Chapter 4 How We Use Language

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Reference

Connotation

Phonological

Correct pronunciation of a word

Pragmatic

Deal with implications or interpretations of statements

Abuse of language is...

Defamation, hate speech and profanity

Referent

Denotation

Humor...

Diffuse stress, Bring us closes to people, Make social interactions more pleasant, Reinforce people's feeling of initmacy

Equivocation language does what to speaker's intentions?

Disguises through strategic ambiguity

Syntactic

Govern the order of words within phrases and clauses

Semiotics

Icon, Index, and Symbol

Index

If signifier is there, signified is too

Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

Language shapes reality

Defamation

Language that harms s person's reputation or gives a negative image

Semantic

Meaning of individual words

Clichés

Novel at one time and have lost effect from overuse

Gossip is...

Often negative and serves to strengthen social bonds

Symbol

Only connection between signifier and signified consensus

Rules of langauge

Phonological, Syntactic, Semantic, and Pragmatic

Abstract word

Refers to broad category or organizing concept of objects

What is important for speaker to do?

Separate opinions from facts

Function of language...

Separates us from others, motivates action, expresses who we are, connects us to others. Express affection, provide comfort/support, and share social information.

Icon

Signifier looks like signified

Language is...

Sometimes unclear, governed by rules and bound by context, Layered in meaning, Structured system of symbols used for communicating meaning, Arbitrary and can mean whatever we chose it to mean, Can enhance or diminish our credibility, the extent to which others perceive us to be competent/trustworthy, Identifies us and names us, Values of society are reflected in use of it, Bound by culture, Varies by culture, Words represent objects

Semantic Triangle

Symbol, referent, and reference

Loaded language

Words with strong positive or negative connotation


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