Chapter 24: The Digestive System

Pepsin breaks down peptide bonds best at what pH?

1.5-2

Which is not a proper sequence of the break down of macromolecules?

Correct large lipds to tiny lipd droplets (triglycerices) to monosaccharides and fatty acids which can be absorbed and reassembled as triglycerides

Metabolic regulation means the liver will regulate what?

All of the answers are correct the levels of glucose, lipids, and amino acids in the blood the rate of synthesis of glycogen in the the liver the concentration of macromolecules in the blood

The functional cells of the liver called ________ are arranged within a lobule of the liver into a series of plates converging toward a central vein.

Hepatocytes

What is the normal blood glucose level?

What is the normal blood glucose level?

The greater omentum is

a fatty sheet that hangs like an apron over the abdominal viscera.

The functions of the oral cavity include all of the following, except

absorption of monosaccharides

The essential functions of the liver include

albumin production for blood osmotic pressure. bile production. metabolic regulation. hematological regulation. All of the answers are correct.

The liver produces which plasma protein that increases the osmotic pressure of plasma?

albumins

The digestive tract is also referred to as the

alimentary canal and the GI tract

The liver breaks down antibodies into what smaller units?

amino acids

In order for polysaccharides to be absorbed in the jejunum, they must be broken down into

amylase

Each of the following is a function of the liver, except

antibody production

The kupffer cells of the liver

are phagocytic. present antigens. destroy bacteria. destroy RBCs. All of the answers are correct.

________ crush and grind food.

biscuspids and molars

Each of the following organs is a component of the digestive tract, except the

bladder

Monosaccharides that are absorbed in the intestinal epithelium will then diffuse into

blood capillaries and transported to the liver

Amino acids are absorbed into _______________ and delivered to the ____________________.

blood; liver

The part of the stomach that functions as a mixing chamber for food and secretions is the

body

Brush border enzymes of the intestinal wall of the jejunum do what?

break down disaccharides and trisaccharides into monosaccharides

If blood glucose levels drop, hepatocytes will

break down glycogen to release glucose into the blood and make new glucose molecules

Which of these descriptions best matches the term cholecystokinin (CCK)?

causes gallbladder to contract

The saclike structure that joins the ileum at the ileocecal valve is the

cecum

Newly formed triglycerides in the cells of the intestinal epithelium are coated with proteins and called

chylomicrons

The fusion of the hepatic duct and the cystic duct forms the

common bile duct

________ are also known as canines.

cuspids

At the splenic flexure, the colon becomes the

descending colon

Enzymes from teh intestinal walls called ________________ break short polypeptides into dipeptides and individual amino acids?

dipeptidases

Submucosal glands that secrete mucus are characteristic of the

duodenum

The pylorus empties into the

duodenum

What is the function of bile?

emulsify fats into smaller drops of triglycerides

The exocrine cells of the pancreas secretes ______________ and the endocrine cells of the pancreas secretes _______________

enzymes; hormones

The liver removes which of the following hormones from the blood?

epinephrine and norepinephrine all of the answers are correct insulin thyroid hormones

Haustra are

expansible pouches of the colon.

What is the name of the structure that helps to stabilize the liver and is a remnant of the umbilical artery?

falciform ligament

Which of the following contains a remnant of the fetal umbilical vein?

falciform ligament

Blockage of the common hepatic duct would interfere with digestion of

fats

The liver produces which plasma proteins that aid in clotting of the blood?

fibrinogens

Which of the following is not a function of the digestive system?

filtration

The liver contains how many lobes?

four

The human liver is composed of ________ lobe(s).

four lobe(s)

The ________ salivary glands are covered by the mucous membrane in the floor of the mouth.

gallbladder

G cells of the stomach secrete

gastrin

The ridge of oral mucosa that surrounds the base of a tooth is the

gingiva

The process of making new glucose molecules in the liver is called

gluconeogenesis

Which of the following contains adipose tissue and provides padding for the anterior and lateral portions of the abdomen?

greater omentum

Proteins must be broken down into these in order to be absorbed by the intestinal epithelium

individual amino acids

The liver removes which of the following hormones from the blood?

insulin epinephrine and norepinephrine thyroid hormones all of the answers are correct

When amino acids are broken down into ammonia, what happens to the ammonia?

it gets converted to urea and then is eliminated at the kidneys in the urine

The layer of loose connective tissue that directly supports the digestive epithelium is the

lamina propria

What organ is primarily responsible for water absorption?

large intestine

What provides access for blood vessels entering and leaving the liver?

lesser omentum

The double-layer sheets of serous membrane that support the viscera are called

mesenteries.

Triglycerides are broken down into what molecule to be absorbed by intestinal epithelium?

monoglycerides

Pancreatic lipase breaks triglycerides into what?

monoglycerides and fatty acids

In order for polysaccharides to be absorbed in the jejunum, they must be broken down into

monosaccarides

The lamina propria and mucous epithelium are components of the

mucosa

In most cases, the mumps is a viral infection of the

parotid glands

Functions of the tongue include all of the following, *except*

partitioning the oropharynx from the nasopharynx

Chief cells secrete

pepsinogen

Waves of muscular contractions that propel the contents of the digestive tract are called

peristalsis.

Kuppfer cells do all of the following except:

produce glucose molecules through gluconeogenesis

Proteases break down what macromolecule?

proteins

The enzyme pepsin digests

proteins

The region of the stomach that empties into the duodenum is the

pylorus

All of the following are true of the lining of the stomach, except that it

recycles bile

The pancreas produces

sodium bicarbonate. lipases and amylase. peptidases and proteinases. nucleases. All of the answers are correct.

A stratified squamous epithelial lining can be found in all of the following, *except* in the

stomach

The oral mucosa has ________ epithelium.

stratified squamous

The ________ salivary glands are covered by the mucous membrane in the floor of the mouth

sublingual

Large blood vessels and lymphatics are found in the

submucosa

The fusion of the hepatic duct and the cystic duct forms the

the common bile duct

A drug that blocks the action of the hormone cholecystokinin would affect

the composition of pancreatic secretions. acid production by the stomach. digestion of lipids and proteins. the delivery of bile. All of the answers are correct.

At the splenic flexure, the colon becomes the

the descending colon

Put the following layers of the digestive tract wall in order from the lumen to the deepest layer: 1. lamina propria 4. digestive (mucous) epithelium 2. muscularis externa 5. serosa 3. submucosa 6. muscularis mucosae

4. digestive (mucous epithelium) 1. lamina propria 6. muscularis muscosa 3. submucosa 2. muscularis externa 5. serosa

Enzymes from teh intestinal walls called ________________ break short polypeptides into dipeptides and individual amino acids?

Enzymes from teh intestinal walls called ________________ break short polypeptides into dipeptides and individual amino acids?

What is the strong acid produced by the parietal cells of the stomach?

HCL

The stomach is different from other digestive organs in that it

has three layers of muscle in the muscularis externa.

What blood vessel carries monosaccharides and amino acids to the liver

hepatic portal system

What cells of the liver produce new glucose molecules

hepatocytes

What occurs in the liver if blood glucose levels rise?

hepatocytes remove it from the blood and store it as glucose

Carbohydrate digestion begins in the

in the mouth

Protein digestion begins where?

in the stomach

Protein digestion where?

in the stomach

The liver does all of the following except:

inactivates drugs regulates blood concentrations of hormones the liver does all of these answers stores iron

are blade-shaped teeth that function in cutting or clipping

incisors

Hepatocytes are arranged in the liver in _________________.

lobules

Products of fat digestion are transported initially by

lymphatic vessels

Digestion refers to the

mechanical and chemical breakdown of food.

The ________ are double sheets of peritoneal membrane that suspend the visceral organs and carry nerves, lymphatics, and blood vessels.

mesenteries

Which salivary gland produces a serous secretion containing large amounts of salivary amylase?

parotid

Gastric pits are

openings in the gastric glands

The roof of the oral cavity is formed by the

palatine bones. soft palate. hard palate. palatine processes of the maxillary bones. All of the answers are correct.

Which of the following is an accessory organ of digestion?

pancreas

Pancreatic juice contains all of the following except

pancreatic bile

The ________ gland empties into the oral cavity at the level of the second upper molar.

parotid

Using Vitamin B3, the liver is able to

release calcitriol from the kidney increase blood calcium levels increase the amount of calcium absorbed in the intestines all of the answers are correct

The three main functions of the liver are to regulate all of the following except

respiration

In response to the hormone cholecystokinin, the pancreas secretes a fluid

rich in enyzmes

The liver ____________ bile and the gall bladder _____________________ bile.

secretes; stores and modifies

The intestinal hormone that stimulates the pancreas to release a watery, bicarbonate-rich fluid is

secretin

Which of the following is a function of the tongue?

secretion of mucins mechanical processing sensory analysis manipulation to assist with chewing All of the answers are correct.

What does the liver do if there is to much lipids and amino acids being ingested?

the liver stores theres as fats and proteins

At the hepatic flexure, the colon becomes the

transverse colon

In the intestinal wall, monoglycerides combine with two fatty acid tails to become

triglycerides

Lipids are typically ingested as

triglycerides

An obstruction of the common bile duct often results in

undigested fat in the feces.