Chapter 12 Development Through the Lifespan, 7e

Which factor contributes to the sharp rise in suicide from childhood to adolescence? A) belief in the personal fable B) inability to plan ahead C) identity foreclosure D) magical thinking

A) belief in the personal fable

In a study in which ethnically diverse boys from low-income families were asked to describe their friendships, __________ boys were more likely than others to resist conforming to gender stereotypes. A) Hispanic B) European-American C) Asian-American D) African-American

A) Hispanic

Which teenager is at the highest risk for suicide? A) Lakota, a Native-American boy B) Mercy, an African-American girl C) Aiko, an Asian-American girl D) Emilio, a Hispanic boy

A) Lakota, a Native-American boy

__________ individuals are the least mature in identity development. A) Long-term diffused B) Identity-achieved C) Identity-foreclosed D) Short-term moratorium

A) Long-term diffused

Which statement about adolescent dating is true? A) Security of attachment to parents and friends predicts gratifying romantic ties among sexual minority teens. B) Although lesbian, gay, and bisexual adolescents face some prejudice, few retreat into heterosexual dating. C) Although some romances dissolve after high school graduation, those that survive usually become more satisfying. D) Even when adolescent dating leads to warm, supportive romantic bonds, it is related to anxiety and depression.

A) Security of attachment to parents and friends predicts gratifying romantic ties among sexual minority teens.

__________ rises over the adolescent years. A) Self-disclosure between friends B) Number of best friends C) Peer conflict D) Time spent with siblings

A) Self-disclosure between friends

The suicide rate is low in __________, intermediate in __________, and high in __________. A) Spain; the United States; Finland B) Canada; Italy; Singapore C) New Zealand; Australia; the United States D) Japan; Spain; the United States

A) Spain; the United States; Finland

Gilles finds it difficult to consider two points of view when presented with the "Heinz dilemma." He tends to overlook people's intentions and, instead, focuses on fear of authority and avoidance of punishment as reasons for behaving morally. Gilles is at which of Kohlberg's stages of moral development? A) Stage 1, the punishment and obedience orientation B) Stage 2, the instrumental purpose orientation C) Stage 3, the "good-boy-good-girl" orientation D) Stage 4, the social-order-maintaining orientation

A) Stage 1, the punishment and obedience orientation

__________ is the preferred means of electronic interaction between teenage friends. A) Texting B) Video chatting C) Social networking D) Instant messaging

A) Texting

At Kohlberg's preconventional level, individuals __________. A) accept the rules of authority figures and judge actions by their consequences B) believe that actively maintaining the current social system ensures societal order C) define morality in terms of abstract principles and values that apply to all societies D) regard conformity to social rules as important, but not for reasons of self-interest

A) accept the rules of authority figures and judge actions by their consequences

Xiao is an adolescent immigrant from a culture that values interdependent qualities. The longer his family has been in the United States, the less Xiao feels committed to obeying his parents and fulfilling family obligations. As a result, Xiao may experience __________. A) acculturative stress B) bicultural avoidance C) ethnic identity foreclosure D) ethnic identity moratorium

A) acculturative stress

Early adolescents tend to mention __________ as a reason for dating. A) achieving peer status B) personal compatibility C) companionship D) intimacy

A) achieving peer status

Eighteen-year-old Gisela stopped attending her church youth group and Sunday services, and, contrary to her conservative parents' beliefs, became immersed in a liberal political movement. Two months later, she lost interest in the movement and joined a new church. According to Erikson, Gisela is experiencing __________. A) an identity crisis B) inferiority C) identity foreclosure D) identity diffusion

A) an identity crisis

Seventeen-year-old Inez carefully weighs her own judgment and the suggestions of others to arrive at a personally satisfying, well-reasoned independent decision. Inez has developed the __________ component of adolescent autonomy. A) behavioral B) cognitive C) emotional D) ethical

A) behavioral

Landon's parents wonder how his self-esteem will differentiate in adolescence. Which dimensions of self-evaluation is he likely to add to those of middle childhood? A) close friendship, romantic appeal, and job competence B) athletic and academic ability and physical attractiveness C) physical attractiveness and relationships with family members D) friendship, integrity, and honesty and academic ability

A) close friendship, romantic appeal, and job competence

Gilligan argues that Kohlberg's theory of moral understanding __________. A) does not adequately represent the morality of girls and women B) does not adequately represent the morality of boys and men C) shows that there are no sex differences in moral reasoning D) overemphasizes the role of emotion in moral judgment

A) does not adequately represent the morality of girls and women

According to the pragmatic approach to morality, __________. A) everyday moral judgments are practical tools that people use to achieve their goals B) everyday moral judgments are efforts to arrive at just solutions C) people never use moral judgments for immoral purposes D) Kohlberg's stage sequence adequately accounts for morality in everyday life

A) everyday moral judgments are practical tools that people use to achieve their goals

Young people who __________ tend to have committed to values and goals and are on their way to identity achievement. A) feel attached to their parents but also free to voice their own opinions B) have close bonds with their parents but lack opportunities for healthy separation C) rarely, if ever, experience warm, open communication with their parents D) have permissive or uninvolved parents and report the lowest levels of parental support

A) feel attached to their parents but also free to voice their own opinions

Although Kohlberg proposes six stages of moral development, __________. A) few people move beyond Stage 4 B) research only verifies the first three stages C) current research suggests there are at least eight stages D) no clear evidence exists that Stage 2 actually follows Stage 1

A) few people move beyond Stage 4

Individuals in identity moratorium __________. A) have not yet made definite commitments B) are not actively trying to reach goals or values C) are committed to clearly formulated self-chosen values D) have committed themselves to values without exploring alternatives

A) have not yet made definite commitments

The process of identity formation typically involves __________. A) in-depth exploration and reconsideration B) moving from a lower to a higher status C) selecting a status that remains stable D) making solid commitments

A) in-depth exploration and reconsideration

In a study of low-SES African-American and Hispanic teenagers, those who emphasized __________ in their self-descriptions displayed exceptional levels of community service. A) moral traits and goals B) involvement in sports C) individualism D) justice-based reasoning

A) moral traits and goals

Adolescents with __________ tend to be anxious and unfocused. A) poor academic self-esteem B) high athletic self-esteem C) positive peer relationships D) low physical appearance self-esteem

A) poor academic self-esteem

During adolescence, sibling __________. A) relationships often become less intense, in both positive and negative feelings B) relationships often become more intense, in both positive and negative feelings C) rivalry peaks, often causing moderate to significant family conflict D) relationships are more intense in negative feelings and less intense in positive feelings

A) relationships often become less intense, in both positive and negative feelings

Teenage girls are twice as likely as boys to __________. A) report persistent depressed mood B) show low rates of depressive symptoms C) have risk factors for suicide D) kill themselves

A) report persistent depressed mood

Seventeen-year-old Amberly is likely to place more emphasis on _______ in her self-description than 12-year-old Corey. A) social virtues B) academic ability C) athletic ability D) physical attractiveness

A) social virtues

The longer antisocial young people spend in prison, the more likely they are to __________. A) sustain a life of crime B) end criminal offending by age 20 C) be rehabilitated by age 25 D) counter habitual offending

A) sustain a life of crime

In cultures that place a high priority on interdependence, __________. A) teenagers view autonomy as self-endorsed decision making B) autonomy is not a central adolescent motive C) teenagers equate autonomy with independent decision making D) teenagers accept their parents' decisions because they feel pressured to comply

A) teenagers view autonomy as self-endorsed decision making

Which statement exemplifies 15-year-old Noah's awareness that psychological qualities can vary from one situation to the next? A) "I am an honest person." B) "I have a fairly quick temper." C) "I am not smart." D) "I am a happy person."

B) "I have a fairly quick temper."

Which individual is the most likely to describe herself as "shy," "outgoing," and "a smart airhead?" A) 10-year-old Demarcus B) 13-year-old Evangelina C) 16-year-old Lashawn D) 19-year-old Cris

B) 13-year-old Evangelina

Which statement about adolescent friendships is true? A) Close friendships in early adolescence often interfere with identity development. B) Close friendships provide a foundation for future intimate relationships. C) Among boys, being in a clique predicts academic and social competence. D) Among girls, clique membership predicts a decline in academic achievement.

B) Close friendships provide a foundation for future intimate relationships.

Which statement about gender differences in adolescent depression is true? A) Besides greater stress reactivity, boys' gender-typed coping styles make them more prone to depression. B) Girls with either an androgynous or a "masculine" gender identity show low rates of depressive symptoms. C) Adolescents who identify strongly with "feminine" traits ruminate more and report fewer depressive symptoms. D) Adolescents who identify strongly with "masculine" traits ruminate more and tend to be more depressed.

B) Girls with either an androgynous or a "masculine" gender identity show low rates of depressive symptoms.

Which 17-year-old is the most likely to score the highest in self-esteem? A) Joy, who is European American B) Jasmin, who is African American C) Li, who is Asian D) Larry, who is European American

B) Jasmin, who is African American

__________ attempt suicide three times as often as other adolescents. A) African-American boys B) Sexual minority youths C) Asian Americans D) Heterosexual boys

B) Sexual minority youths

In response to the "Heinz dilemma," Dolph states, "Even if his wife is dying, it is still Heinz's duty as a citizen to obey the law. If everyone started breaking the law, there'd be no civilization, just crime and violence." Dolph is at which of Kohlberg's stages of moral development? A) Stage 3, the "good-boy-good-girl" orientation B) Stage 4, the social-order-maintaining orientation C) Stage 5, the social contract orientation D) Stage 6, the universal ethical principle orientation

B) Stage 4, the social-order-maintaining orientation

College students who __________ are advanced in moral reasoning. A) report fewer close friendships B) are more aware of social diversity C) have more like-minded friends D) have fewer cross-race friendships

B) are more aware of social diversity

Very high social media use is linked to __________. A) high-quality face-to-face relationships B) boredom and depression C) feelings of connectedness D) a decline in mental health problems

B) boredom and depression

Which factor is likely to strengthen moral identity? A) permissive parenting B) civic engagement C) like-minded peer groups D) authoritarian parenting

B) civic engagement

Mr. Contreras is concerned about his 17-year-old daughter, who has been exchanging text messages with one particular boy. You should tell him that __________. A) this romantic involvement will probably last through college B) close romantic ties among older teenagers promote self-esteem and identity progress C) this relationship is probably interfering with his daughter's sensitivity and self-esteem D) his daughter is too young for dating and is at risk for drug use and early sexual activity

B) close romantic ties among older teenagers promote self-esteem and identity progress

Effective parenting of adolescents strikes a balance between __________ and __________. A) freedom; coerciveness B) connection; separation C) control; coercion D) separation; freedom

B) connection; separation

Which factor(s) is/are linked to a variety of favorable outcomes, such as prevention of delinquency, reduction in sexual activity, improved school performance, and positive psychological well-being? A) permissive parenting, noninterference with daily activities, and allowing the adolescent to withhold information from parents B) consistent parental monitoring of daily activities, through a cooperative relationship in which the adolescent willingly discloses information C) parental insistence on family closeness and obedience to authority, while insisting that the adolescent disclose all information D) immigrant parents from cultures that highly value family closeness reacting strongly to adolescent disagreement

B) consistent parental monitoring of daily activities, through a cooperative relationship in which the adolescent willingly discloses information

Once formed, identity __________. A) remains stable throughout the lifespan B) continues to be refined in adulthood C) tends to be rigid and ready-made D) prevents people from questioning their choices

B) continues to be refined in adulthood

Emma believes that actively maintaining the current social system ensures positive relationships and societal order. She is at Kohlberg's __________ level. A) preconventional B) conventional C) postconventional D) principled

B) conventional

As adolescents settle on personal values and goals, __________. A) membership in same-sex cliques increases B) crowds decline in importance C) mixed-sex cliques increase in importance D) membership in deviant crowds increases

B) crowds decline in importance

In a Canadian study that examined the sense of self-continuity despite significant personal changes, Native Canadian youths __________. A) described an enduring personal essence, a core self that remained the same despite change B) emphasized a constantly transforming self, resulting from new roles and relationships C) emphasized that change made them doubt that they would ever feel certain about anything D) described a core self that internalized societal values and beliefs without deliberate evaluation

B) emphasized a constantly transforming self, resulting from new roles and relationships

Adolescents are __________ likely than younger children to __________. A) less; experience serious depression B) far more; remain depressed when reassessed at older ages C) far less; remain depressed when reassessed in adulthood D) more; bounce back quickly from major depressive episodes

B) far more; remain depressed when reassessed at older ages

Emelia accepts her family's religious beliefs without question. She has never reconsidered them. She is characterized by identity __________. A) diffusion B) foreclosure C) moratorium D) achievement

B) foreclosure

Biculturally identified adolescents tend to __________. A) be identity-foreclosed or identity-diffused more often than identity-achieved B) have especially positive relations with members of other ethnic groups C) refuse to adopt values from both their subculture and the dominant culture D) have a less secure ethnic identity than monocultural adolescents

B) have especially positive relations with members of other ethnic groups

Delinquent youths, regardless of SES and ethnicity, often experience parenting that is __________. A) high in support B) high in conflict C) heavy in monitoring D) warm and consistent

B) high in conflict

According to Erikson, the major personality attainment of adolescence is __________. A) trust B) identity C) autonomy D) intimacy

B) identity

The number of boys who __________ exceeds the number of girls by a ratio of over 4 to 1. A) experience serious depression B) kill themselves C) make unsuccessful suicide attempts D) overdose on sleeping pills

B) kill themselves

Civic engagement involves __________. A) moral development at Kohlberg's Stage 4 or higher and regular involvement in religious services B) knowledge of political issues, commitment to making a difference, and skills for achieving civic goals C) a desire to make changes in the community and a belief that individual factors cause community problems D) political ambition, a secure identity, and a high level of empathy toward others' distress

B) knowledge of political issues, commitment to making a difference, and skills for achieving civic goals

Multisystemic therapy aimed at preventing delinquency __________. A) increases family instability once youth offenders reach adulthood B) leads to improvement in parent-adolescent relationships and school performance C) is exclusively a family-based intervention that focuses on parenting techniques D) leads to an increase in the severity of subsequent crimes committed by participants

B) leads to improvement in parent-adolescent relationships and school performance

In one study, urban __________ teenagers showed no decline in hours spent with family. A) low- and middle-SES European-American B) low- and middle-SES African-American C) high-SES European-American D) high-SES African-American

B) low- and middle-SES African-American

Some evidence indicates that although the morality of males and females taps both care and justice, __________. A) females more than males tend to emphasize justice B) males more than females tend to focus equally on justice and care C) females more than males tend to focus equally on justice and care D) males more than females tend to emphasize care

B) males more than females tend to focus equally on justice and care

At times, Drucilla is anxious and depressed about finding commitments, but she uses an active, information-gathering cognitive style to make personal decisions and solve problems: She seeks out relevant information, evaluates it carefully, and critically reflects on her views. Drucilla is experiencing identity __________. A) achievement B) moratorium C) foreclosure D) diffusion

B) moratorium

Adolescents who __________ are advanced in moral reasoning. A) have parents who permit them to make all of their own decisions B) more often participate in conversations with their friends C) have more homogeneous friendships and school communities D) have parents who ask fewer clarifying questions

B) more often participate in conversations with their friends

Kohlberg's original research and other longitudinal studies confirm that with few exceptions, individuals __________. A) reach Stage 6 by late adolescence or early adulthood B) move through his first four stages in the predicted order C) achieve the postconventional level of moral understanding D) rarely move beyond Stage 3 of moral understanding

B) move through his first four stages in the predicted order

Adolescents are less __________ their friends than they were in childhood. A) similar to B) possessive of C) likely to cooperate with D) likely to share feelings with

B) possessive of

About 70 percent of Americans __________. A) report no religious affiliation B) rate religion as very important in their lives C) rate religion as somewhat important in their lives D) regularly attend religious services from ages 13 to 15

B) rate religion as very important in their lives

Fourteen-year-old Wesley's self-esteem is likely to __________ from mid- to late adolescence. A) decline B) rise C) remain stable D) fluctuate a lot

B) rise

Police arrests and self-reports show that delinquency __________. A) is equally common among boys and girls B) rises over adolescence and then declines from the early twenties on C) rises over late childhood and early adolescence and then declines D) in adolescence usually leads to a life of crime

B) rises over adolescence and then declines from the early twenties on

An improved ability to reason about social relationships leads teenagers to __________. A) rely more on parental support B) view their parents as "just people" C) solve problems less efficiently D) idealize their parents

B) view their parents as "just people"

During adolescence, the young person's vision of self becomes __________. A) inconsistent B) well-organized C) less complex D) unbalanced

B) well-organized

Serious violent crime is __________. A) prevented by zero tolerance policies B) mostly the domain of girls C) mostly the domain of boys D) linked to authoritative parenting

C) mostly the domain of boys

The positive impact of having academically and socially skilled peers is greatest for teenagers whose parents are __________. A) authoritarian B) permissive C) authoritative D) uninvolved

C) authoritative

Which parenting style is predictive of high self-esteem in adolescence? A) uninvolved B) authoritarian C) authoritative D) permissive

C) authoritative

At Kohlberg's Stage __________, individuals can imagine alternatives to their own social order, and they emphasize fair procedures for interpreting and changing the law. A) 3, the "good boy‒good girl" orientation B) 4, the social-order-maintaining orientation C) 5, the social contract orientation D) 6, the universal ethical principle orientation

C) 5, the social contract orientation

As a child, David was negative, restless, willful, and physically aggressive. By age 8, he was already engaging in petty theft. Jason was a happy child who did well in school but began displaying antisocial behavior around age 13, and gradually moved to more severe delinquent acts. Which statement is true? A) David will likely outgrow his delinquent behavior by middle adolescence. B) Jason is at higher risk for leading a life-course pattern of aggression and criminality. C) David is at higher risk for leading a life-course pattern of aggression and criminality. D) David and Jason are at equal risk for leading a life-course pattern of criminality.

C) David is at higher risk for leading a life-course pattern of aggression and criminality.

Which strategy helps minority adolescents resolve identity conflicts constructively? A) Foster ethnic pride and encourage separation from other ethnic groups. B) Promote parenting that discourages exploration of minority values. C) Ensure that schools respect minority youths' native languages. D) Discourage adoption of values from the dominant culture.

C) Ensure that schools respect minority youths' native languages.

Which statement about cell phones and the Internet is true? A) Boys text their friends more often than girls. B) Girls are more avid gamers with friends than boys. C) Girls call their friends more often than boys. D) Boys more often use social media sites to share information.

C) Girls call their friends more often than boys.

Which statement about Lawrence Kohlberg's well-known "Heinz dilemma" is true? A) It is the content of the response that determines moral maturity. B) The most advanced moral thinkers focus on avoidance of punishment as a reason for behaving morally. C) It is the way an individual reasons about the dilemma that determines moral maturity. D) The most advanced moral thinkers focus on obeying the law as a reason for behaving morally.

C) It is the way an individual reasons about the dilemma that determines moral maturity.

Which statement about adolescent depression is true? A) Serious depression affects 15 to 20 percent of U.S. adolescents. B) Boys are more likely than girls to report a depressed mood. C) Many adults minimize the seriousness of adolescent depression. D) Heredity plays little to no role in adolescent depression.

C) Many adults minimize the seriousness of adolescent depression.

In response to the "Heinz dilemma," Marlee says, "No one will think you're bad if you steal the drug, but your family will think you're an inhumane husband if you don't. If you let your wife die, you'll never be able to look anyone in the face again." Marlee is at which of Kohlberg's stages of moral development? A) Stage 1, the punishment and obedience orientation B) Stage 2, the instrumental purpose orientation C) Stage 3, the "good-boy-good-girl" orientation D) Stage 4, the social-order-maintaining orientation

C) Stage 3, the "good-boy-good-girl" orientation

Which statement about teen suicide is true? A) It is nearly impossible to prevent adolescent suicide, as teenagers rarely exhibit warning signs around adults. B) Gun-control legislation would have little to no impact on the number of adolescent suicides in the United States. C) Teenage suicides often occur in clusters, with one death increasing the likelihood of others among depressed peers. D) Parents should not be concerned when a teen says "I wish I were dead," because adolescents are overly dramatic.

C) Teenage suicides often occur in clusters, with one death increasing the likelihood of others among depressed peers.

Compared with nonaffiliated youths, teenagers who remain part of a religious community are __________. A) less morally mature B) more likely to display antisocial behavior C) advantaged in moral values and behavior D) less likely to report trusting relationships with parents

C) advantaged in moral values and behavior

Parents who __________ usually find it easier to grant teenagers appropriate autonomy and experience less conflict with them. A) have time-consuming, stressful jobs B) have a permissive parenting style C) are content with their marriages D) have an authoritarian parenting style

C) are content with their marriages

High school students who are required to participate in community service __________ students who volunteer. A) express less of a desire to remain engaged than B) are less likely to participate in community organizations than C) are equally likely to vote when they reach adulthood as D) are more likely to quit serving upon graduation than

C) are equally likely to vote when they reach adulthood as

Responses to moral dilemmas in both village societies and industrialized cultures that highly value interdependence __________ than in North America and Western Europe. A) place greater weight on individual rights B) are less other-directed C) are more other-directed D) place greater weight on justice

C) are more other-directed

Parents who __________ interfere with the development of autonomy. A) are authoritative B) permit teens to explore ideas C) are psychologically controlling D) monitor their teens' daily activities

C) are psychologically controlling

Throughout adolescence, __________. A) siblings increasingly look to older brothers and sisters for direction B) siblings show one another decreased empathy and prosocial behavior C) attachment between siblings remains strong for most young people D) sibling rivalry increases, regardless of the strength of childhood bonds

C) attachment between siblings remains strong for most young people

Seventeen-year-old Saffron strives to rely on herself and not on her parents for decision making. Saffron is developing __________. A) moral self-relevance B) identity foreclosure C) autonomy D) identity diffusion

C) autonomy

Twelve-year-old Iola spends most of her time with a group of six girls who are friends and have similar family backgrounds, attitudes, interests, and values. This group is Isabel's __________. A) crowd B) circle C) clique D) club

C) clique

"Brains," "jocks," "populars," and "druggies" are typical examples of teenage __________. A) cliques B) crowds C) clubs D) circles

C) clubs

When focusing on deeper thoughts and feelings, adolescent friends Glenda and Svetlana repeatedly mull over problems and negative emotions, which sometimes triggers anxiety and depression. Glenda and Svetlana are demonstrating __________. A) peer victimization B) clique membership C) corumination D) identity foreclosure

C) corumination

Individuals at Kohlberg's postconventional stage __________. A) accept the rules of authority figures and judge actions by their consequences B) believe that actively maintaining the current social system ensures societal order C) define morality in terms of abstract principles and values that apply to all societies D) view behaviors that result in punishment as bad and those that lead to rewards as good

C) define morality in terms of abstract principles and values that apply to all societies

When asked about his political beliefs, Paolo responds, "Oh, I don't know. It doesn't make much difference to me." Paolo is demonstrating identity __________. A) moratorium B) foreclosure C) diffusion D) achievement

C) diffusion

Identity-foreclosed individuals __________. A) seek out and carefully evaluate information B) doubt that anything can ever be known with certainty C) display a dogmatic, inflexible cognitive style D) display an active, information-gathering style

C) display a dogmatic, inflexible cognitive style

On hypothetical dilemmas as well as everyday moral problems, adolescent and adult females __________. A) are more likely than males to focus on themes of justice B) display reasoning at a lower stage than their male agemates C) display reasoning at the same stage as their male agemates, and often at a higher stage D) focus on themes of both justice and caring, while males focus only on themes of caring

C) display reasoning at the same stage as their male agemates, and often at a higher stage

Although 15-year-old Darnell does not yet make many independent decisions, he is relying more on himself and less on his parents for support and guidance. Darnell is developing the __________ component of adolescent autonomy. A) behavioral B) cognitive C) emotional D) ethical

C) emotional

Among U.S. teenagers, 20 to 50 percent __________. A) have had one or more major depressive episodes B) are gloomy and self-critical for months or years C) experience mild to moderate feelings of depression D) have received treatment for depression

C) experience mild to moderate feelings of depression

Number of best friends declines from about __________ in early adolescence to __________ in adulthood. A) six to eight; four or five B) six to eight; two or three C) four to six; one or two D) three or four; one

C) four to six; one or two

Mild to moderate family conflict __________. A) is associated with a rise in antisocial behavior, particularly for older adolescents B) often escalates into intense parent-child disagreements and a sharp rise in sibling rivalry C) informs parents of teenagers' changing needs, signaling a need for adjustments in the parent-child relationship D) interferes with adolescent autonomy and identity development and predicts long-term adjustment problems

C) informs parents of teenagers' changing needs, signaling a need for adjustments in the parent-child relationship

For most young people, identity development __________. A) is traumatic and disturbing B) is complete by the end of high school C) is a process of exploration followed by commitment D) leaves them unprepared for the challenges of adulthood

C) is a process of exploration followed by commitment

Having friends with depressive symptoms __________. A) increases teenagers' ability to cope with stress B) is linked to identity progress and a rise in self-esteem C) is linked to a rise in teenagers' own depressive symptoms D) decreases the likelihood of corumination

C) is linked to a rise in teenagers' own depressive symptoms

Early dating __________. A) leads to greater psychological intimacy B) promotes identity development and self-esteem C) is related to delinquency and poor academic achievement D) is related to academic achievement and social success

C) is related to delinquency and poor academic achievement

Although the seeds of identity formation are planted early, not until __________ do people become absorbed in this task. A) middle to late childhood B) early adolescence C) late adolescence and early adulthood D) middle adulthood

C) late adolescence and early adulthood

College students usually __________. A) make progress on genuine intimacy in relationships before experiencing identity concerns B) settle on a self-definition earlier than those who go to work immediately after high school C) make more identity progress than they did in high school because college offers exploration opportunities D) are at risk for identity foreclosure or diffusion because they rarely encounter obstacles before realizing their goals

C) make more identity progress than they did in high school because college offers exploration opportunities

Twin studies indicate that depression is __________ heritable. A) not B) slightly C) moderately D) highly

C) moderately

The connection between more mature moral reasoning and action is __________. A) nil B) weak C) modest D) strong

C) modest

According to one reexamination of Kohlberg's stages, __________. A) "postconventional" morality is based on social conformity B) people must reach Stages 5 and 6 to be considered truly morally mature C) moral maturity can be found in a revised understanding of Stages 3 and 4 D) "postconventional" morality is attainable if you rely on your intuition

C) moral maturity can be found in a revised understanding of Stages 3 and 4

In diverse Western and non-Western cultures, parent‒child disputes over __________ increase during the teenage years. A) social conventions B) moral situations C) personal affairs D) cultural values

C) personal affairs

Moral reasoning typically progresses to Kohlberg's higher stages the longer a person __________. A) is alive B) attends church C) remains in school D) is employed

C) remains in school

Membership in a crowd is based on __________. A) family background and interests B) attitudes and values C) reputation and stereotype D) emotional closeness

C) reputation and stereotype

Changes in __________ and __________ set the stage for developing a unified personal identity. A) the id; the superego B) moods; abilities C) self-concept; self-esteem D) cognitive styles; attachment security

C) self-concept; self-esteem

Teenagers with __________ are more involved in exploring relationship issues, such as what they value in close friends and in a life partner. A) foreclosed identities B) permissive parents C) warm, trusting peer ties D) diffused identities

C) warm, trusting peer ties

Harry's parents stress compassion for the less fortunate and engage in community service. Which statement is Harry most likely to make? A) "My parents never discuss religion, politics, or controversial issues." B) "I think most unemployed people are less intelligent than those who have jobs." C) "If someone is homeless, it's probably because he drinks or takes drugs." D) "I think the unemployment rate is caused by the state of the economy."

D) "I think the unemployment rate is caused by the state of the economy."

Which statement about the influence of schooling on moral reasoning is true? A) College students are no more advanced in moral reasoning than non-college-bound high school graduates. B) Students who experience unjust treatment are more likely to view excluding a peer as a moral transgression. C) Students in schools with nondiscrimination and antibullying policies have fewer opportunities to reason morally. D) College students who report more perspective-taking opportunities tend to be advanced in moral reasoning.

D) College students who report more perspective-taking opportunities tend to be advanced in moral reasoning.

In response to the "Heinz dilemma," Ruby explains, "It doesn't make sense to put respect for property above respect for life itself. Respect for human life is absolute." Ruby is at which of Kohlberg's stages of moral development? A) Stage 3, the "good-boy-good-girl" orientation B) Stage 4, the social-order-maintaining orientation C) Stage 5, the social contract orientation D) Stage 6, the universal ethical principle orientation

D) Stage 6, the universal ethical principle orientation

Laurent plans to major in engineering in college. When asked if he might change his career path, he responds, "I might, but I doubt it. I've spent a lot of time studying my options. I'm pretty sure engineering is right for me." Laurent is demonstrating identity __________. A) foreclosure B) diffusion C) moratorium D) achievement

D) achievement

When asked directly and confidentially about lawbreaking, __________ teenagers admit to having committed some sort of offense—usually a minor crime, such as petty stealing or disorderly conduct. A) about 10 percent of B) nearly 25 percent of C) around half of all D) almost all

D) almost all

Identity-diffused individuals __________. A) feel a sense of psychological well-being B) often reject their parents' values and goals C) have committed themselves to values without exploring alternatives D) are not actively trying to reach values and goals

D) are not actively trying to reach values and goals

By late adolescence, cognitive changes enable teenagers describing themselves to __________. A) focus mostly on their positive personality traits B) avoid the use of qualifiers and social virtues C) place less emphasis on personal and moral values D) combine their traits into an organized system

D) combine their traits into an organized system

The most common psychological problem of adolescence is __________. A) anorexia B) anxiety C) bulimia D) depression

D) depression

Some studies on zero tolerance policies show that they __________, A) drastically reduce antisocial behavior, both in and out of school B) reduce youth aggression and other forms of misconduct C) focus on severe acts of disruptive and threatening behavior D) heighten school dropout and antisocial behavior

D) heighten school dropout and antisocial behavior

Eighteen-year-old Hershel assumes that absolute truth is always attainable. Hershel is probably __________. A) identity-achieved B) identity-diffused C) in identity moratorium D) identity-foreclosed

D) identity-foreclosed

With age, teenagers __________. A) are less likely to believe that gay and lesbian youths have the right to be free from discrimination in school B) are more likely to say that exclusion of a child from a peer group on the basis of gender is always unfair C) are less mindful of the overlap between moral imperatives and strongly held social conventions D) increasingly defend the government's right to limit individual freedom to drink in the interest of the public good

D) increasingly defend the government's right to limit individual freedom to drink in the interest of the public good

Sonja, age 15, is likely to report that the most important characteristic of friendship is __________. A) shared interests B) mutual friends C) shared activities D) intimacy

D) intimacy

The influence of situational factors on moral judgments indicates that like Piaget's cognitive stages, Kohlberg's moral stages are __________. A) predictable and universal B) highly organized and sequential C) attained in a neat, stepwise fashion D) loosely organized and overlapping

D) loosely organized and overlapping

Both identity __________ and __________ are psychologically healthy routes to mature self-definition. A) moratorium; foreclosure B) achievement; diffusion C) foreclosure; diffusion D) moratorium; achievement

D) moratorium; achievement

Higher-stage moral thinkers __________. A) more often engage in cheating B) less often volunteer in their communities C) less often act prosocially by helping or sharing D) more often defend victims of injustice

D) more often defend victims of injustice

According to Erikson, if the psychological conflict of adolescence is resolved negatively, a young person experiences __________. A) mistrust B) isolation C) inferiority D) role confusion

D) role confusion

The reduced time that Western teenagers spend with their parents results from __________. A) a sharp increase in parent-child conflict B) the lack of unstructured time available to teenagers C) adolescents' view that parents are not "cool" D) the large amount of unstructured time available to teenagers

D) the large amount of unstructured time available to teenagers

With regard to adolescent delinquency, early-onset youths __________. A) rarely show any deficits in cognitive functioning B) exhibit conduct problems that arise from the peer context C) abandon their ways when age brings gratifying adult privileges D) usually inherit traits that predispose them to aggressiveness

D) usually inherit traits that predispose them to aggressiveness

At Kohlberg's Stage 2 of moral development, children __________. A) want to maintain the affection and approval of friends and relatives by being a "good person" B) typically mention such principles as respect for the worth and dignity of each person C) take societal laws into account when making moral choices D) view right action as flowing from self-interest and understand reciprocity as equal exchange of favors

D) view right action as flowing from self-interest and understand reciprocity as equal exchange of favors