Chapter 8

Where are most of the homesites in the middle paleolithic located?

caves and rock shelters (and air sites which are more difficult to identify)

What is the main evidence that supports multiregional theory?

continuity of traits from h. erectus to some modern human populations

Who were the Denisovans?

More closely related to Neandertals than modern humans

How are Mousterian tool assemblages different from Acheulian?

There are fewer core tools and more small flake tools with evidence of retouching.

What does an analysis of Denisovan DNA indicate?

They interbred with modern humans.

What is assimilation theory?

Modern humans replaced other hominins but interbred with them

Where does the main evidence for single-origin theory come from?

genes of living people

What evidence from Le Moustier suggests that Neandertals buried their dead?

the skeleton of a teenage boy found with a stone axe near his hand

What is single-origin theory?

According to the single-origin theory, the Neandertals and Denisovans did not evolve into modern humans. Rather, Neandertals became extinct after 30,000 years ago because they were replaced by modern humans. Modern humans emerged in Africa, migrated, and replaced other hominins.

Which of the following summarizes the most recent scholarly opinion about how Neandertals are related to modern humans? They are actually both members of the same Homo sapiens species. Genetic evidence suggests that Neandertals and modern humans diverged more than 500,000 years ago. Modern humans and Neandertals are more closely related genetically than once thought. Analyses of Neandertal skulls indicate that they were too primitive to be related to modern humans.

Genetic evidence suggests that Neandertals and modern humans diverged more than 500,000 years ago.

What is the multiregional theory?

Homo erectus populations in various parts of the Old World gradually evolved into anatomically modern-looking humans

What are the three theories as to what happened to the Neandertals?

Interbreeding (most probable, but not enough genetic evidence), genocide (not probable), and extinction (simply could not compete with modern humans)

Which of the following explanations for the disappearance of the Neandertals would fit well with the multiregional theory of human origins? Interbreeding led to the disappearance of Neandertal traits. Neandertals were poorly adapted to their environment and became extinct. Neandertals were less efficient at meeting their dietary needs than modern humans. Anatomically modern humans killed off the Neandertals.

Interbreeding led to the disappearance of Neandertal traits.

What is the advantage of using the Levalloisian method over earlier toolmaking techniques?

It creates flakes of standard sizes.

Which of the following is a Middle Stone Age site? Le Moustier St. Acheule Moldova Klasies River

Klasies River

What is the period of cultural history called associated with Neandertals?

Middle Paleolithic

Which of the following supports the idea that Neandertals and modern humans are separate species? There are minimal differences in their mtDNA. Neandertals displaced modern humans in Europe. They coexisted without interbreeding much in areas of the Near East. They were capable of making different types of tools.

They coexisted without interbreeding much in areas of the Near East.

What was the first reaction to Neandertal finds?

They were too primitive to be related to homo sapiens

What is the llevosian method of toolmaking?

Toolmakers first shaped the core and prepared a "striking platform" at one end. Flakes of predetermined and standard sizes could then be knocked off.

Compared to both Homo erectus and Homo sapiens, Homo heidelbergensis had which of the following features? a more robust skeleton a less pronounced browridge larger teeth a larger brain

a more robust skeleton

Where have archaeologists uncovered evidence of hearths?

along the Dordogne River in France

Which of the following provides evidence in support of the single-origin theory? Neandertal skeletal material dating to 50,000 years ago that resembles modern humans Homo sapiens skeletal remains in East Africa dating to 600,000 years ago analysis of the Denisovan DNA lack of variation in mtDNA and the Y chromosome

lack of variation in mtDNA and the Y chromosome

Compared to Homo sapiens, Neandertals had which of the following features? prominent chins smaller brains vaulted brain cases larger brains

larger brains

According to the assimilation theory, which two processes contributed to the development of anatomically modern humans?

population replacement and interbreeding

What species might have lived contemporaneously with the Neandertals?

the Denisovans

What affected Neandertals getting food?

the environment

What changed their opinion about Neandertals?

DNA

Where was the oldest classified fossil of a homo sapien found?

Ethiopia

Where were the first definitive Homo sapiens fossils found?

Ethiopia

Which of the following questions still remains about the dietary habits of the Homo sapiens who lived at Klasies River? whether large animals were hunted or scavenged whether Homo sapiens ate plant foods as well as meat whether fish or shellfish were consumed whether inhabitants used animal carcasses for clothing and shelter or food

whether large animals were hunted or scavenged