CITI Training
When IRBs are applying the federal regulatory criteria for approval to protocols involving socially or economically disadvantaged persons:
Each criterion should be analyzed in relation to the special characteristics of the populations
A subject participates in a drug study because treatment is available at no or reduced cost, and he could not otherwise afford it. This is an example of:
Economic vulnerability
Which of the following is an example of how the principle of beneficence is applied to a study involving human subjects?
Ensuring that risks are reasonable in relationship to anticipated benefits
According to the federal regulations, which of the following studies meets the definition of research with human subjects?
An experiment is proposed on the relationship between gender-related stereotypes in math and the subsequent performance by males and females on math tests.
An example of an institutional COI is:
An industry sponsor pays for the construction of a new research laboratory at the organization
Identify the example of when situation and time are key to assessing risk of harm in a research study:
Asking women if they have had an abortion
A recognized retention strategy for research involving marginalized populations is:
"Collateral contacts" such as family and friends
The researcher's failure to protect research subjects from deductive disclosure is the primary ethical violation in which of the following studies?
"Tastes, Ties, and Time (T3)" study (2006-2009)
According to the federal regulations, which of the following studies meets the definition of research with human subjects?
A cognitive psychologist enrolls undergraduate students for a computer-based study about the effect of mood on problem-solving behaviors.
Which of the following constitutes both a breach of confidentiality (the research data have been disclosed, counter to the agreement between researcher and subjects) and a violation of subjects' privacy (the right of the individuals to be protected against intrusion into their personal lives or affairs)?
A faculty member makes identifiable data about sexual behavior available to graduate students, although the subjects were assured that the data would be de-identified.
Which is an example of a situation where deferential vulnerability might be a factor?
A physician recruiting his patients
A criterion for waiving informed consent is that, when appropriate, subjects are provided additional pertinent information after the study. In which of the following studies would it NOT be appropriate to provide subjects with information about missing elements of consent:
A study in which subjects were assigned to study activities based on an undesirable or unflattering physical characteristic as assessed by members of the research team.
Electronic informed consent forms (eICFs) are increasing in popularity and offer many benefits to the researcher. Which of the following describes a benefit from eICFs to the researcher?
Decreases the chance for errors by ensuring there are no missed sections (for example, check boxes, signature and dates)
Data are made anonymous by
Destroying all identifiers connected to the data.
The procedures for reporting potential unanticipated problems involving risk to subjects or others to the IRB are:
Determined by the institution in its written policies and procedures
Which of the following is an example of how the principle of beneficence can be applied to a study employing human subjects?
Determining that the study has a maximization of benefits and a minimization of risks.
Which of the following describes an alternative method to recruit subjects using technology?
Developing a post for social networking websites or starting a blog with information about the study
The Belmont Report cautions that:
Inducements that would ordinarily be acceptable may become undue influences if the subject is especially vulnerable.
Researchers must report potential unanticipated problems that involve risks to others directly to the:
Institutional Review Board (IRB)
Risk of harm in social and behavioral sciences generally fall in three categories, which are:
Invasion of privacy, breach of confidentiality, and study procedures
When an IRB is reviewing a research study and they are considering if a potential subject population is vulnerable, they should consider:
Is there a power differential between researchers and subjects?
A researcher's membership on an advisory board with an organization sponsoring research can create a COI because:
It may be difficult for the researcher to appear neutral, as the researcher may have an interest in the research's success
According to the Belmont Report, the moral requirement that there be fair outcomes in the selection of research subjects, expresses the principle of:
Justice
Subjects with a serious illness may be at risk for exploitation because they may be desperate for a possible cure. This is an example of:
Medical Vulnerability
Regulations require that IRB membership include:
Members with sensitivity to community attitudes
Continuing review of an approved and ongoing study posing more than minimal risk that was initially approved by a convened IRB:
Must occur within 12 months of the approval date.
According to federal regulations, the expedited review process may be used when the study procedures pose:
No more than minimal risk and the research activities fall within regulatory categories identified as eligible.
A researcher conducts a focus group to learn about attitudes towards hygiene and disease prevention. Two weeks after the focus group, the researcher learns one of the subjects had a heart attack at home and was hospitalized, but made a full recovery. Based on HHS regulations, should the researcher report this event to the IRB?
No, this does not need to be reported because it is unrelated to participation in the study.
To ensure that researchers are conducting a study according to IRB requirements, IRBs could:
Observe the consent process or research procedures
If disclosure of a subject's involvement in a specific research study can be potentially harmful to the subject, and the consent form is the only record linking the subject to the research, which of the following would be most helpful:
Obtain a waiver of documentation of informed consent.
According to the federal regulations, human subjects are living individuals about whom an investigator conducting research obtains information through interaction or intervention with the individual, and uses, studies, or analyzes the information; or:
Obtains, uses, studies, analyzes, or generates identifiable private information.
Which of the following statements about the relationship between an institution and the institution's IRB(s) is correct?
Officials of the institution may overrule an IRB approval.
The Belmont Report's principle of respect for persons incorporates at least two ethical convictions: first, that individuals should be treated as autonomous agents, and second, that:
Persons with diminished autonomy are entitled to protection.
The Belmont principle of beneficence requires that:
Potential benefits justify the risks of harm.
Identify the following groups that are protected in the federal regulations (45 CFR 46), specifically in Subparts B, C, and D with additional protections:
Pregnant women, prisoners, children
In addition to pregnant women, fetuses, and neonates, another subpart of the HHS regulations provides additional protections for which of the following vulnerable populations?
Prisoners
A medical record is an example of
Private information
A researcher conducting behavioral research collects individually identifiable sensitive information about illicit drug use and other illegal behaviors by surveying college students. The data are stored on a laptop computer without encryption, and the laptop computer is stolen from the researcher's car on the way home from work. This is an unanticipated problem that must be reported because the incident was (a) unexpected (in other words, the researchers did not anticipate the theft); (b) related to participation in the research; and (c) placed the subjects at a greater risk of psychological and social harm from the breach in confidentiality of the study data than was previously known or recognized. According to OHRP, this unanticipated problem must be reported to the IRB in which timeframe?
Promptly
The primary purpose of a Certificate of Confidentiality is to:
Protect identifiable research information from compelled disclosure.
As part of the consent process, the federal regulations require researchers to:
Provide potential subjects with information at the appropriate reading comprehension level.
The COI management plan aims to:
Provide procedures or extras steps to be taken to minimize the risk of bias when a COI is disclosed
Census data (the final report as published by the Census Bureau) is an example of:
Public information
The PHS regulations about financial conflict of interests require which party to disclose significant financial conflicts of interest?
Researcher
The peer review process can create conflicts of interest because the choice of who reviews a potentially publishable project may show:
There may be bias by the peer reviewer as to the area of research
Which of the following are the three principles discussed in the Belmont Report?
Respect for Persons, Beneficence, Justice
What statement about risks in social and behavioral sciences research is most accurate:
Risks are specific to time, situation, and culture.
In a longitudinal study that will follow children from kindergarten through high school and will collect information about illegal activities, which of the following confidentiality procedures would protect against compelled disclosure of individually identifiable information?
Securing a Certificate of Confidentiality
A general requirement for informed consent is that no informed consent may include any exculpatory language. Exculpatory language is that which waives or appears to waive any of the subject's legal rights or releases or appears to release those conducting the research from liability for negligence. Which of the following statements in a consent form is an example of exculpatory language?
Taking part in the research is voluntary, but if you choose to take part, you waive the right to legal redress for any research-related injuries.
Which of the following studies is linked most directly to the establishment of the National Research Act in 1974 and ultimately to the Belmont Report and federal regulations for human subject protection?
The Public Health Service Study of Untreated Syphilis
A waiver of the requirement for documentation of informed consent may be granted when:
The only record linking the subject and the research is the consent document and the principal risk is a breach of confidentiality.
A therapist at a free university clinic treats elementary school children with behavior problems who are referred by a social service agency. She is also a doctoral candidate who proposes using data she has and will collect about the children for a case-based research project. Which of the following statements about parental permission is correct?
The parents of the children might feel pressure to give permission to the therapist to use their children's data so that she will continue to provide services to their children.
According to the federal regulations, research is eligible for exemption, if:
The research falls into one of eight categories of research activity described in the regulations.
When a focus group deals with a potentially sensitive topic, which of the following statements about providing confidentiality to focus group participants is correct?
The researcher cannot control what participants repeat about others outside the group.
A researcher leaves a research file in her car while she attends a concert and her car is stolen. The file contains charts of aggregated numerical data from a research study with human subjects, but no other documents. The consent form said that no identifying information would be retained, and the researcher adhered to that component. Which of the following statements best characterizes what occurred?
There was neither a violation of privacy nor a breach of confidentiality.
Which of the following is one of the top reasons for HIPAA breaches under HITECH Act?
Unauthorized access
According to OHRP, a problem is an "unanticipated problem" when it meets which of the following criteria:
Unexpected, related or possibly related to the research, suggests the research puts subjects or others at greater risk
Payments to research subjects must be:
When IRBs are applying the federal regulatory criteria for approval to protocols involving socially or economically disadvantaged persons:
Dr. Smith is consenting a subject using an electronic informed consent form on a tablet device. If the subjects sign their name electronically on the tablet, will that be a legally valid signature?
Yes, if properly obtained an electronic signature can be considered an original for the purposes of recordkeeping.
Dr. Apple wants to study a drug to manage diabetes in adolescents. The researcher plans to use an electronic informed consent (eIC) form presented on a tablet device. Per FDA guidance on the "Use of Electronic Consent in Clinical Investigations" (2016), can adolescent subjects assent using an electronic device?
Yes, the eIC process can be used for assent
