Biology Digestive system exam

Gastric Juices-

-Mix of mucus,enzymes, hydrolic acids. -Breaks apart cells in food,kills bacteria -Bathes bolus after efter enters stomack

What is the job of interstitial fluid in our body?

-chemicals(oxygen,carbon dioxide)travel in this aqueous(watery solution)between your blood and cells in your organ tissues.

What does the spinal cord consist of?

-columns of vertebrae that form backbone -fluid around cord to cushion it from injury and give it nutrients. -motor neurons, and interneurons to relay messages from brain

smooth muscle in esophagus

-muscle layers around esophagus acts involuntarily -trigger swallowing reflex -wave like motion to move bolus(large chunk of food) to stomach

Nutrition-

Absorbs minerals, vitamins from the food you eat, builds tissues and fuel for cellular work

Absorption-

After the food is digested certain cells absorb the small molecules, then circulatory system transports nutrients through body.

How does our body regulate temperature if it is very cold or hot outside?

If we are hot we sweat to give off extra heat to keep our temperature balanced -if we are cold we shiver to keep our internal balance.

Central nervous system-

Includes spinal cord and brain in vertebrates(animals with a backbone)

How long does it take for waste material to travel through the colon?

It generally takes 12 to 24 hours for waste material to travel through the colon

The digestive system processes food into usable and unusable materials. The usable materials are sent to the body's cells as food. What happens to unusable materials? It goes into the pancreas to await disposal. It goes to the right ventricle to await disposal. It goes into the large intestine to await disposal. It goes into the small intestine to await disposal.

It goes into the large intestine to await disposal.

How does digested food finally reach the bloodstream? It passes through the gullet into the blood. It is absorbed into the blood through blood vessels. It is absorbed into the blood through the walls of the lungs. It passes from the small intestine into the large intestine, then into the blood.

It is absorbed into the blood through blood vessels.

What happens when food reaches the stomach? Nothing. No digestion occurs in the stomach. The food moves quickly into the small intestine. Juices mix with the food and stomach muscles squeeze it. The food is completely digested and is absorbed by tiny blood vessels in the walls of the stomach.

Juices mix with the food and stomach muscles squeeze it.

Which of the following does NOT manufacture digestive juices? Liver Kidneys Stomach Pancreas

Kidneys

Does this chemical exchange only occur in one body system?

No. it happens in your respiratory(breathing)system,circulatory (blood movement through body) besides the digestive and excretory system. Without the interstitial fluid to move the chemicals to keep balance(homeostasis) between our internal body(lungs,heart,etc.)and external environment would not happen.

What chemicals are exchanged between our internal body and our external surroundings?

Oxygen enters our body and is used by the cells in our organ tissues,then our cells release carbon dioxide and we release it back into our environment so their is a chemical exchange inside and outside our body to keep homeostasis.

What is the digestive system? The body's breathing system The body's system of nerves The body's food-processing system The body's blood-transporting system

The body's food-processing system

Our throat divides into two separate tubes: the windpipe and the gullet. What prevents food from entering the windpipe? The uvula The tongue The trachea The epiglottis

The epiglottis

Capillary-

any of the fine branching blood vessels that form a network between the arterioles and venules.,a tube that has an internal diameter of hairlike

bile

has no enzymes,prepares fats,like butter,ice cream to be digested since it is in large globs that need to be broken down

What part does hormones play in maintaining homeostasis?

hormones (signal molecules alerted by brain)are released by our glands into our blood to trigger responses.

stimulus

info received about changes in the environment through your peripheral nervous saystem like the color of a sunset,tap on shoulder

Where does the external exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide happen?

inside interstitial fluid that is surrounding the gaps between our internal cells and organ tissues

peristalsis

involuntary muscular waves that force food down through the esophagus to the stomach

Where is the cerebellum and what does it do?

it is near the top of your spinal cord -it allows you to coordinate your movements -sensory receptors in your cerebellum tell your brain where your body parts are to create a plan to complete a total movement.

What is ingestion?

it normally is accomplished by taking in the substance(food) through the mouth into the gastrointestinal tract, such as through eating or drinking.

Solid waste leaves the body through the rectum then the anus. Liquid waste leaves the body after passing through the ... kidneys and bladder blood vessels and lungs large intestine and bowel small intestine and large intestine

kidneys and bladder

Liver-

largest organ in the body; performs many functions such as producing bile(digestive juice), storing glucose as glycogen, and transforming ammonia to urea

What does the left and right part of the brain control?

left side-logical thinking,problem solving,language right side-creative thought and imagination

What do epithelial tissues do? .

lines the alimentary canal. One function of the epithelial cells is to secrete mucus that lubricates the canal and helps prevent the body from digesting itself.

Saliva-

liquid secreted into the mouth that contains mucus and digestive enzymes that start chemical digestion

What is the largest most well known organ of the integumentary system?

the eperdermis(your outer layer of skin

What doe the integumentary system do?

the integumentary system is our bodies outer covering which forms a barrier between us and the external environment.without it we would not have homeostasis.

ax•on 1.

the long threadlike part of a nerve cell along which impulses are conducted from the cell body to other cells.

small intestine

the longest part of the alimentary canal, where most of the chemical breakdown and absorbtion of food take place. The small intestine is highly specialized for absorbing nutrients into the circulatory and lymphatic systems for transport -first part(duodenum) aids in digestion -the rest of small intestine deals with absorption of

Six main organs make up the alimentary canal:

the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine

Where is your epidemis(outer skin) alive?

the outer layer is mainly dead epithelial cells that flake off and are constantly replaced by new skin cells.

peripheral nervous system-

the part of the nervous system that is outside the central nervous system and is made up of the autonomic nervous system, the spinal nerves, and the cranial nerves except the optic nerve

Blood-

the red liquid that circulates in the arteries and veins of humans and other vertebrate animals, carrying oxygen to and carbon dioxide from the tissues of the body.

Accessory glands and organs include:

the salivary glands, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder, which secrete digestive juices into the alimentary canal.

Where is the thalamus in the brain and what does it do?

the thalamus is in the middle of the brain it both blocks and enhances some signals. parent sleeps through noisy street sounds but wakes when their baby cries.

What is the corpus callosum?

this is bands ofof more than a 100 nerves that connect the left and right hemishere of your brain -aids communication between two hemisheres of brain

Despite the mucous layer, the epithelial cells in the stomach are constantly eroded how often must they regenerate?

through mitosis they completely replace your stomach lining every three days

Feces-

undigested food material and other waste products that exit the body through the anus

homeostasis

your bodies ability to mainstain balance(stability)between the its internal environment and the external ecosystem environment

nerve-

(in the body) a whitish fiber or bundle of fibers that transmits impulses of sensation to the brain or spinal cord, and impulses from these to the muscles and organs.

Reflex-

(of an action) performed without conscious thought as an automatic response to a stimulus. "sneezing is a reflex

Sensory neurons

1. Sensory neurons are nerve cells that transmit sensory information (sight, sound, feeling, etc.). They are activated by sensory input, and send projections to other elements of the nervous system, ultimately conveying sensory information to the brain or spinal cord.

mo•tor neu•ron

1. a nerve cell forming part of a pathway along which impulses pass from the brain or spinal cord to a muscle or gland.

microvilli

1. each of a large number of minute(smaller than villi indigestive system lining) projections from the surface of some cells

ax•on

1. the long threadlike part of a nerve cell along which impulses are conducted from the cell body to other cells.

What is the temperature your body must maintain to stay healthy(stable)?

98.6 Fahrenheit (37C)

radial symmetry

: plant and animal symmetry in which similar parts are arranged in a balanced way around the center of the body

bilateral symmetry

: plant and animal symmetry in which similar parts are arranged so that one and only one plane can divide the individual into identical or nearly identical halves - (split in half)

Intracellular digestion-

A form of digestion wherein the breaking down of materials into smaller components takes place inside the cell.

Extracellular digestion-

A form of digestion wherein the breaking down of materials into smaller, absorbable components takes place outside the cell.

What does the central nervous system do and what is it?

CNS is the spinal cord and brain which sends information from your brain through your nervous system so you can think,dream,etc.

Chyme-

Chyme has a low pH that is countered by the production of bile, helping to further digest food. Chyme is also part liquid and part solid: a thick semifluid mass of partially digested food and digestive secretions that is formed in the stomach and intestine during digestion

Elimination-

Last stage where undigested food passes out of the body

The liver is located in the abdomen and performs many functions. Which of the following is NOT a function of the liver? Storing food Manufacturing insulin Producing digestive juices Healing itself when it is damaged

Manufacturing insulin

Digestion takes place in a long tube-like canal called the alimentary canal, or the digestive tract. Food travels through these organs in the following order: Mouth, gullet, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and rectum Mouth, oesophagus, stomach, large intestine, small intestine and rectum Mouth, stomach, oesophagus, small intestine, large intestine and rectum Mouth, stomach, gullet, small intestine, large intestine and rectum

Mouth, gullet, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and rectum

What is the difference between the gastrovascular cavity and the alimentary canal?

The gastrovascular cavity is a structure found in primitive animal phlya. It is responsible for both the digestion of food and the transport of nutrients throughout the body. The cavity has only one opening to the environment. Food goes in and waste comes out that same opening, making it a two-way digestive tract. By contrast, organisms that have a mouth on one end with an anus on the other end have a one-way digestive tract, called an alimentary canal. Food goes in the mouth, while waste comes out the anus.

Where does food pass through between the mouth and the stomach? The gullet The rectum The small intestine The large intestine

The gullet

Pharynx- The junction in the throat of the alimentary canal and the trachea

The junction in the throat of the alimentary canal and the trachea

Colon-

The middle and longest part of the large intestine

Where does the partly-digested food (in liquid form) go after it leaves the stomach? The gullet The appendix The small intestine The large intestine

The small intestine

Digestion begins in the mouth. Which of the following statement is INCORRECT? The tongue aids in the digestion of the food. The saliva changes some of the starches in the food to sugar. The tongue keeps the food in place in the mouth while the food is being chewed. The digestive juices can react more easily with the food when chewed.

The tongue aids in the digestion of the food.

What is the difference between chemical and mechanical digestion? .

Your teeth and tongue are responsible for mechanical digestion (Figure 29-4). The various shapes of different types of teeth cut, smash, and grind food into smaller pieces. This makes the food easier to swallow and exposes more surface area to digestive enzymes. Chemical digestion also begins in your mouth. In a typical day, salivary glands in your mouth region secrete more than one liter of liquid. This liquid, called saliva, contains digestive enzymes,

Heart-

a hollow muscular organ that pumps the blood through the circulatory system by rhythmic contraction and dilation. In vertebrates there may be up to four chambers (as in humans), with two atria and two ventricles.

esophagus

a muscular tube in chest that food flows down

lysosomes-

a saclike cellular organelle that contains various hydrolytic enzymes

den•drite

a short branched extension of a nerve cell, along which impulses(messages-like to take a step) received from other cells at synapses are transmitted to the cell body.

neuron-

a specialized cell transmitting nerve impulses in your body ; a nerve cell.

Stimulus-

a thing or event that evokes a specific functional reaction in an organ or tissue. "areas of the brain which respond to auditory stimuli

food vac•u•ole

a vacuole which ingested(put in mouth) food is digested

striated muscles in esophagus

acts voluntarily,you can control it

amylase

an enzyme found in saliva starts to breaks down some of the carbohydrates before leaving the mouth

WhaT Happens chemically at the end of digestion ?

carbohydrates are hydrolyzed to monosaccharides. Monosaccharides provide your cells with a source of energy

Six nutrients-

carbohydrates(wheat, rice,turns to sugar monosacharides,fats (oils),protein(meat, nuts,tofu) turn into amino acids that build there own type of proteins, minerals, water

What are the parts of the brain and their function?

cerebrum-largest part of brain, divided into 2 hemisheres -left side controls the right side of the bodies movement and right side controls left part of body -cerebral cortex- 40% of brains mass,divided into lobes that have different functions.

Bolus-

chewed clump of food that leaves the mouth and travels through the alimentary canal

alimentary canal:

digestive tube that extends from the mouth to the anus

stomach

elastic muscle can stretch to hold up to 2 Liters of food

Stomach-

elastic, muscular sac where some chemical and some mechanical digestion take place

Villi-

finger like projection of the inner surface of the small intestine that functions in absorbing nutrients -sugar and amino acids are abdorbed into bloodstream through capillaries in each villi.

duodenum

first part of small intestines, most digestion takes place, chemicals released from liver, gall bladder, and pancreas

What are the functions of each lobe in the cerebral cortex?

frontal lobe-controls voluntary muscle movements -other lobes control senses like seeing feeling,etc other ares control-reasoning,math abilities,language skills, art talent,imagination,personality traits -all makes each person unique

gastric juices and pepsin

gastric juice-combo of mucus,enzymes, hydrochloric acid,kills bacteria and breaks down food pepsin-gastric enzyme takes large molecules and breaks them down into smaller molecules(monomers)

Pancreas-

gland that makes digestive enzymes(pancreatic juices) and secretes them into the small intestine; makes the hormones insulin and glucagon and secretes them into the blood -pancreatic juice neutralizes chymeand has enzymes that break down proteins carbs and liquids

salivary glands

glands of the mouth that produce saliva, a digestive secretion

What are the structures in the brain stem?

medulla oblogata,,pons, midbrain it is located in the lower section of your brain. it regulates sleep, breathing,and body movements from sensory and motor neurons sent to and from the brain.

What is melanin?

melanin is a pigmented protein that gives your skin color,and lies in the bottom layer of your skin(epidermis)

digestions begins here

mouth

pyloric sphincter

muscularvalve pushes the chyme through 2-6 hours after meal for stomach to empty -

What are myelin sheaths and nodes ?

myelin sheaths are a thick coat of material that that insulates many of the axons of your neurons that send messages to your brain(looks like a long chain of beads). nodes are the insulated(protected)spaces between the beads.

interneurons

neurons totally inside your central nervous instead of in your outside environment systemthat for example help your body plan the meovements to sit, run etc

Gallbladder-

organ that stores bile from the liver and releases it into the small intestine(duodenom)

What controls our external body temperature to be stable?

our brainsends chemical signals through are neuronsto signal muscles ans and molecules to make us sweat or shiver .

Why is it important to keep our internal body temperature stable?

our tissues in our organs like stomach, lungs etc.can only survive with thesenarrow conditions.

large intestine

removes water from the undigested matter and form solid waste that can be excreted. a major function of the large intestine is to reabsorb water. -at end of digestion carbs turn into monosaccharides (simple organic sugars) -monosaccharides create chains of carbon atoms to make other organic molecules

sensory receptors

specialized cells that receive stimuli about changes that effect your environment like a change in temperature