Chapter 24: The Digestive System
Pepsin breaks down peptide bonds best at what pH?
1.5-2
Which is not a proper sequence of the break down of macromolecules?
Correct large lipds to tiny lipd droplets (triglycerices) to monosaccharides and fatty acids which can be absorbed and reassembled as triglycerides
Metabolic regulation means the liver will regulate what?
All of the answers are correct the levels of glucose, lipids, and amino acids in the blood the rate of synthesis of glycogen in the the liver the concentration of macromolecules in the blood
The functional cells of the liver called ________ are arranged within a lobule of the liver into a series of plates converging toward a central vein.
Hepatocytes
What is the normal blood glucose level?
What is the normal blood glucose level?
The greater omentum is
a fatty sheet that hangs like an apron over the abdominal viscera.
The functions of the oral cavity include all of the following, except
absorption of monosaccharides
The essential functions of the liver include
albumin production for blood osmotic pressure. bile production. metabolic regulation. hematological regulation. All of the answers are correct.
The liver produces which plasma protein that increases the osmotic pressure of plasma?
albumins
The digestive tract is also referred to as the
alimentary canal and the GI tract
The liver breaks down antibodies into what smaller units?
amino acids
In order for polysaccharides to be absorbed in the jejunum, they must be broken down into
amylase
Each of the following is a function of the liver, except
antibody production
The kupffer cells of the liver
are phagocytic. present antigens. destroy bacteria. destroy RBCs. All of the answers are correct.
________ crush and grind food.
biscuspids and molars
Each of the following organs is a component of the digestive tract, except the
bladder
Monosaccharides that are absorbed in the intestinal epithelium will then diffuse into
blood capillaries and transported to the liver
Amino acids are absorbed into _______________ and delivered to the ____________________.
blood; liver
The part of the stomach that functions as a mixing chamber for food and secretions is the
body
Brush border enzymes of the intestinal wall of the jejunum do what?
break down disaccharides and trisaccharides into monosaccharides
If blood glucose levels drop, hepatocytes will
break down glycogen to release glucose into the blood and make new glucose molecules
Which of these descriptions best matches the term cholecystokinin (CCK)?
causes gallbladder to contract
The saclike structure that joins the ileum at the ileocecal valve is the
cecum
Newly formed triglycerides in the cells of the intestinal epithelium are coated with proteins and called
chylomicrons
The fusion of the hepatic duct and the cystic duct forms the
common bile duct
________ are also known as canines.
cuspids
At the splenic flexure, the colon becomes the
descending colon
Enzymes from teh intestinal walls called ________________ break short polypeptides into dipeptides and individual amino acids?
dipeptidases
Submucosal glands that secrete mucus are characteristic of the
duodenum
The pylorus empties into the
duodenum
What is the function of bile?
emulsify fats into smaller drops of triglycerides
The exocrine cells of the pancreas secretes ______________ and the endocrine cells of the pancreas secretes _______________
enzymes; hormones
The liver removes which of the following hormones from the blood?
epinephrine and norepinephrine all of the answers are correct insulin thyroid hormones
Haustra are
expansible pouches of the colon.
What is the name of the structure that helps to stabilize the liver and is a remnant of the umbilical artery?
falciform ligament
Which of the following contains a remnant of the fetal umbilical vein?
falciform ligament
Blockage of the common hepatic duct would interfere with digestion of
fats
The liver produces which plasma proteins that aid in clotting of the blood?
fibrinogens
Which of the following is not a function of the digestive system?
filtration
The liver contains how many lobes?
four
The human liver is composed of ________ lobe(s).
four lobe(s)
The ________ salivary glands are covered by the mucous membrane in the floor of the mouth.
gallbladder
G cells of the stomach secrete
gastrin
The ridge of oral mucosa that surrounds the base of a tooth is the
gingiva
The process of making new glucose molecules in the liver is called
gluconeogenesis
Which of the following contains adipose tissue and provides padding for the anterior and lateral portions of the abdomen?
greater omentum
Proteins must be broken down into these in order to be absorbed by the intestinal epithelium
individual amino acids
The liver removes which of the following hormones from the blood?
insulin epinephrine and norepinephrine thyroid hormones all of the answers are correct
When amino acids are broken down into ammonia, what happens to the ammonia?
it gets converted to urea and then is eliminated at the kidneys in the urine
The layer of loose connective tissue that directly supports the digestive epithelium is the
lamina propria
What organ is primarily responsible for water absorption?
large intestine
What provides access for blood vessels entering and leaving the liver?
lesser omentum
The double-layer sheets of serous membrane that support the viscera are called
mesenteries.
Triglycerides are broken down into what molecule to be absorbed by intestinal epithelium?
monoglycerides
Pancreatic lipase breaks triglycerides into what?
monoglycerides and fatty acids
In order for polysaccharides to be absorbed in the jejunum, they must be broken down into
monosaccarides
The lamina propria and mucous epithelium are components of the
mucosa
In most cases, the mumps is a viral infection of the
parotid glands
Functions of the tongue include all of the following, *except*
partitioning the oropharynx from the nasopharynx
Chief cells secrete
pepsinogen
Waves of muscular contractions that propel the contents of the digestive tract are called
peristalsis.
Kuppfer cells do all of the following except:
produce glucose molecules through gluconeogenesis
Proteases break down what macromolecule?
proteins
The enzyme pepsin digests
proteins
The region of the stomach that empties into the duodenum is the
pylorus
All of the following are true of the lining of the stomach, except that it
recycles bile
The pancreas produces
sodium bicarbonate. lipases and amylase. peptidases and proteinases. nucleases. All of the answers are correct.
A stratified squamous epithelial lining can be found in all of the following, *except* in the
stomach
The oral mucosa has ________ epithelium.
stratified squamous
The ________ salivary glands are covered by the mucous membrane in the floor of the mouth
sublingual
Large blood vessels and lymphatics are found in the
submucosa
The fusion of the hepatic duct and the cystic duct forms the
the common bile duct
A drug that blocks the action of the hormone cholecystokinin would affect
the composition of pancreatic secretions. acid production by the stomach. digestion of lipids and proteins. the delivery of bile. All of the answers are correct.
At the splenic flexure, the colon becomes the
the descending colon
Put the following layers of the digestive tract wall in order from the lumen to the deepest layer: 1. lamina propria 4. digestive (mucous) epithelium 2. muscularis externa 5. serosa 3. submucosa 6. muscularis mucosae
4. digestive (mucous epithelium) 1. lamina propria 6. muscularis muscosa 3. submucosa 2. muscularis externa 5. serosa
Enzymes from teh intestinal walls called ________________ break short polypeptides into dipeptides and individual amino acids?
Enzymes from teh intestinal walls called ________________ break short polypeptides into dipeptides and individual amino acids?
What is the strong acid produced by the parietal cells of the stomach?
HCL
The stomach is different from other digestive organs in that it
has three layers of muscle in the muscularis externa.
What blood vessel carries monosaccharides and amino acids to the liver
hepatic portal system
What cells of the liver produce new glucose molecules
hepatocytes
What occurs in the liver if blood glucose levels rise?
hepatocytes remove it from the blood and store it as glucose
Carbohydrate digestion begins in the
in the mouth
Protein digestion begins where?
in the stomach
Protein digestion where?
in the stomach
The liver does all of the following except:
inactivates drugs regulates blood concentrations of hormones the liver does all of these answers stores iron
are blade-shaped teeth that function in cutting or clipping
incisors
Hepatocytes are arranged in the liver in _________________.
lobules
Products of fat digestion are transported initially by
lymphatic vessels
Digestion refers to the
mechanical and chemical breakdown of food.
The ________ are double sheets of peritoneal membrane that suspend the visceral organs and carry nerves, lymphatics, and blood vessels.
mesenteries
Which salivary gland produces a serous secretion containing large amounts of salivary amylase?
parotid
Gastric pits are
openings in the gastric glands
The roof of the oral cavity is formed by the
palatine bones. soft palate. hard palate. palatine processes of the maxillary bones. All of the answers are correct.
Which of the following is an accessory organ of digestion?
pancreas
Pancreatic juice contains all of the following except
pancreatic bile
The ________ gland empties into the oral cavity at the level of the second upper molar.
parotid
Using Vitamin B3, the liver is able to
release calcitriol from the kidney increase blood calcium levels increase the amount of calcium absorbed in the intestines all of the answers are correct
The three main functions of the liver are to regulate all of the following except
respiration
In response to the hormone cholecystokinin, the pancreas secretes a fluid
rich in enyzmes
The liver ____________ bile and the gall bladder _____________________ bile.
secretes; stores and modifies
The intestinal hormone that stimulates the pancreas to release a watery, bicarbonate-rich fluid is
secretin
Which of the following is a function of the tongue?
secretion of mucins mechanical processing sensory analysis manipulation to assist with chewing All of the answers are correct.
What does the liver do if there is to much lipids and amino acids being ingested?
the liver stores theres as fats and proteins
At the hepatic flexure, the colon becomes the
transverse colon
In the intestinal wall, monoglycerides combine with two fatty acid tails to become
triglycerides
Lipids are typically ingested as
triglycerides
An obstruction of the common bile duct often results in
undigested fat in the feces.