COG PSYCH MIDTERM 1 QUIZ QUESTIONS

The method of loci technique requires you to imagine to-be-remembered items (a)__________. You can imagine these locations (b)__________.

(a) at specific, pre-selected locations; (b) in a specific, pre-determined order

The notions of (a) levels of processing and (b) the generation effect, respectively, are MOST DIRECTLY associated with which of the three elements of the deep processing principle (or, more accurately, the deep, active, and elaborative processing principle)?

(a) deep processing; (b) active processing

Although (a)__________ is a well known and robust phenomenon, its applicability to various testing situations is quite limited to cases in which students know exactly how their knowledge will be tested later. In most other cases (including studying for exams for this course), students are better off relying on the notion of (b)__________ instead, because they cannot be sure how they will be asked to retrieve the information learned later.

(a) encoding specificity; (b) encoding variability

Massed learning likely promotes (a)__________, whereas spaced learning likely promotes (b)__________.

(a) encoding specificity; (b) encoding variability

An important aspect of reducing procrastination identified during the 01/29 (T) lecture is to (a)__________. This challenging initial step could be effectively targeted by (b)__________.

(a) overcome the initial resistance; (b) developing a starting ritual using a method like the pomodoro technique

According to the metamemory research covered in class, people commonly (i)_______ the strength of their memory/learning. This tendency is particularly high when they make their metamemory judgments (ii) ________ their learning.

(i) overestimate(ii) immediately after

When you use flashcards to study for an exam (with the goal of achieving long-term retention), which of the following should you AVOID doing?

-Dropping, from further study, items you were able to recall correctly once or twice -Flipping each card over and over again and read both sides as many times as possible -Relying exclusively on the flashcard method

Which of the following study strategies/habits is actually helpful in terms of maximizing the effectiveness of your learning?

Engaging in elaborative rehearsal while learning new concepts

Which of the following statements is NOT true?

Music with lyrics does not have any negative effect on learning, even for verbally oriented tasks

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

Note-taking can be beneficial not only as a tool for later reviewing, but also as a tool for effective encoding

Which of the following statements about metacognition is NOT true?

One effective way to minimize the inaccuracy of our metacognition is to read the study material over and over so that we become familiar with the material

Which of the following statement is TRUE about procrastination?

One reason contributing to procrastination is that people tend to have a cognitive bias called the optimism bias

According to the levels of processing theory, which of the following types of processing is considered the deepest?

Semantic (meaning-based) processing

Ryan believes that smart people do not need to work hard and views his failures (e.g., receiving worse than expected exam scores) as the limits of his learning ability. Ryan has:

a fixed mindset

Which of the following is NOT a contributing factor to procrastination?

a fixed mindset

In his TED talk, Joshua Foer talked about the memory of the word baker, as presented as somebody's last name (e.g., Mr. Baker) versus as an occupation (e.g., He is a baker). People's recall of the word Baker/baker is:

better for baker (occupation) than for Baker (last name)

Forgetting:

can occur at any of the three stages- encoding, storage, retrieval

Mnemonic techniques are effective because they require to:

create unique retrieval cues

Which of the following principles of memory is the most directly relevant when you use a mnemonic technique like the method of loci?

deep processing (deep, active and elaborate)

Suppose you want to remember the name of a restaurant called "Prego." You therefore think about how "prego" means "please" in Italian, and you also think about the brand name of a popular spaghetti sauce. This kind of mental activity is called:

elaborative rehearsal

Suppose that you just learned that all you have to do in a forthcoming biology quiz is to write down the definitions of 20 scientific terms. In this situation, which of the following concepts/principles most likely allows you to maximize your later recall performance at the time of the biology quiz?

encoding specificity

The SQ3R method of studying a text takes advantage of all of the following memory effects or principles, EXCEPT:

encoding specificity

If, at the time of encoding, you are NOTsure exactly what the retrieval context would be like, which of the following concepts is most likely helpful to maximize your later recall performance?

encoding variability

In this class, you answer some in-class quiz questions, take a post-lecture online quiz (like this), a mid-term exam after 5 lectures, and then a cumulative final exam at the end. This schedule requires you to review what you learned multiple times by steadily increasing the time intervals between your successive review sessions. In other words, this schedule takes advantage of __________.

expanding retrieval practice

A good sign that your learning is effective and long-lasting is that you find your learning experience quite easy and going very smoothly

false

Although the evidence suggests that engaging in media multitasking negatively effects learning and academic performance, this negative impact is limited to those individuals who actually multitask during learning. Therefore, students who can see their peers multitask in a classroom but are not multitasking themselves do NOT experience the same negative impact of multitasking on their learning.

false

Commonly used mnemonic techniques, such as the method of loci, are effective only for novices. Memory experts (e.g., memory champions such as Joshua Foer) never use them.

false

Ebbinghaus's forgetting curve suggests that forgetting is very slow at first (e.g., within the first 2 or 3 days) but then rapidly accelerates as time goes by.

false

Repeated learning ensures long-lasting memories, as long as you are exposed to the to-be-learned material many, many times.

false

The Karpicke & Blunt (2011) study clearly demonstrated that subjects' intuition about how much they learned (= judgment of learning) is quite accurate.

false

Today's in-class demo involving sentences like "A wine bottle can be used as a candleholder" nicely illustrates the effectiveness of __________ in recall.

good retrieval cues

According to the Joshua Foer video you watched in preparation for the 01/29 (T) class, the method of loci was invented:

in ancient Greece; Cicero wrote about a tragic episode that involved the use of this mnemonic technique

When Jane was attending a lecture on "encoding specificity" (something you will learn later in Module 1), she spent a lot of time doing some media multitasking (e.g., sending texts to friends, checking emails). When she had to take an in-class quiz administered at the end of that lecture, she was not able to recall lecture information well, although she thought she was processing some lecture-related information. This example BEST illustrates forgetting that occurs due to __________.

insufficient initial encoding

Which of the following is NOT among the seven principles of effective learning covered in class?

massed learning

Which of the following goal orientation/mindset combinations is the BEST one in terms of long-term learning and academic achievements?

mastery goal orientation and growth mindset

One of the bullet points in the summary table of the strategies for optimizing learning in the Putnam et al. (2016) article you read for the 01/17 (TH) lecture was: "Be skeptical about what you think you know---testing yourself can provide a better picture about which concepts you know well and which you might need to study further." The recommendation that you "be skeptical about what you think you know" is based most DIRECTLY on the fact that

people do not always have good metacognition about their own learning

Which of the following types of goals are the WORST ones to have if you want to maximize long-term learning and academic achievement?

performance avoidance goals

Which of the following levels of difficulty is considered DESIRABLE in terms of promoting focused learning and active, deeper processing?

quite challenging (but still manageable with some effort)

The "3Rs" in the SQ3R method refer to:

read, recite, review

At which of the following stages, the SQ3R method requires learners to apply the principle of retrieval practice to their learning process?

recite

Which of the following stages of the SQ3R method BEST reflects the idea behind the testing effect (or test-enhanced learning)?

recite

Recall the "$10 bill" example I gave during this lecture. This example nicely demonstrates that:

repeated exposures do not necessarily lead to accurate memories

Another bullet point in Putnam et al.'s (2016) summary table of the strategies for optimizing learning in college was: "Instead of writing down a chapter summary as you read, write down what you remember after you read, recalling the details from memory. [...]" This recommendation is most DIRECTLY relevant to which of the following principles of effective learning?

retrieval practice

You have to take two exams on the same day, one in sociology and one in anthropology. You first study for your sociology exam. After a few hours of review, you study for your anthropology exam. On the next morning, you first take the sociology exam, but you are dismayed to discover that the appropriate sociology terms/concepts keep eluding you while various anthropology terms pop into your head. In this case, you are experiencing _________.

retroactive interference

You studied a list of Spanish words. After resting for about an hour, you studied a list of French words. When you tried to recall the Spanish words you memorized earlier, you had difficulty because the French words kept popping up in your mind. This example provides a nice illustration of __________ interference.

retroactive interference

Which of the following is NOT directly associated with the principle of deep processing (or, more precisely, deep, active, & elaborative processing) covered in today's class?

state-dependent learning

You met an attractive person at a party last Friday, when you were a bit tipsy from too many beers. The next morning, you could no longer remember that person's name. Saturday night, you went to another party and drank a few more beers, and suddenly you were able to remember the name again. This example BEST illustrates which of the following effects or concepts?

state-dependent learning

If you compare students' metacognitive judgments about their exam performance and their actual exam scores, you will most likely find that:

students with high exam scores can make more accurate metacognitive judgments than those with low exam scores

Which of the following activities can be considered EFFECTIVE in terms of learning and long-term retention?

studying a book chapter with the SQ3R method

Which of the following stages of memory processes are MOST directly relevant to the memory principles of (a) deep processing and (b) focused learning, respectively?

the encoding stage for both

Suppose you discover that, if you make up a list of important concepts in social psychology yourself, then you recall those concepts better than if someone else constructs the same list for you. This finding is an example of:

the generation effect

Which of the following is the MOST fundamental to the concept of transfer-appropriate processing?

the match between encoding and retrieval contexts

Which of the following mnemonic techniques requires you to memorize a list of cues in the form of a rhyme (e.g., "one is bun") before you can apply this technique?

the pegword method

According to the Karpicke & Blunt (2011) study discussed in class, which of the following groups was MOST confident about their learning right after the learning session was over?

the restudy group

According to the results of the Karpicke & Blunt (2011) study, which of the following groups performed BEST on the comprehension questions administered a week later?

the retrieval practice (test) group

According to the Karpicke& Blunt (2011) study described in class, which of the following study conditions led to the bestlong-term retention?

the retrieval practice (testing) group

The results of the "diver" study described in today's class are most closely related to which of the following memory principles covered so far?

transfer-appropriate processing

Recent research has shown that taking notes on computers tends to be less effective than taking notes using pen and paper primarily because computer note-takers tend to copy words/sentence verbatim and hence might not engage in deep processing.

true