ch. 2 convergence and the reshaping of mass communication

How do addressable technologies affect audience unity?

They make audiences increasingly fragmented.

In what way can even users of social networking sites like Facebook now be considered content producers?

Through some users simply connect with friends and family, many other often post all variety of personally created content.

True or False: New technologies have dramatically blurred the distinctions among various types of media.

True

Technologies that allow the transmission of very specific content to very specific users are called ________ technologies.

addressable

Persons who have no preference for how they access media content are referred to as being platform

agnostic

Which of the following is the best definition of a blog?

an online journal

The ownership of media outlets by larger, nonmedia companies is called

conglomeration

When Dan Rather stated that "The larger the entities that own and control the news operations, the more distant they become," he was alluding to the idea that

conglomeration has made new outlets more responsible to the profit motive than to new reporting.

From 2015 to 2016, U.S. magazine industry revenue

declined

In the past fifteen years, the share of all television viewing commanded by the four major television broadcast networks has

declined significantly

According to the journalist William Greider, the challenges to the traditional press posed by unlicensed "news" agents result in less authoritative but more _______ content.

democratic

Annika canceled her subscription to the paper version of her newspaper but plans to continue reading it on her cell phone. Which of the following actions would Annika take in order to do this?

download an app for the newspaper

The concept that bigger is better because the relative cost of an operation's output declines as the size of the operation grows is called

economies of scale

A new form of content known as brand _________ involves making brands part of and essential to a program.

entertainment

As the characteristics of media consumption have changed, media industries are adjusting to be able to cater to an audience that is

fragmented into a great number of niches

The ownership of media outlets by large, multinational conglomerates is an example of

globalization

The increase in the number of advertising minutes in a typical broadcast is an example of

hypercommercialism

The message in the traditional mass communication model is typically

inflexible and unalterable

Consuming several different types of media at the same time is called media

multitasking

Media that cater to a targeted small audience whose members share an important characteristic are practicing _________ marketing.

niche

The once-illegal practice of radio stations accepting payment from record promoters to play their songs is called

payola

Home television is an example of a media

platform

The deliberate appearance of a Coca-Cola product on an episode of American Idol is a example of

product placement

When the manager of newspaper chain 10/30 Communications said that many companies had "wrongly divided their focus among many customer groups," he was arguing that they had jus one customer and their purpose was to

sell that customer's products

A media company's practice of making use of as many media channels of delivery as possible is called

synergy

Groups of demographically targeted people who share an interest in a specific form of media content are called

taste publics

Which of the following makes it possible to perform real-time tracking of individual patterns of consumption as well as to interact with consumers directly and therefore tailor messages for those consumers?

the Internet

What is the function of an RSS aggregator?

to help users collect content related to their personal interests

Which of the following is the reason that many telecommunications professionals argue that concentration and conglomeration are necessary?

to maintain the financial strength of media companies and limit the influence of advertisers

To accompany its hit series The Walking Dead, the cable networkd AMC produces _____, a type of content that appears only on the Internet.

webisodes

The technology used by radio stations to use different commercials depending on the specific neighborhoods is called

zonecasting

Which of the following statements about large, media-owning corporations are accurate?

- They tend to be dominated by a bottom-line mentality in which the profit incentive rules. - They may run businesses other than the media companies they own.

Which of the following are examples of types of feedback in the traditional model of the mass communication process?

- a magazine's circulation - box office statistics for a film - a television program's ratings

Which of the following are examples of ways in which companies employ brand entertainment?

- a newspaper publishing a science section sponsored by a power company - a television program featuring a product as an essential part of the show

Narrow, demographically targeted audiences may be in danger of

- having narrower cultural experiences. - losing their ability to connect with members of other demographically targeted audiences.

Media consumers are becoming

- less of a mass audience - more fragmented

Which of the following factors have forced media companies to change the way they do business?

- rapid change in technology - change in consumption behavior

Concentration of media ownership has contributed to the emergence of news deserts, which

- result in voters who are less politically engaged. - are communities starved for vital news due to a lack of journalistic resources. - result in severely limited access to local political news.

Which of the following have enables 21st-century media producers to find new ways to deliver content to new audiences?

- the Internet - digitization

Which of the following have fueled media convergence?

- the digitization of information - high-speed connectivity - continual advancement in technology

Which of the following are examples of media convergence?

- the launch of a film in theaters as well as on demand via a satellite television provider, on the iPad, and streamed over the Internet - the simultaneous release of a music CD in stores, streaming for free on the Internet, and available for temporary download through a music site

What factors have enables consumers, the people formerly known as the audience, to become content providers themselves?

- the reduced cost of entry - technological change

When you go to a theater to see a movie, you go at a time determined by the theater. This is an example of 1. APPOINTMENT CONSUMPTION. When you wait until the movie is available for streaming and then watch it on your iPad during a break between classes, it is an example of 2. CONSUMPTION ON DEMAND.

1. appointment consumption 2. consumption on demand

drawback for foreign country

Local media industries and local cultures are overwhelmed by high-quality US media content.

What impact does increasing the number of points of distribution have on the quality of media programing?

More points of distribution increase revenues, which can be used to improve programming.

The Breaking News app, which brings news on more than 90,000 topics to people and news organizations alike, is an example of a(n)

RSS feed.

In response to changes in AM and FM radio listenership, what occurred with on-air advertising between 2014 and 2015?

Sale of on-air advertising fell by 3%.

Why has the feedback process changed?

Digital media allow for real-time, instantaneous feedback.

True or False: CD music sales are the one area in which an established media industry has unquestionably thrived in the face of rapid technological change.

False

True or False: The "day-and-date release" experiment has been largely unsuccessful, as it makes it seem like the producers already know the program will fail.

False

True or False: The majority of American journalists today report that they have nearly complete freedom in selecting stories to cover.

False

drawback for media conglomerate

Foreign countries place limits on the amount and type of programming allowed in their countries.

How have major media organizations reacted to user-produced content?

The have embraced it.

Which of the following are examples of the effects of conglomeration?

- A media outlet does not report on an investigation into financial corruption that mentions the media outlet's parent company. - A media outlet increases the number of its stories that have a primarily entertainment value.

Which of the following are possible benefits of audience fragmentation?

- Audiences may be attracted to social networking sites where they can discuss their feelings and ideas. - Digital media may allow for more numerous and more varied communities. - Public discussions of national events will extend beyond friends and neighbors.

Which of the following statments regarding U.S. box office revenue in the twenty-first century are true?

- Box office revenue reaches over $11 billion per year. - Box office revenue is generated by fewer tickets per person each year.

Which of the following are associated with the increase in electronic sell-through (EST)?

- DVD sales and rentals have declined. - Americans are using the internet more often and watching more videos than ever before.

Which of the following statements about DVD sales in recent years are accurate?

- DVD sales are the movies studios' primary source of home entertainment income. - The DVD sales have decreased.

What do experts see as potential consequences of convergence and low cost of entry?

- Different types of storytellers will be more likely to find audiences. - The cultural forum may become more conversational. - More content sources may counter the effects of concentration and conglomeration.

Which of the following are benefits of concentration and conglomeration?

- Large companies can reach a more widespread audience. - The resulting media companies face less financial instability.

Which of the following challenges are media companies likely to face as a result of conglomeration and concentration of media ownership?

- Media companies will need to rethink ways of customizing content to retain their audiences. - Media companies will have a more difficult time reaching increasingly fragmented audiences.

Which of the following explain the current state of hypercommercialism?

- Media conglomerates need to find ways to pay for large media acquisitions. - Reaching fragmented audiences is more costly than reaching mass audiences.

In what ways is the concentration of ownership of media companies a disaster for democracy, according to Senator Bernie Sanders?

- Owners do not feel bound to the idea of providing diverse opinions on an issue. - The function of media companies that control the news has become to make as much money as they possibly can. - Major media conglomerates are not focused on educating the American people.

Which of the following are examples of how major media organizations have reacted to user-produced content?

- Some media companies frequently air viewer-created videos. - Traditional media outlets often make use of content sources that were previously seen as amateurs. - Major print and online news organizations often make use of a large network of unpaid contributors.

Which of the following networks are examples of the effect of audience fragmentation?

- TV Land - Bravo - Nickelodeon (the children's network)

Which of the following are ways that video-game consoles exemplify convergence?

- The consoles offer original programming. - The consoles allow users to view online movies. - The consoles provide access the Internet.

Which of the following statements about music CD sales in recent years are accurate?

- The dollar value of music CD sales dropped 17% between 2014 and 2015. - The number of music CDs sold fell 13.9% between 2014 and 2015.

According to New York University law professor Burt Neuborne, conglomeration has led to sensationalism in the press for which of the following reasons?

- The press is no longer controlled by persons feeling a zealous responsibility to the First Amendment. - The press is now subject to a market psychology.

What is it about the concentration of media ownership that has contributed to increasing media convergence?

A company with multiple channels of delivery has a strong incentive to employ as many of them as possible to get the greatest use from its content.

Which of the following statements regarding the ownership of media companies is accurate?

A small number of large conglomerates own most media outlets.