chapter/unit 5 kbat terms

Multiple languages coexist in some countries, with varying degrees of success. In some countries, distinct cultural groups speaking different languages may occupy separate regions. In other countries, speakers of various languages intermingle. In some countries, Language is a centripetal force promoting peaceful coexistence among speakers of different languages. Other countries face challenges among cultural groups speaking more than one language, acting as a centrifugal force. Identify and explain a country in North America with more than 1 official language and why a country would have multiple languages. How can it be a centrifugal factor?

A country in North America that has more than one official language is Canada. Canada has english and french as official languages of the country. A country would have multiple languages because there could be a separation of the languages that are spoken in the country. For example, the country could have been colonized and had a language brought over, making that an official language. However, all the people in the country don't speak that language, they speak another. This would also become an official language because everyone else speaks it. In Canada's case, a majority of people speak english. However there are some parts of Canada, around 22%, that speak french (colonized by the french beforehand). This can be a centrifugal factor because it could cause regions of the country to be separated because the people of those languages don't understand the other. It can also make people upset that their language isn't the only official one, even if it's in the vast majority.

dialect

A regional variety of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation

isogloss

a boundary that separates regions in which different language usages predominate

language branch

a collection of languages related through a common ancestor that can be confirmed through archaeological evidence

language family

a collection of languages related to each other through a common ancestor long before recorded history

language group

a collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display relatively few differences in grammar and vocabulary

centrifugal force

a cultural value that tends to pull people apart

centripetal force

a cultural value that tends to unify people

pidgin language

a form of language that adopts a simplified grammar and limited vocabulary of a lingua franca; used for communications among speakers of two different languages

vulgar latin

a form of latin used in daily conversation by ancient romans, as opposed to the standard dialect, which was used for official documents

lingua franca

a language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages

endangered language

a language that children are no longer learning, and its remaining speakers use it less frequently

isolated language

a language that is unrelated to any other languages and therefore not attached to any language family

literary tradition

a language that is written as well as spoken

creole or creolized language

a language that results from the mixing of a colonizer's language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated

extinct language

a language that was once used by people in daily activities but is no longer used

dying language

a language used by older people, but is not being transmitted to children

threatened language

a language used for face-to-face communication, but is losing users

language

a system of communication through speech or movement, a collection of sounds or symbols understood by a group of people to have the same meaning

show the division of Europe into the following language groups and give specific examples from each -slavic

balto-slavid languages predominate in eastern europe. slavic was once a single language, but when groups of slavs migrated (from asia) to different areas of eastern europe and lived in isolation of one another, causing multiple languages to come from the branch. the main slavic language is russian. the balto-slavo languages are distributed throughout russia and surrounding countries (ukraine, latvia, lithuania, belarus, poland, czechia, slovakia) and countries (near romania and hungary) like bulgaria.

describe the following characteristics of English: -its spatial variation

different areas where english is a language has different dialects. for example, british and american dialects. they're the same language, just with different slang, accents, and other smaller things.

Discuss the regional and local variety in language using the following terms -slang

different locations develop different slang because of the common occurrences in that area/the dialect of the language has different words. some places call soda pop, and others call it coke. the slang varies more over regional areas because they are more separated from eachother and don't have as much interaction.

show the division of Europe into the following language groups and give specific examples from each -Germanic

english belongs to the west germanic group of the germanic language branch of the indo-european family. german and dutch are also west germanic group languages. the germanic language branch also includes languages in the north germanic group, spoken in scandinavia. the four scandinavian languages-swedish, danish, norwegian, and icelandic- all derive from old norse, which was the principal language used throughout scandinavia before 1000 C.E. four distinct languages emerged after that time because of migration and the political organization of the region into four independent and isolated countries

describe the following characteristics of English: -its cultural role

english has become a very important lingua franca. it is used in business around the world when there are two different language speakers involved

multilingual country

has more than one official language

map the distribution of major language families worldwide

indo-european: world's most widely used family uralic: used in finland and hungary turkic: used in turkey and a wide band across asia northern caucasian: used in the caucasus mongolic: used near mongolia (and in it) sino-tibetan: used by most people in china korean: used in north and south korea japanese: used in japan hmong-mien: used in laos and southern china austro-asiatic: used in southeast asia mainland (and vietnam austronesian: used in indonesia and nearby countries tai-kadai: used in thailand and nearby countries dravidian used in southern india and northern sri lanka nilo-saharan: used in north-central africa niger-congo: africa's most widely used family afro-asiatic: principal language of southwest asia and north africa quechuan: languages in western south america

discuss the importance and role of language as an element of culture

language allows others of a certain culture to communicate with each other. cultural values such as religion and ethnicity can be communicated through languages. sharing a common language with someone is an example of a centripetal force, as it tends to unify others through that common language.

explain how language families, branches, and groups are classified and related

language families: they existed long before recorded history. language branch: existed several thousand years ago. the differences between language branches are not as extensive or as old as between language families. archaeological evidence can confirm that these branches derived from the same family language group: languages within a branch and have a common origin in the relatively recent past and have similarities in grammar and vocabulary.

Discuss the regional and local variety in language using the following terms -accent

most likely everyone in your local area is going to have the same accent because if they grew up there they are all going to have the same accent. however, in other places around the world there are going to be a difference in accents because the words were influenced by different immigrants that migrated there. for example, english people have british/english accents while people in america have american accents. even in america, we can have southern accents, bay area accents, "surfer accents"

Language and politics often become issues together. Consider that when you answer the following: Define official language. Explain the difference between a monolingual and bi- or multi-lingual state. Compare and contrast the linguistic and politico-linguistic geographies of TWO of the following countries: Belgium, Canada, Nigeria, and Switzerland. Explain how each is categorized as far as questions 1 and 2 are concerned.

official language is used by the government to enact legislation, publish documents, and conduct other public business. in some cases, the official language is the only one that is used in public school. a monolingual state only has one official language, while a bi- or multi-lingual state has more than one official language. (choosing nigeria and switzerland). switzerland has 4 official languages that predominate in different parts of the country. switzerland peacefully exists with multiple languages because of the tolerant citizens. they have instituted a government where power is placed considerably in small communities. nigera has 529 distinct languages, but only 3 are used by more than 10 percent of the countries population. this country is also divided by religion. the groups of religion/language live in different regions of nigeria and often battled. both these countries are multi-lingual, but switzerland handles being a multi-lingual country way better.

kurgan hearth

one of the proposals about early Indo-European origins, which postulates that the people of an archaeological "Kurgan culture" in the Pontic steppe were the most likely speakers of the Proto-Indo-European language. It is the most widely accepted scenario of Indo-European origins first formulated in the 1950s by Marija Gimbutas.

monolingual country

only has one official language in which all government business is conducted

describe the following characteristics of English: -its origin and historical development

the british isles had been inhabited for thousands of years, but we know nothing of their early languages until tribes called the celts arrived around 2000 B.C.E., speaking languages we call celtic. around 450 C.E, tribes from mainland europe invaded, pushing the celts into the remote northern and western parts of britain, including cornwall and the highlands of scotland and wales.

received pronunciation (rp)

the dialect of english commonly used by politicians, broadcasters, and actors in the United Kingdom

nomadic warrior theory

the first proto indo-european speakers were the kurgan people, according to archaeologist marija gimbutas. the earliest archaeological evidence of the kurgans dates to around 4300 B.C.E, near the border between present-day russia and kazakhstan. among the first people to domesticate horses and use chariots, the kurgans migrated in search of grasslands for their animals. this took them westward through europe, eastward to siberia, and southeastward to iran and south asia. between 3500 and 2500 B.C.E., kurgan warriors, having established military superiority with their horse-drawn chariots, conquered much of europe and south asia

standard language

the form of a language used for official government, business, education, and mass communication

show the division of Europe into the following language groups and give specific examples from each -romance

the four most widely used contemporary romance languages are spanish, portuguese, french, and italian. the eruopean regions in which these four languages are spoken correspond somewhat to the boundaries of the modern states of spain, portugal, france, and italy. rugged mountains serve as boundaries among these four countries. the fifth most widely used romance language, romanian, is the principal language of romania and moldova. it is separated from the other romance-speaking european countries by slavic-speaking people

theory of anatolian origin

the hypothesis suggests that the speakers of the Proto-Indo-European language (PIE) lived in Anatolia during the Neolithic era, and associates the distribution of historical Indo-European languages with the expansion during the Neolithic revolution during the seventh and sixth millennia BC

official language

the language adopted for use by a government for the conduct of business and publication of documents

indo-european family

the most widely used language family, the predominant one in europe, south asia, and north and latin america. contains 8 branches, including four that are widely used (indo iranian, germanic, romance, and balto-slavic) and four that are used by relatively few people (albanian, armenian, celtic, and greek)

toponyms

the name given to a portion of earth's surface

assimilation

the process by which a group's cultural features are altered to resemble those of another group

acculturation

the process of changes in culture that result from the meeting of two groups, each of which retains distinct cultural features

English is the most widely used language in the world, thus becoming the world's lingua franca. Define the term "lingua franca". Identify and describe ONE historical factor that contributed to the worldwide use of English. Identify and explain TWO examples that show how globalization is contributing to English becoming the world's lingua franca.

the term lingua franca means a language of international communication (such as english). one historical factor that contributed to the worldwide use of english could be english on the internet, or england colonizing places all over the world. on the internet, a large share of the material on there is written in english, making knowing english essential to internet users around the world. another example to show how globalization is contributing to english becoming the world's ligua franca is all the colonization of english speaking countries.

Most of the countries in Europe speak Indo-European languages. Identify the three main branches of the Indo-European languages spoken in Europe and broadly describe their location. Identify 2 regions/countries of Europe in which Indo-European languages do NOT predominate and identify the language spoken there. Identify 2 non-European countries (each in a different region of the world) which use an Indo-European language and explain how this came to be. Language extinction, both currently and throughout history, has been a major concern for cultural geographers and linguists. Define extinct language. Identify and explain 2 causes of language extinction. Identify an endangered language and discuss how it has been revived or preserved.

the three main branches of the indo-european language are (im naming four the book says four) indo-iranian branch, germanic branch, balto-slavic branch, and the romance branch. the location of the indo-iranian branch is iran, afghanistan, tajikistan, pakistan, india, bangladesh, and half of nepal. the location of the germanic branch are germany, norway, sweden, UK and ireland, iceland, netherlands, austria, and half of belgium and switzerland. the location of the balto-slavic branch is a big part of russia (west), ukraine, latvia, lithuania, poland, czechia, slovakia, belarus, croatia, serbia, bulgaria, and smaller countries surrounding those. the romance branch is located in spain, portugal, italy, france, romania, moldova, and half of belgium and switzerland. 2 regions of europe that indo-european languages do not predominate are Hungary (uralic languages, probably hungarian) and Turkey (turkish, of the turkic branch) 2 non european countries that use indo-european languages are the United States and Argentina. These countries were colonized by indo-european speakers and that became the dominant language there. Extinct language is a language that was once used by people in daily activities but is no longer in use. An endangered language is maori. to preserve this language, new zealand made it an official language.

sino-tibetan family

the worl's second-most widely used language family. the most commonly used is mandarin, which the chinese call putonghua ("common speech"). spoken by approximately three-fourths of the chinese people, mandarin is by a wide margin the world's most used language. once the language of emperors in beijing, mandarin is now the official language of both the People's Republic of China and Taiwan, and it is one of the ix official alnguages of the United Nations. seven other sino-tibetan languages are used by at least 20 million each in china, mostly in the southern and easter parts of the country: gan, Hakka, Jinyu, Min Nan, Xiang, Wu, and Yue (aka the cantonese)

Discuss the regional and local variety in language using the following terms -isogloss

there could be a geographical isogloss that is affecting the region's interactions and therefore causing the variety in language. there may also be religious types of isoglosses that are causing a limited interaction.

explain the how, why, and where of language change.

there could have been one or a couple old ancient languages. when people went to migrate to other locations, they were isolated from wherever the original language group was. this caused their languages to be different because they had to find new names for new things they discovered. this just happened over and over, language groups migrating and becoming its own language because of the differences caused by isolation. they could have migrated because of wanting to find new resources. the original language changes could have happened in africa

describe the following characteristics of English: -its worldwide diffusion

there is a distribution of english speakers around the world because of all the english people who migrated (bringing their language along) and established colonies all over the world. they established colonies over the course of four centuries. english first diffused west of england (to north america in 17th century). england also defeated france in a battle to dominate north america, ensuring english as the principal language (of north america). they also did this to ireland, south asia, the south pacific, and southern and eastern africa. in all these cases, english became an official language. the US is responsible for diffusing english to several other places, including the philippines.

explain how toponyms are derived and classified; provide examples.

toponyms derive from a founder, famous person, or origin of settlers. Some names also derive from features of the physical environment. Toponyms depend on the inhabited place on Earth's surface. For example, settlers can decide their place name by associating it with religion, like St. Louis. (yeah i copied from another quizlet)

oral tradition

traditions passed down through generations orally