Chapter 13

Attention-deficit/Hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

11% of American 4-17 receive this diagnosis after displaying its key symptoms (extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity); 2.5% have ADHD symptoms symptoms can be treated with medication and other therapies debate continues over whether normal high energy is too often diagnosed a a psychiatric disorder, and whether there is a cost to the long-term use of stimulant drugs in treating ADHD

the medical model

1800s search for physical causes of mental disorders and for curative treatments mental illness is diagnosed on the basis of symptoms and cured through therapy, including treatment

In a study examining the biasing power of diagnostic labels, researchers went to mental hospital admissions offices and complained of "hearing voices" saying "empty," "hollow," and "thud." This was the only complaint they reported and they displayed no other symptoms. They were admitted and released an average of _____ days later.

19

The American Psychiatric Association classified homosexuality as an illness until the year _____.

1973

major depressive disorder

A mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or a medical condition, two or more weeks of significantly depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities.

bipolar disorder

A mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania.

DSM-5

American psychiatric associations 2013 diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders changes -some label changes (Autism spectrum disorder; intellectually disability) -new or altered diagnoses (disruptive mode dysregulation disorder; prolonged bereavement/depression)--some controversial

David _____ conducted a study examining the biasing power of diagnostic labels.

Rosenhan

mania

a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state in which dangerously poor judgment is common.

Insanity

a legal definition which means not knowing the difference between right and wrong

metal disorder

a prolonged or recurrent psychological problems that interferes with an individual's ability to live a satisfying life and to function adequately

psychological disorder

a syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in a persons thoughts, feelings, or behaviors

statistical frequency

adnormal if it occurs rarely or infrequently in the population involves value judgements normal vs adnormal? -cant divide people into two neat groups may involve cultural differences

Stella has been diagnosed with panic disorder and refuses to leave her home without her husband. She fears any situation in which she cannot escape or find help when a panic attack would strike. Stella suffers not only from panic disorder, but also from _____.

agoraphobia

DSM-5 criticism

antisocial personality disorder and generalized anxiety disorder did poorly on field trails DSM-d contributes to pathologizing of everyday life system labels are societies value judgements Rosenhan 1973

prevalence of psychological disorders

approximately 1 in 4 survey respondents reported experiencing the symptoms of a psychological disorder in the previous years nearly half of survey respondents reported experiencing the symptoms of a psychological disorder at some point during their lifetimes survey responses indicate a high degree of comorbidity, the fact that people diagnosed with one psychological disorder are often diagnosed with another

Deviance

behavior deviates from what society says is acceptable

After study participants were told that a videotaped interviewee was a psychiatric patient, they characterized the person with phrases like "passive type" or "frightened of his own impulses." This study BEST illustrates the:

biasing power of diagnostic labels.

Dr. Avery has a client who suffers from substance abuse. In therapy, she suggests that his abusive home environment, limited sense of life purpose, and deficient dopamine reward circuits might account for his abuse. Dr. Avery is MOST clearly using a _____ approach to understanding addictive behaviors.

biopsychosocial

Dr. Phelps believes that psychological disorders are influenced by genetic predispositions and physiological states. He is also aware that inner psychological dynamics, social dynamics, and culture influence psychological disorders. Dr. Phelps believes in a _____ model.

biopsychosocial

_____ disorder consists of states of sadness alternating with periods of overexcited hyperactivity.

bipolar

criticisms of DSM

casting a wide net that sometimes classifies "normal" experiences as disorders using arbitrary cutoffs to draw the line between people with and without a disorder gender bias lack of sensitivity to cultural diversity

Thoughts, memories, interpretations, and expectations are collectively referred to as:

cognition

Diagnostic and Statistical manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

criteria for diagnosis of mental disorders based on medical model

A _____ is a false belief that often accompanies psychotic disorders.

delusion

culture and time

diagnosis of specific disorders has varied from culture to culture and over time in the same culture

Angel has been arrested for grand theft auto. He claims that it wasn't him and that he knows nothing about the crime, as another one of his personalities must have done it. The court-appointed psychiatrist knows immediately that Angel does not suffer from _____ disorder, as the original personality generally denies awareness of the others.

dissociative identity

While researchers have discovered that there are an excessive number of receptor sites for _____ in schizophrenia patients' brains, it is not the only neurotransmitter involved in schizophrenia.

dopamine

Persistent depressive disorder was formerly called _____.

dysthymia

Persistent depressive disorder was formerly called:

dysthymia

The study of environmental influences on gene expression is called _____.

epigenetics

maladaptive behavior

everyday behavior is impaired

_____ proposed that, beginning in childhood, people repress intolerable impulses, ideas, and feelings, and that this submerged mental energy sometimes produces mystifying symptoms, such as anxiety.

freud

the biopsychosocial approach

general approach positing that biological, psychological, and social-cultural factors, all play a significant role in human functioning in the context of disease or illness

Stimulus _____ occurs when a person who is attacked by a fierce dog later develops a fear of all dogs.

generalization

Delilah is continually tense and plagued by muscle tension, sleeplessness, and an inability to concentrate. Delilah MOST likely suffers from _____ disorder

generalized anxiety

percentage of Americans reporting certain psychological disorders

generalized anxiety 3.1% social anxiety disorder 6.8% phobia of specific object or situation 8.7% mood disorder 9.5% OCD 1.0% schizophrenia 1.1% PTSD 3.5% ADHD 4.1%

Bipolar disorder is characterized by moods that alternate between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the euphoric, hyperactive state of _____.

mania

At one time, disordered people were simply warehoused in asylums. Asylums have been replaced with psychiatric hospitals, where attempts are made to diagnose and cure people suffering from psychological disorders. This BEST illustrates one of the beneficial consequences of the _____ model.

medical

comorbidity

more than one disorder at a time

pinel psychological disorders

opposed brutal treatment and proposed moral treatment: viewed madness as a sickness of mind caused by severe stress and inhumane treatment

People who engage in nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) may NOT be described as:

overly aggressive.

classification in psychiatry and psychology

provides name and description attempts to predict the future of a disorder suggests treatments

_____ drugs are chemicals that change mood and perception.

psychoactive

classifying psychological disorders

purpose: describe a disorder, predict its course, imply appropriate treatment, stimulate research into causes

DSM-5 benefits

system helps mental health professionals communicate and is useful in research

Qwan often finds himself anxious in social situations. He avoids eye contact with others and regularly dismisses his fears of blushing uncontrollably as shyness. If Qwan were Japanese, he might be suffering from:

taijin-kyofusho

One potential fear of the new classification of "disruptive mood dysregulation disorder" is that it will:

turn a normal temper tantrum into a mental disorder.

moral treatment

under Philippe pinel's influence, hospitals sometimes sponsored patient dances, often called lunatic balls, depicted in painting by George Bellows (Dance in a Madhouse)

Middle Ages psychological disorders

wide variety of therapies (often cruel or barbaric by todays standards) used to drive out demons or modify madness