Chapter 5-7 Physical Science
the lowest temperature possible in nature is
-273 degrees C
what is the weight of water displaced by a 100-ton floating ship
100 tons
Pour a liter of water at 40°C into a liter of water at 20°C and the final temperature of the two becomes
30 degrees Celsius
before ice and form on a lake, all the water in the lake must be cooled to
4 degrees Celsius
increasing the temperature of 50 grams of water by 1 degree celsius requires
50 calories
The principle which states that an immersed body is buoyed by a force equal to the weight of the fluid displaced.
Archimedes' Principle
any device that measures atmospheric pressure
Barometer
which temperature scale labels the freezing point of water 0 degrees
Celsius
the amount of matter per unit volume
Density
force per unit area
Pressure
The force that an object exerts on a supporting surface.
Support Force
the radiant energy emitted by Earth
Terrestrial Radiation
a good heat conductor is
a poor insulator
the lowest possible temperature at which all particles have their minimum kinetic energy is called
absolute zero
objects that radiate relatively well
absorb radiation relatively well
when a solid is changed to a liquid phase, the solid
absorbs energy
cold water will warm to room temperature faster in a
black pot
rapid evaporation that takes place within a liquid as well as at its surface is called
boiling
water pressure is greatest against the
bottom of a submerged object
The net upward force that a fluid exerts on an immersed object.
buoyant force
a unit of heat, defined as the amount of heat needed to change the temperature of 1 gram of water by 2 degree Celsius is called
calorie
the change of phase from gas to liquid
condensation
the transfer of heat energy through solids by means of collisions between the particles
conduction
consider a sample of water at 0 degrees Celsius. If the temperature is slightly increased, the volume of water
contracts
the transfer of heat energy in a gas or liquid (fluid) by means of current in the heated fluid, where the fluid moves carrying energy with it
convection
a substance can absorb heat energy by the process of
convection, conduction and radiation
aluminum has specific heat capacity more than twice that of copper. place equal masses of aluminum and copper wires in flame and the one to undergo the fastest increase in temperature will be
copper
when a volume of air expands against the environment and no heat enters or leaves, the air temperature will
decrease
as a piece of metal with a hole in it cools, the diameter of the hole
decreases
if the mass of an object were to double while its volume remains the same, its density would
double
the change of phase from liquid to gas
evaporation
When water at 4 degrees Celsius is heated, it expands. When water at 4 degrees Celsius is cooled, it _________.
expands
Energy transfer by convection is primarily restricted to
fluids
the change of phase from liquid to solid
freezing
when you touch a cold piece of ice with your finger, energy flows
from your finger to the ice
a good absorber of radiation is a
good emitter of radiation
thermal energy in transit is called
heat
the amount of thermal energy required for changing a substance from solid to liquid or liquid to solid
heat of fusion
the amount of thermal energy required for changing a substance from liquid to gas or from gas to liquid
heat of vaporization
when a volume of air is compressed, and no heat enters or leaves, the air temperature will
increase
if a loaf of bread is compressed its density
increases
when a volume of air is compressed, its temperature
increases
you feet feel warmer on a rug than on a tile floor because the rug
is a better insulator than the tile
compared to a bar of pure gold, the density of a pure gold ring
is the same
if a volume of air is warmed, it expands. if a volume of air expands
it cools
heat energy is measured in units of
joules and calories
When an iron ring is heated, the hole becomes
larger
when bringing water to boiling in the mountain, the time needed to reach the boiling point is
less than at sea level
If a poor absorber of radiation were a good emitter, its temperature would be
less than its surroundings
ice floating on water indicates that the density of ice is
less than the density of water
metals are good conductors for heat and electricity because of the
looseness of outer electrons in metal atoms
a substance that heats up relatively quickly has a
low specific heat capacity
the fact that desert sand is very hot in the day and cold at night is evidence that sand has
low specific heat capacity
the change of phase from solid to liquid
melting
The pupil of your eye is a
net absorber of radiant energy
increased pressure on the surface of hot water tends to
prevent boiling
the silver coating on the glass surfaces of a Thermos bottle reduces energy that is transmitted by
radiation
the transfer of energy by means of electromagnetic waves
radiation
when gas is changed to a liquid phase, the gas
releases energy
the quantity of heat required to change the temperature of a unit mass of a substance by 1 degree Celsius is called
specific heat capacity
when heat is added to boiling water, water temperature
stays the same
the change of phase from solid directly to gas, skipping the liquid phase
sublimation
ice tends to form at the
surface of bodies of water
the quantity that tells how cold or hot an object is, is called
temperature
equal to the density of water
the density of a fish is
the higher the temperature of an object
the shorter the wavelength it radiates
the total energy (kinetic plus potential) of the particles that makeup a substance is called
thermal energy
the study of heat and its transformation to mechanical energy is called
thermodynamics
we are warmed by condensation because water molecules in the air that strikes our bodies
transfer some of their kinetic energy to us
when a chocolate bar is cut in half, its density is
unchanged
evaporation is a cooling process and condensation is a
warming process
During a very cold winter, water pipes sometimes burst. The reason for this is
water expands when freezing