia. D. It lacks cell walls.

A. It is able to form colonies and produce oxygen.

In prokaryotes new mutations accumulate quickly in populations, while in eukaryotes new mutations accumulate much more slowly. The primary reasons for this are A. Prokaryotes have short generation times and large population sizes. B. Prokaryote mutations are less effective than eukaryote mutations in providing variation for evolution. C. The DNA in prokaryotes is not as stable as eukaryotic DNA and is thus more likely to mutate. D. Prokaryotes have random mutations while eukaryotes can target genes for mutations; thus mutations may not accumulate as quickly in eukaryotes but they are more useful to the organism.

A. Prokaryotes have short generation times and large population sizes.

Which of the following observations about flagella is accurate and is consistent with the scientific conclusion that the flagella from archaea and bacteria evolved independently? A. The protein structures in the flagella are different. B. The flagella of the two groups differ in size. C. The mechanisms of rotation are similar. D. Both groups have flagella like those found in eukaryotes.

A. The protein structures in the flagella are different.

Identify the thylakoid membrane of the cyanobacterium shown here. A. The thylakoid membrane of the cyanobacterium is an infolded plasma membrane. B. The thylakoid membrane of the cyanobacterium is a chloroplast membrane. C. The thylakoid membrane of the cyanobacterium is a nucleoid membrane.

A. The thylakoid membrane of the cyanobacterium is an infolded plasma membrane.

Which statement is true about obligate anaerobes? A. They are poisoned by O2. B. They live exclusively by cellular respiration or by anaerobic respiration. C. They obtain energy by oxidizing ferrous ions. D. They use O2 for cellular respiration and cannot grow without it. E. They will use O2 if it is present, but can obtain energy by fermentation if needed.

A. They are poisoned by O2.

A hypothetical bacterium swims among human intestinal contents until it finds a suitable location on the intestinal lining. It adheres to the intestinal lining using a feature that also protects it from phagocytes, bacteriophages, and dehydration. Fecal matter from a human in whose intestine this bacterium lives can spread the bacterium, even after being mixed with water and boiled. The bacterium is not susceptible to the penicillin family of antibiotics. It contains no plasmids and relatively little peptidoglycan. Adherence to the intestinal lining by this bacterium is due to its possession of _____. A. a capsule B. pili C. fimbriae D. a flagellum

A. a capsule

For several decades now, amphibian species worldwide have been in decline. A significant proportion of the decline seems to be due to the spread of the chytrid fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). Chytrid sporangia reside within the epidermal cells of infected animals, animals that consequently show areas of sloughed skin. They can also be lethargic, which is expressed through failure to hide and failure to flee. The infection cycle typically takes four to five days, at the end of which zoospores are released from sporangia into the environment. In some amphibian species, mortality rates approach 100%; other species seem able to survive the infection. If infection primarily involves the outermost layers of adult amphibian skin, and if the chytrids use the skin as their sole source of nutrition, then which term best applies to the chytrids? A. aerobic chemoheterotroph B. anaerobic chemoheterotroph C. anaerobic chemoautotroph D. aerobic chemoautotroph

A. aerobic chemoheterotroph

A fish that has been salt-cured subsequently develops a reddish color. You suspect that the fish has been contaminated by the extreme halophile Halobacterium. Which of these features of cells removed from the surface of the fish, if confirmed, would support your suspicion? A. cell walls that lack peptidoglycan and are isotonic to conditions on the surface of the fish B. the presence of the same photosynthetic pigments found in cyanobacteria and cells that are isotonic to conditions on the surface of the fish C. cells unable to survive salt concentrations lower than 9% and cells containing many ion pumps on the plasma membrane D. the presence of the same photosynthetic pigments found in cyanobacteria and cell walls that lack peptidoglycan

A. cell walls that lack peptidoglycan and are isotonic to conditions on the surface of the fish

Plantlike photosynthesis that releases O2 occurs in A. cyanobacteria. B. actinomycetes. C. chlamydias. D. archaea. E. chemoautotrophic bacteria.

A. cyanobacteria.

Which of the following traits do archaeans and bacteria share? A. lack of a nuclear envelope and presence of plasma membrane B. presence of plasma membrane and composition of the cell wall C. composition of the cell wall D. composition of the cell wall and lack of a nuclear envelope

A. lack of a nuclear envelope and presence of plasma membrane

Genetic variation in bacterial populations cannot result from A. meiosis. B. transduction. C. conjugation. D. transformation. E. mutation.

A. meiosis.

In a bacterium that possesses antibiotic resistance and the potential to persist through very adverse conditions, such as freezing, drying, or high temperatures, DNA should be located within, or be part of, which structures? A. plasmids, nucleoid, and endospore B. fimbriae, nucleoid, and endospore C. endospore, fimbriae, and plasmids D. nucleoid, fimbriae, and plasmids

A. plasmids, nucleoid, and endospore

The chemoheterotroph Proteus vulgaris is a rod-shaped bacterium classified with _____. A. proteobacteria B. chlamydias C. spirochetes D. gram-positive bacteria E. cyanobacteria

A. proteobacteria

How are archaeans most similar to bacteria? A. the shape of their chromosomes and plasmids B. methanogenesis C. the occurrence of introns in their chromosomes D. the structure of their cell walls E. nucleotide sequence of small subunit ribosomal RNA

A. the shape of their chromosomes and plasmids

Biologists sometimes divide living organisms into two groups: autotrophs and heterotrophs. These two groups differ in ________. A. their sources of carbon B. the way that they generate ATP C. their electron acceptors D. their mode of inheritance

A. their sources of carbon

Which of the following describe all existing bacteria? A. tiny, ubiquitous, metabolically diverse B. morphologically diverse, metabolically diverse, extremophiles C. pathogenic, omnipresent, morphologically diverse D. extremophiles, tiny, abundant

A. tiny, ubiquitous, metabolically diverse

Which statement about endotoxins is true? A. Endotoxins are components of the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria. B. The source of endotoxins is endospores. C. Endotoxins are proteins secreted by prokaryotes. D. Endotoxins are released only when bacteria die and their cell walls break down. E. An example of a prokaryote that produces endotoxins is Clostridium botulinum

D. Endotoxins are released only when bacteria die and their cell walls break down.

Which of the following domains consists of all the organisms whose cells have true nuclei? A. Archaea B. Animalia C. Bacteria D. Eukarya

D. Eukarya

According to this phylogenetic tree, which of these pairs of prokaryotic subgroups share the most recent common ancestor? A. Euryarchaeota ... Cyanobacteria B. Proteobacteria ... Crenarchaeota C. Proteobacteria ... Euryarchaeota D. Euryarchaeota ... Crenarchaeota E. Crenarchaeota ... Cyanobacteria

D. Euryarchaeota ... Crenarchaeota

Approximately how many prokaryotic cells live in 5 mL of fertile soil? About 100 million prokaryotic cells About 10,000 prokaryotic cells About 10 million prokaryotic cells

About 100 million prokaryotic cells

Plantlike photosynthesis that releases O2 occurs in A) Actinomycetes. B) Cyanobacteria. C) Archaea. D) Chemoautotrophic bacteria. E) Chlamydias.

B

Which of the following processes contributes to genetic recombination in prokaryotes? A) Meiosis B) Transduction C) Mutation

B

Which of the following statements is not true? A) Archaea and bacteria have different membrane lipids. B) Only bacteria have histones associated with DNA. C) Only some archaea use CO2 to oxidize H2, releasing methane. D) The cell walls of archaea lack peptidoglycan. E) Both archaea and bacteria generally lack membrane-enclosed organelles.

B

While examining a rock surface, you have discovered an interesting new organism. Which of the following criteria will allow you to classify the organism as belonging to Bacteria but not Archaea or Eukarya? A. The lipids in its plasma membrane consist of glycerol bonded to straight-chain fatty acids. B. Cell walls are made primarily of peptidoglycan. C. It can survive at a temperature over 100°C. D. The organism does not have a nucleus.

B. Cell walls are made primarily of peptidoglycan.

Select the correct statement about bacteria. A. The majority of bacteria cause human disease. B. Certain bacteria live within rocks kilometers below the Earth's surface. C. All organisms with cells containing a membrane-enclosed nucleus and organelles are eukaryotes, whereas all organisms with cells lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and organelles are bacteria.

B. Certain bacteria live within rocks kilometers below the Earth's surface.

Select the valid comparison between eukaryotes and prokaryotes. A. The total biomass of eukaryotes is approximately ten times the total biomass of prokaryotes. B. Prokaryote cells have simpler internal structure and genomic organization than eukaryotic cells. C. Eukaryotes are far more metabolically diverse than prokaryotes.

B. Prokaryote cells have simpler internal structure and genomic organization than eukaryotic cells.

What is the difference between an F+ donor and an Hfr donor? A. The Hfr donor has an F factor, but the F+ donor does not. B. The Hfr donor has an F factor integrated into its main chromosome, but the F+ donor does not. C. The Hfr donor has an F plasmid, but the F+ donor does not. D. The F+ donor has an F factor, but the Hfr donor does not.

B. The Hfr donor has an F factor integrated into its main chromosome, but the F+ donor does not.

Suppose conjugation occurs between an Hfr cell and an F- cell. Although not typical, what would have to occur for the recipient cell to become an Hfr cell? A. The entire F factor would have to be transferred to the recipient cell. B. The entire F factor would have to be incorporated into the recipient cell's chromosome. C. A portion of the F plasmid would have to be transferred to the recipient cell. D. A portion of the F factor would have to be incorporated into the recipient cell's chromosome.

B. The entire F factor would have to be incorporated into the recipient cell's chromosome.

If a bacterium regenerates from an endospore that did not possess any of the plasmids that were contained in its original parent cell, the regenerated bacterium will probably also lack ________. A. a chromosome B. antibiotic-resistant genes C. a cell wall D. water in its cytoplasm

B. antibiotic-resistant genes

Which of the following observations about flagella is accurate and is consistent with the scientific conclusion that the flagella from eukaryotes and bacteria evolved independently? A. The mechanics of movement and protein structure are the same in these flagella, but there are significant genetic differences. B. The flagella of both eukaryotes and bacteria are made of the same protein, but the configuration is different. C. Although the mechanism of movement in both flagella is the same, the protein that accomplishes the movement is different. D. The protein structure and the mechanism of movement in eukaryotes flagella are different from those of bacteria flagella.

D. The protein structure and the mechanism of movement in eukaryotes flagella are different from those of bacteria flagella.

Which of the following features is not unique to either prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells? A. a nucleoid B. a nucleus C. a mitochondrion D. a cell wall

D. a cell wall

Organisms that can cause nongonococcal urethritis are classified with _____. A. proteobacteria B. chlamydias C. spirochetes D. gram-positive bacteria E. cyanobacteria

B. chlamydias

The prokaryotic organisms most likely to be found living in salt ponds are the _____. A. thermophiles B. halophiles C. methanogens D. Korarchaeota E. extremophiles

B. halophiles

Photoautotrophs use A. N2 as an energy source and CO2 as a carbon source. B. light as an energy source and CO2 as a carbon source. C. CO2 as both an energy source and a carbon source. D. light as an energy source and methane as a carbon source. E. H2S as an energy source and CO2 as a carbon source.

B. light as an energy source and CO2 as a carbon source.

An ecological relationship between organisms of different species that are in direct contact can best be described as _____. A. mutualistic B. symbiotic C. parasitic D. commensal E. taxis

B. symbiotic

Bioremediation is _____. A. the modification of prokaryotes for industrial purposes B. the use of organisms to remove pollutants from the environment C. the use of prokaryotes in producing transgenic organisms D. the use of biological processes to remedy diseases E. the use of prokaryotes in producing pharmaceutical products

B. the use of organisms to remove pollutants from the environment

What is the goal of bioremediation? A. to improve human health with the help of living organisms such as bacteria B. to clean up areas polluted with toxic compounds by using bacteria C. to improve bacteria for production of useful chemicals D. to improve soil quality for plant growth by using bacteria

B. to clean up areas polluted with toxic compounds by using bacteria

Foods can be preserved in many ways by slowing or preventing bacterial growth. Which of these methods should be least effective at inhibiting bacterial growth? A. refrigeration: slows bacterial metabolism and growth B. pickling: creates a pH at which most bacterial enzymes cannot function C. canning in heavy sugar syrup: creates osmotic conditions that remove water from most bacterial cells D. closing previously opened containers: prevents more bacteria from entering, and excludes oxygen

D. closing previously opened containers: prevents more bacteria from entering, and excludes oxygen

Which of the following typically produces a recombinant F+ recipient cell? A. conjugation between two F- cells B. conjugation between two Hfr cells C. conjugation between an Hfr cell and an F- cell D. conjugation between an F+ cell and an F- cell

D. conjugation between an F+ cell and an F- cell

Which of the following could cause DNA from the main chromosome of a donor cell to be incorporated into the main chromosome of the recipient cell? A. conjugation between two F- cells B. conjugation between two F+ cells C. conjugation between an F+ cell and an F- cell D. conjugation between an Hfr cell and an F- cell

D. conjugation between an Hfr cell and an F- cell

The figure below depicts changes to the amount of DNA present in a recipient cell that is engaged in conjugation with an Hfr cell. Hfr cell DNA begins entering the recipient cell at Time A. Assume that reciprocal crossing over occurs (in other words, a fragment of the recipient's chromosome is exchanged for a homologous fragment from the Hfr cell's DNA). What process is occurring at Time C that is decreasing the DNA content? A. crossing over B. cytokinesis C. reversal of the direction of conjugation D. degradation of DNA that was not retained in the recipient's chromosome

D. degradation of DNA that was not retained in the recipient's chromosome

Streptococcus pyogenes is classified with _____. A. proteobacteria B. chlamydias C. spirochetes D. gram-positive bacteria E. cyanobacteria

D. gram-positive bacteria

An ecological relationship between organisms of different species that are in direct contact can best be described as ______. A) Mutualistic B) Taxis C) Symbiotic D) Commensal E) Parasitic

C

Genetic variation in bacterial populations cannot result from A) Transformation B) Transduction C) Meiosis D) Conjugation E) Mutation

C

Identify the thykaloid membrane of the cyanobacterium shown here. A) The thykaloid membrane of the cyanobacterium is a chloroplast membrane. B) The thykaloid membrane of the cyanobacterium is a nucleoid membrane. C) The thykaloid membrane of the cyanobacterium is an infolded plasma membrane.

C

Photoautotrophs use A) H2S as an energy source and CO2 as a carbon source. B) light as an energy source and methane as a carbon source. C) light as an energy source and CO2 as a carbon source. D) N2 as an energy source and CO2 as a carbon source. E) CO2 as both an energy source and a carbon source.

C

Select the correct statement about bacteria. A) All organisms with cells containing a membrane-enclosed nucleus and organelles are eukaryotes, whereas all organisms with cells lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and organelles are bacteria. B) The majority of bacteria cause human disease. C) Certain bacteria live within rocks kilometers below the Earth's surface.

C

Select the valid comparison between eukaryotes and prokaryotes. A) Eukaryotes are far more metabolically diverse than prokaryotes. B) The total biomass of eukaryotes is approximately ten times the total biomass of prokaryotes. C) Prokaryotic cells have simpler internal structure and genomic organization than eukaryotic cells.

C

Which statement about endotoxins are true? A) The source of endotoxins is endospores. B) Endotoxins are components of the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria. C) Endotoxins are released only when bacteria die and their cell walls break down. D) An example of a prokaryote that produces endotoxins is Clostridium Botulinum. E) Endotoxins are proteins secreted by prokaryotes.

C

Compared to eukaryotes, prokaryotes are ________. A. simpler morphologically and more evolutionarily primitive B. more complex morphologically and more primitive C. less sensitive to the physical environment D. simpler morphologically, but not more evolutionarily primitive

D. simpler morphologically, but not more evolutionarily primitive

Jams, jellies, preserves, honey, and other foods with high sugar content hardly ever become contaminated by bacteria, even when the food containers are left open at room temperature. This is because bacteria that encounter such an environment ____. A. are unable to swim through these thick and viscous materials B. are unable to metabolize the glucose or fructose, and thus starve to death C. are obligate anaerobes D. undergo death as a result of water loss from the cell

D. undergo death as a result of water loss from the cell

1. have different cellular compositions (plasma membrane and cell wall, esp.). No peptidoglycan in Archaea but peptidoglycan is present in Bacteria ("differing chemicals in membranes and walls") 2. They have different niches in which to grow. Archaea-like extreme environments 3. Archaea are thought to be the more ancient of the two

Differences between bacteria and archaea

How are archaeans most similar to bacteria? A) Methanogenesis B) Nucleotide sequence of small subunit ribosomal RNA C) The structure of their cell walls D) The occurrence of introns in their chromosomes E) The shape of their chromosomes and plasmids

E

How does the large amount of genetic variation observed in prokaryotes arise? A) The mutation rate in prokaryotes is much higher than in eukaryotes. B) They have extremely short generation times and large populations. C) They can exchange DNA with many types of prokaryotes by way of horizontal gene transfer. D) They have a relatively small genome. E) The second and third answers are correct.

E

Sexual reproduction in eukaryotes increases genetic variation. In prokaryotes, transformation, transduction, and conjugation are mechanisms that increase genetic variation. A fundamental difference between the generations of genetic variation in the two domains is: A. Crossing over is a major mechanism in creating genetic variation in prokaryotes while independent assortment is a major mechanism is eukaryotes. B. Eukaryotic variation occurs primarily within a single generation while prokaryotic variation occurs over many generations. C. Eukaryotic genetic variation occurs with vertical gene transfer while prokaryotic genetic variation occurs with horizontal gene transfer. D. Eukaryotes are able to generate mutations in response to environmental stress while prokaryotes only generate random variation.

C. Eukaryotic genetic variation occurs with vertical gene transfer while prokaryotic genetic variation occurs with horizontal gene transfer.

Chloramphenicol is an antibiotic that targets prokaryotic (70S) ribosomes, but not eukaryotic (80S) ribosomes. Which of these questions stems from this observation, plus an understanding of eukaryotic origins? A. Can chloramphenicol pass through the capsules possessed by many cyanobacteria? B. Can chloramphenicol also be used to control human diseases that are caused by archaeans? C. If chloramphenicol inhibits prokaryotic ribosomes, should it not also inhibit mitochondrial ribosomes? D. Why aren't prokaryotic ribosomes identical to eukaryotic ribosomes?

C. If chloramphenicol inhibits prokaryotic ribosomes, should it not also inhibit mitochondrial ribosomes?

What usually happens to the recipient cell following conjugation with an Hfr cell? A. The recipient cell becomes an Hfr cell. B. The recipient cell may become either an F+ or an Hfr cell. C. The recipient cell remains an F- cell. D. The recipient cell remains an F+ cell.

C. The recipient cell remains an F- cell.

If all prokaryotes on Earth suddenly vanished, which of the following would be the most likely and most direct result? A. Human populations would thrive in the absence of disease. B. There would be no more pathogens on Earth. C. The recycling of nutrients would be greatly reduced, at least initially. D. Bacteriophage numbers would dramatically increase.

C. The recycling of nutrients would be greatly reduced, at least initially.

Which of the following processes contributes to genetic recombination in prokaryotes? A. Mutation B. Meiosis C. Transduction

C. Transduction

Which of the following is LEAST associated with the others? A. conjugation B. horizontal gene transfer C. binary fission D. transformation

C. binary fission

The predatory bacterium Bdellovibrio bacteriophorus drills into a prey bacterium and, once inside, digests it. In an attack upon a gram-negative bacterium that has a slimy cell covering, what is the correct sequence of structures penetrated by B. bacteriophorus on its way to the prey's cytoplasm? A. lipopolysaccharide membrane, peptidoglycan, capsule, phospholipid membrane B. lipopolysaccharide membrane, capsule, peptidoglycan, phospholipid membrane C. capsule, lipopolysaccharide membrane, peptidoglycan, phospholipid membrane D. phospholipid membrane, capsule, peptidoglycan, lipopolysaccharide membrane

C. capsule, lipopolysaccharide membrane, peptidoglycan, phospholipid membrane

Bacteria that live around deep-sea, hot-water vents obtain energy by oxidizing inorganic hydrogen sulfide belched out by the vents. They use this energy to build organic molecules from carbon obtained from the carbon dioxide in seawater. These bacteria are _____. A. chemoheterotrophs B. photoheterotrophs C. chemoautotrophs D. photoautotrophs

C. chemoautotrophs

Which of the following statements is not true? A. Both archaea and bacteria generally lack membrane-enclosed organelles. B. The cell walls of archaea lack peptidoglycan. C. Only some archaea use CO2 to oxidize H2, releasing methane. D. Archaea and bacteria have different membrane lipids. E. Only bacteria have histones associated with DNA.

E. Only bacteria have histones associated with DNA.

How does the large amount of genetic variation observed in prokaryotes arise? A. The mutation rate in prokaryotes is much higher than in eukaryotes. B. They have extremely short generation times and large populations. C. They can exchange DNA with many types of prokaryotes by way of horizontal gene transfer. D. They have a relatively small genome. E. The second and third answers are correct.

E. The second and third answers are correct.

Which of the following involves metabolic cooperation among prokaryotic cells? A. endospore formation B. binary fission C. photoautotrophy D. endotoxin release E. biofilms

E. biofilms

The prokaryotic cells that built stromatolites are classified as _____. A. proteobacteria B. chlamydias C. spirochetes D. gram-positive bacteria E. cyanobacteria

E. cyanobacteria

The prokaryotic cells that were the first to add significant quantities of oxygen to Earth's atmosphere are classified as _____. A. proteobacteria B. chlamydias C. spirochetes D. gram-positive bacteria E. cyanobacteria

E. cyanobacteria

Which statement about endotoxins is true? An example of a prokaryote that produces endotoxins is Clostridium botulinum. Endotoxins are released only when bacteria die and their cell walls break down. The source of endotoxins is endospores. Endotoxins are proteins secreted by prokaryotes. Endotoxins are components of the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria.

Endotoxins are released only when bacteria die and their cell walls break down.

According to this phylogenetic tree, which of these pairs of prokaryotic subgroups share the most recent common ancestor? Euryarchaeota ... Cyanobacteria Proteobacteria ... Crenarchaeota Proteobacteria ... Euryarchaeota Euryarchaeota ... Crenarchaeota Crenarchaeota ... Cyanobacteria

Euryarchaeota ... Crenarchaeota

organisms that thrive in very high temperature environments

Extreme thermophiles

A hypothetical bacterium swims among human intestinal contents until it finds a suitable location on the intestinal lining. It adheres to the intestinal lining using a feature that also protects it from phagocytes, bacteriophages, and dehydration. Fecal matter from a human in whose intestine this bacterium lives can spread the bacterium, even after being mixed with water and boiled. The bacterium is not susceptible to the penicillin family of antibiotics. It contains no plasmids and relatively little peptidoglycan. This bacterium's ability to survive in a human who is taking penicillin pills may be due to the presence of ________. Use the information in the following paragraph to answer the question. A. long polypeptides in the cell wall B. peptidoglycan in the cell wall C. gram-negative cell wall D. lipopolysaccharides in the cytoplasm

C. gram-negative cell wall

f for fertility, the presence of a particular piece of DNA that allows conjugation. Can occur in a plasmid or in a chromosome.

F factor

Mitochondria are thought to be the descendants of certain alpha proteobacteria. They are, however, no longer able to lead independent lives because most genes originally present on their chromosomes have moved to the nuclear genome. Which phenomenon accounts for the movement of these genes? A. plasmolysis B. translation C. horizontal gene transfer D. conjugation

C. horizontal gene transfer

can use O2 but can use also other processes.

Faculative anaerobes

If plaque on teeth is actually a biofilm, which of the following characteristics would you expect to find in plaque? A. single species of bacteria, production of antibiotics, and mechanisms in the biofilm that allow inner cells to expel wastes B. single species of bacteria, production of chemicals that attract other bacteria, and production of chemicals that allow the bacteria to adhere to enamel C. multiple species of bacteria, production of chemicals that attract other bacteria, and production of chemicals that allow the bacteria to adhere to enamel D. multiple species of bacteria, production of antibiotics, and mechanisms in the biofilm that allow inner cells to expel wastes

C. multiple species of bacteria, production of chemicals that attract other bacteria, and production of chemicals that allow the bacteria to adhere to enamel

A hypothetical bacterium swims among human intestinal contents until it finds a suitable location on the intestinal lining. It adheres to the intestinal lining using a feature that also protects it from phagocytes, bacteriophages, and dehydration. Fecal matter from a human in whose intestine this bacterium lives can spread the bacterium, even after being mixed with water and boiled. The bacterium is not susceptible to the penicillin family of antibiotics. It contains no plasmids and relatively little peptidoglycan. In which feature should one be able to locate a complete chromosome of this bacterium? A. plasmid B. nucleus C. nucleoid D. mitochondrion

C. nucleoid

Genes for the resistance of antibiotics are usually located __________. A. in mitochondria B. on the main chromosome C. on plasmids D. on the outside of the cell wall E. in eukaryotic cells

C. on plasmids

In a hypothetical situation, the genes for sex pilus construction and for tetracycline resistance are located on the same plasmid within a particular bacterium. If this bacterium readily performs conjugation involving a copy of this plasmid, then the result should be the _____. A. subsequent loss of tetracycline resistance from this bacterium B. production of endospores among the bacterium's progeny C. rapid spread of tetracycline resistance to other bacteria in that habitat D. temporary possession by this bacterium of a completely diploid genome

C. rapid spread of tetracycline resistance to other bacteria in that habitat

Spiral-shaped bacteria are likely to be placed with _____. A. proteobacteria B. chlamydias C. spirochetes D. gram-positive bacteria E. cyanobacteria

C. spirochetes

The following table depicts characteristics of five prokaryotic species (A-E). Use the information in the table to answer the question(s) below How many of these species probably have a cell wall that consists partly of an outer membrane of lipopolysaccharide? A. only one species B. two species C. three species D. four species

C. three species (All that are gram-negative)

The following table depicts characteristics of five prokaryotic species (A-E). Use the information in the table to answer the following question. Which species is capable of directed movement? The following table depicts characteristics of five prokaryotic species (A-E). Use the information in the table to answer the following question. Which species is capable of directed movement? species A species B species C species D

species C (whichever has flagella)

Spiral-shaped bacteria are likely to be placed with _____. proteobacteria chlamydias spirochetes gram-positive bacteria cyanobacteria

spirochetes

the smaller of the symbiotic species

symbiont

A close relationship between two species that benefits at least one of the species.

symbiosis

An ecological relationship between organisms of different species that are in direct contact can best be described as _____. symbiotic taxis commensal mutualistic parasitic

symbiotic

a directed movement toward or away a stimulus

taxis

How are archaeans most similar to bacteria? the structure of their cell walls nucleotide sequence of small subunit ribosomal RNA the occurrence of introns in their chromosomes methanogenesis the shape of their chromosomes and plasmids

the shape of their chromosomes and plasmids

Bioremediation is _____. the use of prokaryotes in producing pharmaceutical products the use of organisms to remove pollutants from the environment the use of prokaryotes in producing transgenic organisms the use of biological processes to remedy diseases the modification of prokaryotes for industrial purposes

the use of organisms to remove pollutants from the environment

the genotype and possible phenotype of a prokaryotic cell is altered by the uptake of foreign DNA from its surroundings bacteria have cell surface receptors that recognize DNA from closely related species and transport it into the cell. The foreign DNA can there be in-cooperated in the genome by homologous exchange

transformation

a categorization method that relies on differences in cell wall composition

Gram stain

a cell with the F plasmid integrated into the chromosome

Hfr cell

Photo-autotroph Chemo-autotroph Photo-heterotroph Chemo-heterotroph

Major Nutritional Modes

A relationship in which one organism lives on or in a host and harms it. And may eventually kill it.

Parasitism

organisms that cause disease

Pathogens

the polymer constructed from modified sugars, cross linked with short polypeptides that is found in most bacterial cell walls.

Peptidoglycan

What is lateral gene transfer? Inheritance of a gene from a parent Inheritance of a gene through mitosis Inheritance of a gene through meiosis Physical transfer of a gene from a species in one lineage to a species in another lineage.

Physical transfer of a gene from a species in one lineage to a species in another lineage.

A phenomenon in walled cells in which the cytoplasm shrivels and the plasma membrane pulls away from the cell wall; occurs when the cell loses water to a hypertonic environment.

Plasmolysis

What characteristics were used to classify organisms before Woese's tree of life analysis? Number of cells in the organism Differences in ribosomal RNA sequences Presence of a membrane-bound nucleus Composition of the cell wall

Presence of a membrane-bound nucleus

Which group was not described in Woese's tree of life analysis? Bacteria Archaea Eukarya Prokarya

Prokarya

Select the valid comparison between eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Eukaryotes are far more metabolically diverse than prokaryotes. Prokaryote cells have simpler internal structure and genomic organization than eukaryotic cells. The total biomass of eukaryotes is approximately ten times the total biomass of prokaryotes.

Prokaryote cells have simpler internal structure and genomic organization than eukaryotic cells.

Unicellular Organism that lacks membrane bound organelles

Prokaryotes

- Prokaryotes have no nucleus or membrane bound organelles - Eukaryotes have a nucleus and membrane bound organelles - Both can reproduce and respond to the environment - Size: Prokaryotes 0.5-5um / Eukaryotes 10-100um - Divides: Prokaryotes 1-3h (Ecoli 20min) / Eukaryotes 24h???

Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes

plasmids that grant resistance to antibiotics to a cell

R plasmids

Which molecule did Carl Woese study to produce his tree of life? Ribosomal RNA Messenger RNA DNA Ribosome

Ribosomal RNA

one organism benefits and the other is unaffected

Symbiosis: Commensalism

both organisms benefit

Symbiosis: Mutualism

How does the large amount of genetic variation observed in prokaryotes arise? The mutation rate in prokaryotes is much higher than in eukaryotes. They have extremely short generation times and large populations. They can exchange DNA with many types of prokaryotes by way of horizontal gene transfer. They have a relatively small genome. The second and third answers are correct.

The second and third answers are correct. ( They have extremely short generation times and large populations. They can exchange DNA with many types of prokaryotes by way of horizontal gene transfer.)

Identify the thylakoid membrane of the cyanobacterium shown here. The thylakoid membrane of the cyanobacterium is a nucleoid membrane. The thylakoid membrane of the cyanobacterium is a chloroplast membrane. The thylakoid membrane of the cyanobacterium is an infolded plasma membrane.

The thylakoid membrane of the cyanobacterium is an infolded plasma membrane.

Which statement is true about obligate anaerobes? They live exclusively by cellular respiration or by anaerobic respiration. They will use O2 if it is present, but can obtain energy by fermentation if needed. They use O2 for cellular respiration and cannot grow without it. They are poisoned by O2. They obtain energy by oxidizing ferrous ions.

They are poisoned by O2.

What is the function of fimbriae? They are components of the outer cell wall in gram-negative bacteria. They are used in motility. They are used to transfer DNA during conjugation. They are used to attach the cell to its substrate or to other prokaryotes. They protect the cell from dehydration.

They are used to attach the cell to its substrate or to other prokaryotes.

Azotobacter is a genus of bacteria that live in soil and have the following characteristics: They are bacilli. They are gram-negative. They are obligate aerobes. They can fix nitrogen. (Unlike some other nitrogen-fixing bacteria, which associate with the roots of plants, Azotobacter species are free-living.) Select the four statements that are true for bacteria in the genus Azotobacter. They can carry out anaerobic respiration in an environment that lacks O2. They require amino acids or other organic molecules as a source of nitrogen. They have the appearance of coils or corkscrews. They have a relatively thin layer of peptidoglycan in their cell wall. They appear purple after Gram staining. They use O2 for cellular respiration. They are poisoned by O2. They can convert atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia. They are shaped like rods.

They have a relatively thin layer of peptidoglycan in their cell wall. They use O2 for cellular respiration. They can convert atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia. They are shaped like rods.

Which of the following processes contributes to genetic recombination in prokaryotes? Meiosis Mutation Transduction

Transduction

the transfer of prokaryotic genes from a host cell to another via a phage or virus. Sometimes results in increased genetic diversity

Transduction

True or false? Data showing that the Bacteria were the first lineage to diverge from the common ancestor of all living organisms suggest that the Archaea and Eukarya are more closely related to each other than they are to the Bacteria. True False

True

use substance other than O2 to accept electrons

anaerobic respiration

a domain that split off of bacteria due to fundamental DNA differences. Share some traits with Bacteria and some with eukaryotes

archea, bacteria, eukaryotes

organisms that use CO2 as a carbon source

autotrophs

a reproductive process in prokaryotes that consists of a cell dividing into two.

binary fission

surface coating colonies of bacteria that secrete signaling molecules that allow the group to form an aggregate.

biofilms

Bacteria that live around deep-sea, hot-water vents obtain energy by oxidizing inorganic hydrogen sulfide belched out by the vents. They use this energy to build organic molecules from carbon obtained from the carbon dioxide in seawater. These bacteria are _____. photoheterotrophs photoautotrophs chemoautotrophs chemoheterotrophs

chemoautotrophs

organisms that gain energy from chemicals

chemotrophs

Organisms that can cause nongonococcal urethritis are classified with _____. proteobacteria chlamydias spirochetes gram-positive bacteria cyanobacteria

chlamydias

What are domains of life

comparison of the three domains of life (check out the table!)

two prokaryotic cells of usually the same species temporarily join and exchange genetic information.

conjugation

The prokaryotic cells that built stromatolites are classified as _____. proteobacteria chlamydias spirochetes gram-positive bacteria cyanobacteria

cyanobacteria

The prokaryotic cells that were the first to add significant quantities of oxygen to Earth's atmosphere are classified as _____. proteobacteria chlamydias spirochetes gram-positive bacteria cyanobacteria

cyanobacteria

organisms that break down dead organisms as well as waste products.

decomposers

under duress, a cell produces a copy of its chromosome and surrounds it with a tough, multilayered structure. When dehydrated, they can cease metabolism and resume it when conditions are more favorable.

endospore

part of the outer membrane (lipids) of gram-negative bacteria. only released when the bacteria die and the cell wall breaks down

endotoxins

the process in which existing structures take on new functions through descent with modifications

exaptation

proteins secreted by bacteria that damage the host

exotoxins

organisms that thrive in highly saline environments

extreme halophiles

organisms that can survive and thrive in extreme conditions

extremophiles

hairlike appendages that stick some prokaryotes to a substrate

fimbriae

an appendage that allows taxis, analogous across prokaryotes and eukaryotes

flagella

more complex walls, less peptidoglycan, outer membrane that contains lipopolysaccharides, often more toxic, more resistant to antibiotics

gram-negative

simpler walls with large amounts of peptidoglycan

gram-positive

Streptococcus pyogenes is classified with _____. proteobacteria chlamydias spirochetes gram-positive bacteria cyanobacteria

gram-positive bacteria

The prokaryotic organisms most likely to be found living in salt ponds are the _____. Korarchaeota extremophiles thermophiles halophiles methanogens

halophiles

cells in a community of cyanobacteria that carry out only nitrogen fixation while the rest carry out photosynthesis. Cells can not produce O2 and fix N2, O2 inhibits N2 fixing enzymes. So these processes have to be performed by separated cells.

heterocysts

organisms that require at least one organic compound as a carbon source

heterotrophs

when genetic recombination occurs between members of different species

horizontal gene transfer

the larger of the symbiotic species

host

small, binary fission, short generation times

key features of prokaryotes

Organisms that produce methane as a byproduct of an energy yielding oxygen of CO2 with H2

methanogens

the process of converting N2, atmospheric nitrogen, to Ammonia NH3

nitrogen fixation

a region of cytoplasm that is not enclosed by a membrane that contains the chromosome of a prokaryote

nucleoid

must use O2 for cellular respiration

obligate aerobes

are poisoned by O2

obligate anaerobes

Genes for the resistance of antibiotics are usually located _____. on the outside of the cell wall in mitochondria on the main chromosome in eukaryotic cells on plasmids

on plasmids

Site where the prokaryotic replication of a DNA molecule begins, consisting of a specific sequence of nucleotides.

origin of replication

organisms that gain energy from light

phototrophs

appendages that pull two cells together before DNA transfer

pili

rings of independently replicating DNA molecules that carry only a few genes

plasmids

made up of a basal body (anchor), hook, and filament (propellor) and used for motility-run (straight line) and tumble (circle) archaea: built different and slower than bacteria

prokaryote flagella

the rearrangement of DNA from two different sources that result in increased genetic diversity. Accomplished by: - conjugation - transformation - transduction

prokaryoyic genetic recombination

The chemoheterotroph Proteus vulgaris is a rod-shaped bacterium classified with _____. proteobacteria chlamydias spirochetes gram-positive bacteria cyanobacteria

proteobacteria

a capsule that is not well organized forms

slime layer

The following table depicts characteristics of five prokaryotic species (A-E). Use the information in the table to answer the question(s) below Which two species should have much more phospholipid, in the form of bilayers, in their cytoplasms than most other bacteria? species B and E species A and C species A and B species C and D

species B and E (cyanobacteria - have foldings of membrane into the cytoplasm that resemble tylakoids in function - photosynthesis; possibly also facultative aerobs - foldings then resemble mitochondrial membranes)