Combo with Death and Dying Chap 2 and 3 others

What is Algor mortis?

- Algor mortis is a decrease in body temperature - After death, the body cools from its normal internal temperature of 98.6 degrees to the surrounding environmental temperature.

What are the major provisions of the Uniform Anatomical Gift Act?

1.Determination of Death] An individual who has sustained either irreversible cessation of circulatory and respiratory functions or irreversible cessation of all functions of the entire brain, including the brain stem is dead. 2.[Uniformity of Construction & Application] This act shall be applied & construed to effectuate its general purpose to make uniform the law with respect to the subject of this Act among states enacting it.

In the early 1900's what did most people die from?

Acute infectious disease with sudden onset and death soon following (ex. diphtheria)

What are the main functions of the death certificate?

Affects disposition of property, life insurance and other death benefits, Assists in crime detection, Aids in tracing genealogy and family histories, Adds to knowledge about disease and other aspects of health

What are two sites of memory for loss?

Aids Memorial Quilt and the Vietnam Veterans Memorial Wall

What does Mean World Syndrome do?

Increases unwarranted fears of becoming a victim,, Contributes to aggressive behavior, Conveys heightened sense of danger, insecurity, and mistrust

What is a "teachable moment"?

Informal opportunities for learning that arise out of ordinary experiences and occur in an interactive and usually spontaneous process.

What are the criteria for determining brain death developed by the Harvard Medical School Ad Hoc Committee?

Lack of receptivity and response to external stimuli Absence of spontaneous muscle movement and breathing Absence of observable reflexes, including brain and spinal reflexes Absence of brain activity, signified by flat EEG

What are some factors affecting our familiarity with death?

Life expectancy and mortality rates, Causes of death, Geographic mobility, Displacement of death from the home and Life-extending technologies

What is Livor mortis?

Livor means bluish in latin. Livor Mortis is settling of blood in dependent (lower) areas causing a purplish red discoloration.

What subjects where the pioneers in Death studies apart of?

Psychology/Psychiatry, Sociology, Nursing, Philosophy/Religion

Asian Death Traditions

Reciprocity between dead ancestors and their heirs Fêng-shui used to position the corpse and in placement of cemeteries Specific mourning garments worn Paper offerings burnt for deceased's use Ch'ing Ming festival celebrates return of dead ancestors Spirit tablet kept on home altar Ultimate destination of deceased's bones is important An ethnic and cultural mosaic Each group maintains identity while sharing elements of its culture with overall community Pidgin as shared language

African Death Traditions

Respect for ancestors Death does not extinguish a person's participation in the life and activities of his family and community Communion with "living dead" Attitude toward death is essentially positive Reverence for the dead in African culture involves remembering the deceased by name

What is Rigor mortis?

Rigor (stiff in latin), rigor mortis is the stiffening of muscles, usually starts 3 hours after death and reaches max stiffness 12 hrs after death and gradually dissipates until approximately 72 hrs after death.

How does the cause of death differ from the mode of death?

The cause is what made the person die and the cause is how they died, like for instance drowning is a a mode.

deathbed scene

The customary scene surrounding the bed of a dying person as influenced by cultural attitudes and practices.

In the 1900s, what happened to the body to someone when they died?

The family was responsible for preparing the body for burial and the body remained in the home until the burial.

How does Robert Kastenbaum define thanatology(death)?

The study of life with death left in

Mexican Death Traditions

Themes of death, sacrifice, destiny Heightened awareness of death Skeleton is a "national totem" "All of us will one day become dead ones"

Identify the major changes that have taken place in Western attitudes toward death since the early Middle Ages.

They changed from 'we shall all die" to "I will die my own death" in the high middle ages( about 1000-1450) then their attitude changed to death of the other, "thy death", which was emphasized death of a loved one

What is the distinction between clinical death and cellular death?

clinical death is determined on the basis of either the cessation of heartbeat and breathing or the criteria for establishing brain death. cellular death is the death of cells and tissues of the body, which occurs as a progressive breakdown of metabolic processes, resulting in irreversible deterioration of the affected systems and organs of the body.

How does music function as an expressions of attitude toward death?

dirge musical form associated with funeral processions and burials ex. jazz funerals of New Orleans

What do quilts represent in folk art?

family an community

Identify the four of the major agents of socialization, and describe their impact on learning about death

family, school and peer groups, religion

Describe each the four major agents' of socialization individual impact on learning about death

family- The family is the first source of death education in our lives school and peer groups- Through games and songs ,and the broadening of a child's social network, there is an increase in learning about death religion-

What does thanatology encompass

a variety of disciplines, like religious thanatology, philosophical thanatology

What are the traditional signs of death?

absence of heartbeat and breathing

What are the four modes of death listed on the typical death certificate?

accidental, suicidal, homicidal, and natural

In the 1900's where did 80% of the deaths occur?

at home

How does mass media function as an expressions of attitude toward death?

influences the way we think and respond to death. tend not to resemble the losses we experience in our lives. Protrays death as coming from the outside and violent. cause people to be less sensitive to the real violence and its victims.

How does HUMOR function as an expressions of attitude toward death?

may defuse anxiety. Place fears into more manageble perspectives.1. Raises our consciousness about a taboo subject and gives us way to talk about it. 2.opportunity to rise above sandness, release pain, give sense of control 3. great leveler 4."social glue

metonym

shorthand reference to an event

What is hypnos?

sleep

Identify and define three theoretical perspectives on socialization.

social structure: The enduring and patterned aspects which provide the context and background against which people live out there daily lives. symbolic interactionism:A social theory that emphasizes the freedom of individuals to construct their own reality as well as to potentially reconstruct what has been inherited by actively responding to the social structures and processes in their lives. social learning: people learn through conditioning how to behave as members of a society

Other than death what is also an existential problem?

study and research

What is are Euphemisms?

substitutions of indirect or vague words and phrases for ones considered harsh or blunt

What is thantos?

the personification of death

What is Thanatology?

the study of death and dying

What five steps are involved in the process of making decisions about the death of a human being?

1. Establish a definition of death 2. Decide upon the criteria and procedures used to determine when death has occurred 3. Apply the criteria and procedures in a particular case 4. If criteria are met, make pronouncement of death 5. Attest to the person's death on a death certificate

What is the average life expectancy in the US in 1900?

47

What is the average life expectancy in the US currently?

87

accommodation

A process whereby a new group adapts to the values or customs of a dominant social group by making adjustments that allow for the existing group's interests.

assimilation

A process whereby the values or customs of a new group are incorporated by a dominant social group so that the values of the new group fit into the existing social network.

What is Mean World Syndrome

A symbolic use of death that Lessens sensitivity to real violence and its victims, Contributes to irrational dread of dying

What are the three advanced signs of death?

Algor mortis, Livor mortis, and Rigor mortis

What is Non-functionality in regards to death?

All life defining functions and capabilities cease

death songs

An acknowledgment of one's preparation for death, often composed spontaneously and expressing a resolve to meet death with equanimity and to accept it with one's whole being as the final act of earthly existence.

charnel house

An arcade or gallery, usually associated with a church or cathedral, where the bones of the dead were kept after being removed from common graves.

How is Epidemiologic Transition characterized?

By a redistribution of deaths from young to old. There is a reduced risk of dying at a young age from infectious diseases and more survival into older ages and death from degenerative diseases

Today, what do most people die from?

Chronic illness typically following a slow progressive course lasting weeks, months, or years ( ex. cancer)

What kind of mass media entertains death?

Crime and adventure series, Cartoons, Soap operas, Prime-time television series, Cinema, and Video games

What was the name of the death in Visual arts by Suse Lowenstein?

Dark Elegy

What are words that relate to our attitudes toward death?

Dead End, Deadline, Dead tired, Deadbeat

What is the common theme in various myths of the origin of death?

Death comes from outside, it cuts short and existence that could otherwise been immortal.

What is Universality in regards to death?

Death is all-inclusive, inevitable, and unavoidable and unpredictable

What is Irreversibility in regards to death?

Death is final

Native American Death Traditions

Death viewed as natural event, One of the central themes is reverence toward the dead, Dead believed to serve as guardian spirits or special envoys to the spirit world, Emphasis on "living one day at a time, with purpose, grateful for life's blessings knowing that it could all end abruptly. It's a good day to die!", uses Death songs as final act of earthly life, Reverence for bones of ancestral dead

Celtic Death Traditions

Everything alive inhabited by soul or spirit, which can be helpful or harmful Fallen heroes welcomed into Valhalla, a place of heavenly honor and glory Death viewed as a "changing of place" Exchange of souls between this world and the Otherworld Contact between living and dead, especially during the festival Samhain (Nov 1st) Status of deceased indicated by extent and type of grave goods

What are the four approaches to defining and determining death outlined by Robert Veatch?

Formally define death Pinpoint the significant difference between life and death. (what is so significant about life that is loss with death) Locus of death(where one should look to determine whether death occurred in a organism) Technical tests or criteria (What tests should be applied at the locus to determine if the organism is alive or dead)

What are the ten leading causes of death?

Heart disease, Cancer, Stroke, Lung disease, Accidents, Diabetes, Influenza, pneumonia, Alzheimer's disease, Kidney disease, Liver disease

Today, what happens to the body when someone dies?

Hired professionals prepare the body for burial and the body is left at funeral home leading up to the funeral.

How does Erik Erikson's model of psychosocial development help us understand children's concern about death?

His model focuses on the psychological milestones that occur throughout a person's life. Each stage involves a crisis or a turning point that requires a response from the individual to gain mastery over different issues and further develop a sense of identity.

What is Epidemiologic Transition?

Historical shift in disease patterns

cognitive transformations

In Piagetian theory, the manner in which an individual's mode of understanding the world changes in sequential stages from infancy to adulthood, especially with respect to organizing and reasoning about ideas and experiences

Today where do 80% of the deaths occur?

In instuitions like hospitals , hospice, and nursing homes

What is Boyd Worlds?

Involves bodies that have been "plastinated". It Offers an insider's view of death and the effects of disease

What is Postmodernism?

Involves examining "taken for granted" beliefs and exploring pertinent ideas and practices from all historical periods and cultures and Involves reappraisal of assumptions about culture, history, language, etc.

Socialization

Involves learning and internalizing the norms, rules and values of society

What is brain death?

Irreversible cessation of all functions of the entire brain, including the brain stem.

How is humor a coping mechanism with death?

It Defuses anxiety, Raises consciousness, Interrupts sadness, helps Maintain equilibrium, Provides distance, and allows you to Confront fears and allows for a sense of mastery over the unknown

Where and who taught the first formal course on death?

It was taught at American university and was initiated by Robert Fulton

What is Personal Mortality in regards to death?

Its a subcomponent of universality, Its makes explicit understanding that mo only do all living things die but I will die too.

Who suggested that death is the the study of life with death left in"?

Kastenbaum

What categories is associated to death in regards to death?

Music, Literature, and Visual arts

What kind of mass media broadcasts death?

Newscasts, Internet news, Nature programs, and Religious programs

What is "noncorporeal continuity"?

Notion that human beings survive in some form after death of the physical body

What are some journals that are on Death and Dying?

Omega: Journal of Death & Dying, Death Studies, Journal of Personal & Interpersonal Loss, Mortality and Illness, Crisis & Loss

How does Jean Piaget's model of cognitive development help us understand children's concerns about death?

Partially answered by a study conducted by Gerald Koocher where children were asked questions i.e. What makes things die? and What are the causes of death?

What are the major components of what Robert Kastenbaum terms the "death system"?

People (funeral directors, weapons designers) Places (cemeteries, battlefields, disaster sites ) Times (Memorial Day, Good Friday) Objects (tombstones, hearses, obits) Symbols (black arm bands, dirges)

What are people's attitudes towards death?

People Attempt to keep death at a distance. People have Institutional denial.

What do people use instead of saying someone died?

People use Metaphors, Slang, and Metonym

What is "name avoidance?

The practice of refraining from using the name of deceased persons to avoid disturbing the living.

Why is name avoidance practiced?

To respect the dead

What is meant by the phrase, "the power of the dead"?

Together, the living and the dead comprise the clan, the tribe, the people. Regardless of how grief is expressed, there is deep respect for the still-powerful soul of the deceased

What are some characteristics of how death is viewed in traditional cultures?

Traditional cultures typically view death not as an end but as a change of status, a transtition from the land of living to the world of the dead.

What are the four major and possible fifth characteristics of a mature concept of death?

Universality, Irreversibility, Non functionality, Causality and personal mortality

What are the functions of the death system?

Warnings about potentially life-threatening events Preventing death Caring for the dying Disposing of the dead Social consolidation after death Making sense of death Killing

What must people do to death?

We must both accept death and deny death

What is an aid in confronting your fears and gaining sense of mastery over the unknown?

humor

What is one of the greatest tools of assurance at the hospital ward?

humor

What are nonempirical ideas about death?

ideas no subject to scientific proof,it deals with the notion that human beings survive in some form beyond the death of the physical body