Ch 2 Pathophysiology

diffusion

Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

facilitated diffusion

Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels

The nurse has just finished teaching a client newly diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis about the disease. The nurse determines that teaching is effective when the client makes which statement?

"Rheumatoid arthritis includes joint involvement that is usually symmetric and polyarticular."

Which condition is an example of wound healing by secondary intention?

An infected burn of the arm

A client underwent an open cholecystectomy 2 days ago, and the incision is now in the proliferative phase of healing. What is the dominant cellular process that characterizes this phase of the client's healing?

Collagen secretion by fibroblasts

A client has experienced significant decreases in mobility and stamina during a 3-week hospital stay for the treatment of a femoral head fracture. Which phenomena most likely accounts for the client's decrease in muscle function?

Disuse atrophy of muscle cells during a prolonged period of immobility

Events or environmental agents responsible for initiating the stress response that arise from outside of the body are known as:

Exogenous stressors

The nurse is teaching her client with hepatobiliary disease about her diet. She tells her that she may have steatorrhea, which is the malabsorption of which dietary component?

Fat

What pathophysiological process does alcohol trigger as it relates to acute pancreatitis?

Increased permeability of ductules

What feedback system provides stability to the stress response?

Negative feedback mechanism

During a lecture on inflammation, the physiology instructor discusses the major cellular components involved in the inflammation response. The instructor asks, "Which cells arrive early in great numbers?" Which student response is correct?

Neutrophils

A school nurse is teaching a class on immunity. Which statement contains an accurate explanation about cellular defenses?

Neutrophils engulf invading organisms where lysosomes break them down.

Which represents the definitive test for rheumatoid arthritis (RA)?

No definitive test exists

The nurse is caring for a client with newly diagnosed systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Which over-the-counter medication does the nurse recognize is useful in treating inflammation, arthritis, and pleuritis?

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)

The nurse is assessing the wound of a postoperative client. The client has a 6-inch abdominal wound that is well approximated and closed with surgical suture. The wound does not display any redness or drainage. The nurse would document the healing process as:

Primary intention

A client in the acute stage of inflammation will experience vasodilation of the arterioles and congestion in the capillary beds. The nurse would assess the client's skin for:

Redness

Ultimately, the inner mitochondrial membrane transports proteins for what purpose?

Synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

The nurse is assessing a client with diabetes and notes an area on the client's right foot as inflamed, necrotic, and eroded. The client states he accidentally slammed his foot in a door 2 weeks ago. The nurse would document this finding as a(n):

Ulceration

While explaining how even small exposures to toxins in cigarette smoke can cause a significant increase in cardiovascular disease, which pathophysiologic principle(s) will be included in this education?

When smoke enters the lungs, the free radicals promote the development of oxidative stress. Inflammation and the release of cytokines contribute to the development of atherosclerosis. Vascular dysfunction can increase an individual's risk of having a heart attack.

active transport

active transport requires energy to move across the cell membrane moving particles against concentration or the electrochemical gradient.

A nurse is caring for a client with a leg wound. When planning care for the client, the nurse considers that the injured cells have impaired flow of substances through the cell membrane as a result of:

altered permeability

The nurse is assessing a client for acute inflammation of a wound. Which symptom does the nurse attribute to the acute inflammatory response?

edema

mitochondria

generates most of the cells chemical energy to power the biochemical reactions

cytoskeleton

gives the cell internal organization and gives it shape, enables cell to carry out essential functions like division and movement.

A nurse is assessing a client who is a bodybuilder. The nurse documents the increased size of the client's muscle as resulting from:

hypertrophy.

The nurse is caring for a client with an accumulation of 2.5 cm of darkened tissue scar over the area of a 3-mm injury. How does the nurse correctly document this finding in the medical record?

keloid

The physical therapist is evaluating a male client who has increased his muscle mass by exercising. The therapist understands this physiologic process is known as:

physiologic hypertrophy.

Plasma membrane

protects the cell and separates the intracellular components and extracellular environment surrounding it

The nurse is explaining the workings of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors to a client with a diagnosis of depression. Within the teaching the nurse mentions that in the nervous system, the transmission of information by neurotransmitters is:

synaptic signalling.

lysosomes

used to destroy incoming viruses and bacteria and worn out cell parts

osmosis

where water passively moves across the semipermeable cell membrane