Dual Enrollment Psychology Final Study Guide
_______________ involves reinforcing successively closer approximations of a target behavior.
Shaping
Which of the following individuals is suffering from retrograde amnesia?
Eva; after waking up from a coma, Eva cannot recall why she is in the hospital or her family members' names.
Reveille just got a new bank account password: 979tamu. She repeats the code over and over, maintaining the information by using _____.
maintenance rehearsal
The part of your hindbrain that is responsible for regulating sleep is called the:
pons
The Rorschach inkblot test is an example of a(n) ________ measure of personality.
projective
The Rorschach test is a(n) ________________ personality test
projective
Suppose you have an internal locus of control. When you perform poorly in volleyball and your team loses the game, which of the following statements are you most likely to say?
"I did not practice enough last week."
The ability of your brain to recover after some types of injury, such as stroke, is known as:
(neuro)plasticity
Which of the following individuals is suffering from anterograde amnesia?
Adam; after recovering from a concussion, Adam cannot encode or store any new information with which he is presented.
*Casey eats a lot of junk food. She knows the negative consequences of her diet, but she rationalizes her behavior by saying the junk food helps her deal with her anxiety. Casey is using this explanation because she is uncomfortable with the inconsistency between her behavior and her beliefs. Which of the following principles explains Casey's explanation the best?
Casey eats a lot of food. She know the negative consequences of her diet, but she rationalizes her behavior by saying the junk food helps her deal with her anxiety. Casey is using this explanation because she is uncomfortable with the inconsistency between her behavior and her beliefs . Which of the following principles explains Casey explanation the best?
_____ occurs when behavior changes at the request of a person with no real authority.
Compliance
_____ refers to the tendency to overestimate the degree to which an individual's characteristics are the cause of an event, and to underestimate the involvement of situational factors.
Fundamental attribution error
Which brain structure regulates when you feel thirsty and hungry?
Hypothalamus
Which of the following is a criticism of the Rorschach inkblot test?
It appears to reveal psychological disorders in many normal adults and children.
According to the diathesis-stress model, and based solely on the information provided, which person is most likely to experience a depressed state?
Janice, who has a family history of mental illness and was recently laid off from her job
Which of the following is the main conclusion from Milgram's shock experiment?
Ordinary people will do terrible things if ordered to do so by an authority.
Summer watches as a student stumbles and drops her books in the hall. If she demonstrates the fundamental attribution error, how would Summer explain the student's behavior?
She is a clumsy person.
Which of the following is NOT an example of explicit memory?
Tina remembers how to knit even though the last time she knitted was ten years ago.
Carrie, who experiences major depressive episodes, recently quit her job, packed up her car, and drove to Las Vegas, where she gambled away her entire life savings. Based on this, Carrie may be diagnosed with
a bipolar disorder.
Phoenix hears voices in his head that tell him to punch holes in the walls of his room. Because Phoenix perceives the voices without an external auditory stimulus, he is experiencing
a hallucination.
Dr. Padgett meets a new client who has antisocial personality disorder. The client most likely has
a lack of empathy and remorse.
Augustine's first-grade teacher tells his parents that he is "out of control" at school because he frequently interrupts his classmates, does not follow directions, and acts impulsively. Augustine's parents might be worried he has
a neurodevelopmental disorder.
Travis is taking a new medicine that has a side effect of disrupting his short-term storage. Based on this fact, you know that Travis will have difficultly recalling
a phone number he heard 15 seconds ago.
According to the diathesis-stress model, mental disorders are caused by both ________ and stress.
a predisposition to mental illness
Behaving in a way that confirms your own or other people's expectations is referred to as
a self-fulfilling prophecy.
Selena thinks that all computer programmers are antisocial and boring. Even before meeting Mark, a computer programmer, Selena decides that she will not like him. Selena's beliefs are ________, and not liking Mark is ________.
a stereotype; prejudice
Jason is participating in a psychology experiment in which he is seated in a completely dark room. An initially undetected point of light is gradually made brighter. With each increase, he is asked if he can see the light. In this experiment, Jason's ________ is being measured.
absolute threshold
Positive reinforcement and positive punishment are similar in that they both involve:
adding a stimulus.
A main outcome of Ivan Pavlov's research is that a neutral stimulus can become a conditioned stimulus
after pairing it with a stimulus that triggers a reflexive response.
Researchers have used electronically activated records to discover all of the following are true EXCEPT that
agreeable people swear more.
Baby George's mother leaves him sitting in the grocery cart as she goes around the corner searching for cake mix. George screams as she leaves, reaches for her when she returns, but then pushes her away. George's behavior is most consistent with a(n) ________ attachment style.
ambivalent
During the strange-situation test, Grady begins crying when his mom leaves the room. When his mom returns, Grady holds up his arms, asking to be picked up. However, when his mom picks him up, he pushes her away angrily. Grady's behavior is consistent with a(n) ________ attachment style
ambivalent
Pamela is at a new babysitter for the first time. When Pamela's mom leaves, Pamela cries. When her mom returns, Pamela reaches for her but then also pushes away from her. Pamela seems to have a(n) ________________ attachment style
ambivalent
You see a giant spider and get really scared. What brain region is responsible for this feeling?
amygdala
People who experience scary or life-threatening situations likely experience:
an activation of their sympathetic nervous systems.
According to the humanistic perspective, personality reflects:
an individual's choices and striving for personal growth.
Yolanda has a brain tumor. As the tumor gets bigger, Yolanda can no longer form new memories in long-term storage. Yolanda most likely has ________ amnesia.
anterograde
After a plane crash, Shera wakes up in a hospital and can remember everything about her life prior to the crash. However, every time her doctor visits, she believes she has never met him before. Based on this information, the doctor will most likely diagnose Shera with
anterograde amnesia.
Ted has brain damage after an accident. Although he can clearly remember everything from before the accident, he forgets what people are saying to him within a few minutes. Ted is most likely experiencing
anterograde amnesia.
When Billy meets with his therapist, he makes statements showing that he likes to manipulate other people, is a good liar, and always needs immediate gratification. Billy's disregard for social norms and the feelings of others means that his therapist is most likely to diagnose him with ________ personality disorder.
antisocial
Ted, the president of a multimillion-dollar corporation, is charming and intelligent. However, he has an inflated sense of his own power and worth. He recently fired thousands of his employees impulsively and did not feel bad about it at all because he made a lot of money, which is very important to him. Ted is typically very glib and hard-hearted during interpersonal interactions. Ted's wife is convinced that he has ________________.
antisocial personality disorder.
While at home, Joshua runs through the house chasing the cat, even though he has been told many times not to do so. At school, he often needs instructions repeated and rules explained over and over. Joshua also misses social cues and doesn't seem to understand other children very well. Joshua might qualify for a diagnosis of
attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Two-year-old Antonina's parents notice that she rarely says any words and has never really made eye contact with them. She is intensely preoccupied with the buttons and zippers on clothing and pays little attention to anything else. Antonina may be diagnosed with ________________.
autism spectrum disorder.
Laura doesn't get upset when her mother leaves her in an unfamiliar room, and doesn't seem to care or notice when she returns. What attachment style does Laura seem to have?
avoidant
Zandra's mother brings her two-year-old daughter to a new dentist. Zandra's mother leaves the room and Zandra is momentarily alone with the dental hygienist, but Zandra isn't upset when her mother leaves. When Zandra's mother returns, Zandra barely glances up and continues to play patty-cake with the dental hygienist. Zandra would most likely be classified as having a(n) ________ attachment.
avoidant
Children with a (an) _____________ attachment style show little interest for their caregivers both when they leave and when they return. They are also somewhat willing to explore an unfamiliar environment.
avoidant attachment
While visiting your friend and her one-year-old son, Ian, you notice that Ian does not get upset when his mother leaves the room and he is alone with you, a stranger. In addition, Ian ignores his mother when she comes back into the room. Based on this, Ian's attachment style to his mother would most likely be described as
avoidant.
Jasmine wants to get Uchenna's attention in the library. She whispers to avoid disturbing other students. However, she speaks so softly that Uchenna cannot hear. Jasmine's voice is
below Uchenna's absolute threshold.
Daniel is prone to drastic mood swings. Daniel may suffer from a condition known as ___________ disorder.
bipolar
Mary experiences long periods of time where she feels very depressed. However, she occasionally goes through phases where she is highly focused on her painting and she creates beautiful works that provide a rewarding experience to her. It is most likely that Mary would be diagnosed with ________ disorder.
bipolar
Individuals with _______________ cycle between periods of depressed mood and mania.
bipolar disorder
Daniel is taking an exam and he cannot remember the definition of "semantic memory." This temporary inability to remember something is called ______.
blocking
Angie often has relationships that are full of tension and her emotions in these relationships range from extremely loving to angry and depressed. Other people view her as intense and unstable. Which personality disorder might Angie be diagnosed with?
borderline
Sharon has a history of having highly negative emotional reactions when her relationships are disrupted, and she often acts impulsively. Sharon is most likely to be diagnosed with ________ personality disorder.
borderline
When processing is based on the properties of the stimulus, it is called ______ processing.
bottom-up
According to the ________ model of conceptual processing, the recognition of patterns occurs because data are relayed from a lower level to a higher level of processing in the brain.
bottom-up processing
People who lack empathy for others they hurt, who do dangerous things just for fun, and who tend to seek immediate gratification
can be diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder even if they have not committed crimes.
The part of the neuron that collects information from other neurons and integrates it is the
cell body.
Damage to the ________ might cause problems with coordination and balance.
cerebellum
Drinking alcohol causes you to lose your balance. To cause that, alcohol inhibits the functioning of your:
cerebellum
When studying psychological disorders, Ernesto learns that the diathesis-stress model suggests that
certain biological or environmental factors make us vulnerable to mental illness, but do not directly cause it.
Nicole frequently has panic attacks. She knows that she is having an attack when she experiences all of the following EXCEPT
chest pain lasting for hours.
Fatima is a new student on campus. Everywhere she goes, she is asked for her 12-digit student number. To memorize her new student number, she thinks of it as three different years. Fatima is using ________ to aid her memory.
chunking
A string of 16 digits (1776149217872014) is difficult to remember. If a person breaks them up into four groups of four digits (1776, 1492, 1787, and 2014), these numbers are easier to remember, due to the effect of
chunking.
Fallon is afraid of loud sounds, like thunder. She associates lightning with thunder because it regularly precedes thunder. Thus, when Fallon sees lightning, she braces herself for hearing a big boom several seconds later. Fallon has experienced a certain kind of associative learning known as
classical conditioning.
If you hold two contradictory attitudes, the resulting state of tension that you feel is called _____.
cognitive dissonance
Marvin really wants to go away with his friends this weekend but he knows that this will upset his girlfriend. As a result, Marvin experiences a state of tension called ______.
cognitive dissonance
Lisa believes that drinking alcohol is wrong. However, her boyfriend, Mike, likes to drink beer after work. Instead of breaking up with Mike, she decides that drinking alcohol is not so bad after all. Lisa's attitude most likely changed because of
cognitive dissonance.
When people's attitudes clash with their behavior, they experience a state of psychological tension called:
cognitive dissonance.
Obedience refers to a(n):
command by an authority figure.
A teacher starts her lecture, but you are still talking to your neighbor. A student in front of you turns around and says "Shh!" You stop talking. This illustrates _____.
compliance
Which social influence concept is CORRECTLY matched with its definition?
compliance - changing behavior voluntarily at the request of an individual with no real authority
Joey needs to use his fingers to add and subtract and has to write out each step when solving word problems (he can't solve them in his head). Based on this information, you know that Joey is most likely in the ________ stage of development.
concrete operational
Alanna knows that a startling noise will always make people blink their eyes. Alanna has learned to associate a soft blue light with a startling noise, causing her to blink when she sees the soft blue light. When she blinks after seeing the soft blue light, she is showing a(n)
conditioned response.
When we behave in ways that match behavior of other people, we are engaging in ________ .
conformity
While attending a concert, Brian hears a loud explosion in the crowd. Seeing that the majority of the concertgoers run in one direction, Brian starts running in the same direction. Brian's behavior illustrates _____.
conformity
Alan's friends all vape. Alan has never wanted to vape and his friends have never asked him to vape. However, Alan still feels compelled to start vaping. The force pushing Alan to start vaping is known as
conformity.
As you walk into class, you notice that everyone is sitting on the floor. You consequently sit on the floor, too. In this situation, the fact that you choose to act in a way that matches the people around you is an example of
conformity.
The tendency to modify one's attitudes, behaviors, and beliefs to match those of others is called:
conformity.
When all participants in her class said they liked to dance, Jill reported liking to dance, too, even though she dislikes dancing. The way Jill reported an opinion that differed from her private preferences about dancing so that her opinion matched that of her classmates is an example of
conformity.
Which of the following traits is NOT part of the five-factor theory of personality?
constraint
What is the main take-away point from Harry Harlow's studies on attachment?
contact comfort is more important than food, particularly when an infant is stressed.
If you study in the same room in which you take an exam, you will probably do better on the exam than if you had studied elsewhere. This outcome occurs because of ________ memory.
context-dependent
When Jon visits his grandmother's house, he always thinks about his childhood. Something about the way her house smells seems to trigger these memories. This is an example of ________ memory.
context-dependent
Transduction refers to:
converting sensory information into electrochemical signals.
Dolores has severe epilepsy and must undergo a procedure to disconnect the left hemisphere of her brain from the right to prevent the epilepsy from spreading. During this procedure, doctors will surgically cut the fibers that connect the two hemispheres of the brain, which are called the
corpus callosum.
Positive punishment causes a(n) ________ in behavior through the ________ of a stimulus.
decrease; addition
A ___________ is a false believe that often accompanies a diagnosis of schizophrenia.
delusion
Carmen believes that she has the amazing power to control the thoughts of her classmates and make them do what she wants. Mandy believes that all her classmates are trying to manipulate her thoughts. Both patients appear to be experiencing __________________.
delusions.
Nash believes he is a part of a secret spy organization that sends coded messages to its informants through television commercials. Based on this, Nash is most likely experiencing
delusions.
Kendra loves spicy curry, but her husband prefers a mild curry. Starting with a mild curry, Kendra increases the spiciness every time she cooks. One day her husband complains that the curry is too spicy. After that, Kendra always makes the curry as spicy as the last time before her husband complained. With this exercise, Kendra assessed her husband's
difference threshold.
Hal is a police officer who believes that all elderly people are bad drivers. He issues tickets to a lot of elderly drivers. The way that Hal unfairly targets and punishes elderly drivers is best described as
discrimination.
Aaron has been diagnosed with borderline personality disorder. Aaron is most likely experiencing
disturbances in identity, emotional instability, and impulse control.
Mrs. Weston asks her 4-year-old son, Colin, if he wants his sandwich in one piece, or cut into two pieces. Colin asks her to keep it in one piece, because he isn't hungry enough to eat two pieces. In the context of Piaget's theory of cognitive development, Colin's answer suggests that he:
does not understand conservation
In Freud's psychodynamic theory, which structure of personality acts as a mediator or negotiator between the other two structures?
ego
Which of the three structures of personality operates according to the reality principle according to Freud?
ego
Donna just turned 75, and feels she hasn't made any real contributions to society through her career. She is starting to believe that her life has been meaningless and that it has had no purpose. Based on Erikson's theory, Donna is in what stage of psychosocial development?
ego integrity vs. despair
Ben is talking to his grandmother on the phone, and he says "look grandma! look at my cool new train, it can go like this!". Ben doesnt understand that his grandmother can't see what his train looks like over the telephone. What is Ben demonstrating?
egocentrism
Fadeke is studying for her English literature test. For each novel she reads, she tries to think of how the novel relates to her own life. In order to remember the novels, Fadeke is using the memory strategy called
elaborative rehearsal.
Harry is reading the textbook for his astronomy class and is trying to relate the material to his own life experiences. According to the levels of processing model, Harry is more likely to remember the information over the long term because he is using
elaborative rehearsal.
To work at Burger Shack, Meghan must memorize all of the menu items. To do this, Meghan thinks about which friend would want to order each item. Meghan is likely to retain the menu items in long-term storage very well because she used
elaborative rehearsal.
Maria's psychologist wants to assess her personality. To do so, he has her wear a device that allows him to unobtrusively track her interactions throughout the day. The psychologist is using a(n) ________ to measure Maria's personality.
electronically activated record
If someone asks you to describe your first day of school, you would most likely retrieve a(n) ________ memory.
episodic
Remembering the last person whom you saw is part of your ______ memory.
episodic
Your memory of what happened in the last in-person class you had this semester is an example of ______ memory.
episodic
Your memory of your last Birthday party is part of your _____ memory.
episodic
If you can remember exactly what you did yesterday but have trouble remembering the names of all 50 states, then you have excellent ________ memory but may have poor ________ memory.
episodic; semantic
Sue and Mary are talking about knitting. Sue is trying to remember the first time she ever knitted. Mary is trying to remember what the word knitting means. Sue is trying to recall a(n) ________ memory and Mary is trying to recall a(n) ________ memory.
episodic; semantic
While he is in the waiting room at the doctor's office, Arthur tries to classify infants' attachment based on their behavior. He is certain that the baby girl sitting across from him is securely attached because she
explores the unfamiliar room and the objects in it while staying in view of her mother.
Sam believes that it does not matter how much he studies for his exam. He will fail because his teacher writes really difficult exam questions and wants all students to fail. What kind of locus of control does Sam have?
external
People with an _____________ locus of control believe that outside factors like fate or luck determine outcomes. Those with _____________ locus of control believe their actions and efforts determine outcomes.
external; internal
If Pavlov repeatedly presented the conditioned stimulus, the metronome, without the unconditioned stimulus, the food, the dogs would stop salivating to the sound of the metronome. In classical conditioning, this process is called
extinction.
Because Simone works with clients who have anxiety disorders, she knows that the key characteristic of this group of mental disorder is
feelings of increasing nervousness in the absence of threat.
When his sister becomes pregnant, Tyrone learns the effect of teratogens. All of the following are teratogens EXCEPT:
folic acid.
According to Piaget, adolescents and adults are in the _____ stage of cognitive development.
formal operational
Bob enjoys playing fantasy games on his computer that require a lot of thinking. These games require him to be able to think abstractly, and to think several steps ahead of the other players. What cognitive development is Bob likely to be in?
formal operational
Peggy's parents are amazed at how much their teenage daughter has changed. Over the past year, she became interested in doing chemistry experiments. Peggy predicts what will happen when she combines two chemicals together and then observes the results to see whether her hypothesis was correct. Peggy is most likely in the ________ stage of cognitive development.
formal operational
Sam likes to debate with his friends about abstract concepts, like time, faith, and good versus evil. According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development. Sam is probably in what stage?
formal operational
Jonathan was in a motorcycle accident and sustained an injury to his hippocampus. He now has anterograde amnesia, which means that he has difficulty
forming new memories.
Rhys submits a major report to his boss ahead of the deadline. His boss assumes that Rhys is conscientious, rather than that he simply had more time than usual to devote to the assignment. This example illustrates the:
fundamental attribution error.
When explaining other people's behavior, the tendency to overemphasize personality traits and underestimate situation factors is referred to as the
fundamental attribution error.
Carrie is almost always tense and uneasy. She frequently cannot sleep at night and gets headaches from her muscles constantly being tense. Carrie most likely suffers from:
generalized anxiety disorder.
Jared had to quit his job because while he was at work, he constantly worried about a wide variety of things, including what his wife and children were doing at home. In addition, he is easily distracted, often irritable, and sleep deprived. Jared is most likely to be diagnosed with
generalized anxiety disorder.
Jonah experiences nearly constant anxiety that is not associated with a specific thing. Jonah is most likely to be diagnosed with
generalized anxiety disorder.
Denise is in her mid-40s; she has never married and is childless. Her job is routine and she feels she hasn't really done much to contribute to society's future. In Erikson's terms, Denise is in the _________ stage of psychosocial development.
generativity vs. stagnation.
In an experiment, you are asked to memorize a list of 30 words shown on a screen. At first, this seems like a challenging task. Then you realize that you can hold more words in short-term storage if you _____. This is an example of chunking.
group words together in meaningful ways
Sensory memory _____
has a relatively large capacity.
Sensory memory ______.
has large capacity and short duration
A study on London taxi drivers revealed that one specific part of their brain was larger than normal due to the complex mental map they have to remember in order to navigate the city. What brain region was this?
hippocampus
The endorcine system communicates through ____________, whereas the nervous system communicates through ____________.
hormones; neurotransmitters
Maritza's parents want her to become a doctor, but she would like to be an artist. Which approach to personality would suggest that Maritza's personal growth is associated with following her dream of becoming an artist?
humanistic
Our ability to fulfill our potential through greater self-understanding is part of the ________ approach to personality.
humanistic
Pizza! Beer! Sex! Our motivation or drive for such things is based in part on the activity of the brain structure known as the:
hypothalamus.
Which of the three structures of personality operates according to the pleasure principle according to Freud?
id
According to Erikson's psychosocial development theory, individuals experience the crisis of ________ during the adolescent years, where they face the challenge of addressing questions about who they are.
identity versus role confusion
On Monday, 13 year old Jacques announces to his parents that he wants to be called "Jack." On Wednesday, he says he wants to drop out of school. On Friday, he says he wants to get a tattoo and become an architect. In Erikson's terms, Jacques seems to be in the _____ stage.
identity versus role confusion
According to Erikson, adolescents must resolve the psychosocial task of:
identity versus role confusion.
Joe is nearing the end of his life. He reflects on his past, focusing on how he spent his whole life working long hours at his job. As a result, he is struggling with whether his life has been well lived. Joe is most likely experiencing the ________ stage of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development.
integrity versus despair
Joe believes that if he reviews all of his notes, chunks his studying, and gives it his best effort, he will get an A on this exam. What kind of locus of control does Joe have?
internal
Suppose you know you can successfully get into medical school. You think, "All I have to do is figure out how other people got in, select the strategies I can use, and implement my plan." You appear to have a(n) ________ locus of control.
internal
Eugene is 27 years old, and he feels very insecure about some of the personal and career choices he has made so far. Consequently, he is reluctant at this point to undertake a serious, committed relationship with another person. Based on Erikson's theory, Eugene seems to be in what phase of psychosocial development?
intimacy vs. isolation
The capacity of short-term memory ______.
is 5-9 items
Sensory system that conveys information about where your body parts are in space is ____.
kinesthetic sense
Short-term memory has a(n) ______.
limited capacity
Kumar is trying to remember the name of his psychology professor from last semester. To answer this question, Kumar must search for information in his
long-term storage.
Sheldon and Amy met on an online dating site. In his profile, Sheldon describes himself as stubborn, competitive, and argumentative. According to the Big Five trait theory, Sheldon is most likely
low in agreeableness.
Brad and Gloria met on an online dating site. In her profile, Gloria describes herself as secure, calm in stressful situations, and rarely angry. According to the Big Five trait theory, Gloria is most likely
low in neuroticism.
Nora and Miles are studying for an exam. Nora makes flash cards to memorize new terms and repeatedly reads them to herself. Miles links new terms to the ones he already knows based on their meanings. Nora is using ________ and Miles is using ________ to learn the terms.
maintenance rehearsal; elaborative rehearsal
Eleanor feels like her life is empty. She has lost interest in her career, hobbies, and friends. She has felt this way for almost a month. Eleanor may have a diagnosis of __________________.
major depressive disorder
Joey has had trouble sleeping for the past two weeks. He has no energy and feels pretty sad most of the time. Joey may be suffering from:
major depressive disorder
Basic survival functions such as heart rate are controlled by the hindbrain structure called the
medulla.
Tom remembers hearing that his town's mayor will be speaking this weekend. Tom thinks that his mom told him this, while in reality he heard it on TV. Tom is experiencing _____.
misattribution
You mistakenly stated that the robber was wearing a blue shirt with jean, when in fact, you were describing the outfit of one of the bystanders. This is an example of ________________.
misattribution
Dr. Jones gives her client a Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) to evaluate her client's
motivational traits.
Dwight is very apathetic toward others. He does not show much outward emotion, his speech is slow, and he speaks in a monotone. If Dwight has been diagnosed with schizophrenia, then what he is displaying are ________ symptoms.
negative
Sue, who has schizophrenia, displays no emotion no matter what happens; this is a ___________________ symptom of schizophrenia.
negative
Rosy bites her older brother whenever he refuse to share his toys with her, so Rosy's parents take away her TV privilege for biting. Rosy has learned not to bite her brother again. This an example of _________________.
negative punishment
A month ago, Jenny was pulled over for speeding, and because it was her third ticket this year, her license was suspended. Jenny just received her license back and vows never to speed again. In this situation, having her license suspended has served as
negative punishment.
In operant conditioning, removing a stimulus to increase a behavior in the future is called
negative reinforcement.
In Pavlov's research, dogs learned that the sound of a metronome predicted the arrival of food, so the dogs salivated at the sound of the metronome. In this example, the metronome was the ______________ and the salivation of the dog when it hears the metronome is the
neutral stimulus; conditioned response
A TSA agent at the airport asks you to step aside for extra screening. You agree to be screened. This displays:
obedience
A police officer pulls you over and asks for your license and registration. You give them to her. Your actions display:
obedience
Your professor comes up to you and tells you to put your phone away. You put it away. This is an example of:
obedience
Stanley Milgram's "shock experiment" illustrates the phenomenon of
obedience.
Eleven-month-old Luis watches as his mother comes in and out of his bedroom while she is putting away laundry. Luis does not get upset when his mother leaves the room since he seems to know that his mother is still in the house, even if he cannot see her. Luis is demonstrating which of the following?
object permanence
To stop baby Rudy from repeatedly reaching for a sharp knife on the kitchen table, Rudy's mother put it into her apron pocket. "Out of sight, out of mind," she thought, and it worked. Rudy's mother capitalized on Rudy's lack of:
object permanence.
When an infant recognizes that objects continue to exist even when they are no longer in sight, the infant has attained what Piaget termed:
object permanence.
The current edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) describes disorders in terms of
observable symptoms.
Every Saturday, Vaughn watches a TV show featuring a chef making new recipes. The chef always throws a pinch of salt over his shoulder when seasoning the dishes. Now, whenever Vaughn cooks, he also throws salt over his shoulder. This modification of Vaughn's behavior is due to
observational learning.
Irina, who is three years old, was watching her father hammer a nail to join two pieces of wood. If Irina learns how to hammer wood together after this experience, it is most likely the result of
observational learning.
Jonathan is traveling to Italy, and his motto for his trip is "When in Rome, do as the Romans do!" This phrase suggests that Jonathan is most likely to learn how to behave in Rome based on
observational learning.
An intrusive, repetitive thought or urge is called a(n):
obsession
Fernando cannot stop worrying that a thief is going to break into his apartment, so he keeps checking the doors to make sure they are locked. Fernando's worrisome thoughts about a break-in are a(n) ________. The fact that Fernando checks the locks over and over is a(n) ________.
obsession; compulsion
Lisa spends hours each day wondering if she remembered to turn off the stove. She frequently drives home during her work day to check if the stove is off, which is preventing her from getting her work done at work. Lisa appears to be suffering from ______________ disorder.
obsessive-compulsive
People who suffer from _________ disorder are so preoccupied by unwanted repetitive thoughts and actions that they are unable to function in their daily lives.
obsessive-compulsive
When Valerie leaves her house, she experiences unwelcome thoughts that make her nervous, so she engages in repetitive behaviors that make her feel calmer so she can get into her car. Based on this, Valerie is most likely to be diagnosed with
obsessive-compulsive disorder.
A child gets a severe blow to the head from an accident. Although her eyes are still fully functional, she can no longer see. Based on this information, her doctor determines that the brain area most likely damaged in the accident is the ________ lobes.
occipital
Which lobe of the cerebral cortex is responsible for processing what you see when you look at your favorite tv show?
occipital lobe
Nearly everyone sometimes experiences periods of sadness or of feeling down or depressed. However, these feelings, although common, are not likely to be diagnosed as depression by psychologists. This is because
only lasting episodes of depressed mood that interfere with a person's life would require a diagnosis depression.
Phoebe is an inventor who is creative and good at using everyday items in unusual ways. According to the Big Five model of personality, Phoebe most likely would be high in
openness to experience.
You want to teach your dog to stop scratching at the door when he wants to go out. You do so by swatting his nose with a newspaper each time he scratches the door. By creating consequences for your dog's behavior, you have used ________ to train him.
operant conditioning
Dr. Brimfield believes that humans learn best when they are given the opportunity to act on their environments and make associations between their behavior and the resulting consequences. Dr. Brimfield believes in
operant conditioning.
Two-year-old Ciara learns that whenever she hits her older brother, her mom will place her in time-out. Ciara's understanding that a behavior leads to a certain outcome displays a type of associative learning called
operant conditioning.
In _________ disorder, an individual experiences sudden, intense fear or discomfort.
panic
A woman is sitting on a bench. She is sweating profusely, is short of breath, has numbness in her feet and hands, and feels as though she is dying. After ruling out biological causes, this woman should be assessed for a possible diagnosis of _____________.
panic disorder.
Gloria sometimes finds herself experiencing episodes of sudden overpowering terror and worry that come out of nowhere and make her short of breath. Based on this, Gloria might be diagnosed with
panic disorder.
Jonas has experienced a relatively severe right hemisphere stroke. As a result, he has been diagnosed with hemineglect, meaning he is unable to notice any touch on the left side of his body. The location of the stroke is most likely within the ________ lobes.
parietal
The part of the brain that is responsible for the sense of touch is the ________ lobe.
parietal
While driving, a car pulls out in front of you and forces you to slam on the brakes. You think to yourself that the driver of that car cannot drive. You have just made a(n) ________ attribution for the other driver's behavior.
personal
Gamiel and Aliyah go out to eat and Gamiel does not leave a tip for the waiter. If Aliyah explains his behavior by saying that he is frugal (meaning he likes to save money), she is making a(n) ________ attribution. If Aliyah explains his behavior by saying the service was terrible, she is making a ________ attribution.
personal; situational
Samuel always receives a painful shock when he uses the switch of the lamp in his room. After a while, Samuel refuses to use the switch on the lamp again. This is an example of ____________________.
positive punishment
Marcy takes her son to his favorite ice cream shop when he cleans his room voluntarily. Over time, her son cleans his room more often. This is an example of _______________.
positive reinforcement
You earn 5 points of extra credit every time you turn in your assignment on time. Gradually, you are more likely to turn in assignments on time. This is an example of ___________________.
positive reinforcement.
John was recently diagnosed with schizophrenia. He frequently makes statements that are not logical and contain repeating rhyming words, such as "The train brain rained on me." In this example, John is displaying
positive symptoms.
Hearing voices is a _______________ symptom of schizophrenia and seeing things that are not really there is a ________________ symptom of schizophrenia.
positive; positive
Adolescents may engage in riskier behaviors because their _________ is not yet fully developed.
prefrontal cortex
Negative feelings, opinions, and beliefs based on a generalized set of ideas about a group of people are known as
prejudice.
A child demonstrates object permanence, egocentrism, and has not mastered conservation. She is MOST likely in which stage of Piaget's theory?
preoperational
A child is playing at the beach. She pours an equal amount of sand into both a short, fat container and a tall, thin container. When asked which container holds more sand, the child points to the tall, thin container. This response suggests that she is most likely in the ________ stage of cognitive development
preoperational
You go to work to earn money, because you have learned that money can give you access to things like food, water, and shelter, that satisfy our innate human needs. In other words, basic human needs, like food, serve as _______________ to reinforce your work.
primary reinforcers
Your _______ cortex is located in your ________ lobe.
primary visual; occipital
Channing believes that the best way to get his boyfriend to clean up after himself is by offering dessert as soon as his boyfriend cleans up the apartment. Channing knows that dessert is a ________ reinforcer that will likely ________ the probability that his boyfriend will clean the apartment in the future.
primary; increase
You are willing to do anything to help your friends as long as they give you free food or pay you for helping them. In this example, food is a ______________reinforcer, and money is a ______________reinforcer.
primary; secondary
Being able to ice skate is an example of ________ memory.
procedural
Sandra can perform a "cartwheel" gymnastics maneuver. This is an example of _____ memory.
procedural
Which of the following is a type of implicit memory?
procedural memory
Whenever a new guest comes to visit, Aimee points out her favorite abstract painting and asks for the guest's interpretation of it. Aimee believes that by doing so, she is able to discover the guest's unconscious impulses. Aimee is using the painting as a ________ measure of personality.
projective
The purpose of the DSM-5 is to:
provide descriptions of disorders.
The notion that behavior is motivated by unconscious inner forces and conflicts is at the core of the _____ approach to personality.
psychoanalytic
Bandura uses the term ________________________ to describe the interaction between the individual, their behavior, and their environment
reciprocal determinism
A father takes his young daughter to the park. The girl grabs a red flower and is stung by a bee. The next day, the girl's grandmother brings her a bouquet of red flowers. When the girl sees the flowers, she becomes afraid and runs away. In this example, the conditioned stimulus is the
red flowers.
A person who has experienced the loss of past memories may be experiencing
retrograde amnesia.
After falling off your horse, you seem to have lost all memory of the past three years of your life. Based on this symptom, the doctor will most likely diagnose you with
retrograde amnesia.
Caroline acts strangely and it interferes with her life. She uses an old grocery cart to collect trash from the street. She wears multiple layers of clothing even when it is hot outside. She frequently seems to be talking to someone, though no one is nearby. Caroline is most likely to be diagnosed with ______________.
schizophrenia.
You go to work to earn money, because you have learned that money can give you access to things like food, water, and shelter, that satisfy our innate human needs. In other words, money functions as a _________________
secondary reinforcer
When she received an emergency call from work, Arlene had to bring her nine-month-old son, Danvas, to their next-door neighbor's house. Danvas had never been to the neighbor's house before and he began crying as Arlene was leaving. He was really excited and comforted when his mother returned. What attachment style does Danvas seem to have?
secure
Bethany is really sad when her mom drops her off at daycare for the first time, but when her mom comes to pick her up she is soothed and happy, and gives her mom a big hug. What attachment style does Bethany seem to have?
secure attachment
Humanistic psychologists believe that people are motivated to reach their maximum potential, also know as _________________________.
self-actualization
Ted heard that the general psychology class offered at his school was very difficult. When he took the class, he decided to put in minimal effort and didn't pay enough attention. At the end of the semester, Ted failed the class and said to himself, "I knew this class was difficult all along!" This is an example of
self-fulfilling prophecy.
Samantha fills out a questionnaire to assess her personality where she answers questions about her own behaviors and characteristics. Samantha is using a(n) ________ measure of personality.
self-report
Our memories, beliefs, and generalizations about the self are integrated to make up our
self-schema.
The cognitive structure that helps us perceive, organize, interpret, and use information about ourselves is called our
self-schema.
If someone asks you to describe what a school is, you would most likely retrieve a(n) ________ memory.
semantic
Your knowledge of the definition of "memory span" is part of your ______.
semantic
Your knowledge that Barack Obama was the 44th President of the United States is an example of _____ memory.
semantic
Your knowledge that COVID-19 spreads through personal contact is part of your ______ memory.
semantic
Jim and Phil are changing the oil in Jim's car. Jim is trying to remember all the actions he knows are involved in changing the oil. Phil is trying to remember the first time he ever changed the oil in his car. Jim is trying to recall a ________ memory and Phil is trying to recall a(n) ________ memory.
semantic; episodic
The process by which receptor cells detect stimuli is called:
sensation.
Anna is reading her psychology textbook. The light reflects off the words on the page and falls on the sensory receptors in her retina, which results in ________. Then her brain interprets the stimuli as particular words, which is called ________.
sensation; perception
Detection is to interpretation as _____ is to _____.
sensation; perception
The sense organs' detection of external physical stimuli is called ________, whereas further processing, organizing, and interpreting of those stimuli in the brain is called ________.
sensation; perception
Damien likes to put all his toys in his mouth. He also likes playing with his toy train; however, he seems to lose interest in playing with the train whenever his brother hides it. Damien is most likely in the ________ stage of development.
sensorimotor
Darryl thinks that playing peek-a-boo is hilarious! He does not know where his mom goes during the game, but it excites him when he sees her face again. Darryl is most likely in Piaget's ________ stage of development.
sensorimotor
What is the correct order of Piaget's stages of cognitive development?
sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
When Petra jumps into a cold lake, she feels as though she is freezing. After a few minutes, she no longer notices the cold and feels comfortable in the water. This change is best explained by
sensory adaptation.
Chris is looking for his friend in a crowd of people at a concert. As he scans the crowd, he often blinks but still retains a brief visual image of many of the faces in the crowd for a very brief time. Chris is able to maintain this visual information due to the function of his ______.
sensory memory
Liora is reading her textbook. As her eyes scan the page, each visual image is retained for less than a second in her _____.
sensory memory
What type of memory has large capacity and short duration?
sensory memory
Which of the following is the memory storage that very briefly maintains the physical characteristics of a stimulus?
sensory memory
You want to train your dog to bring you your slipper. You first pat it on the head for responding to your call. Then, you pat it again when it comes to you and later when it runs towards your slipper. Finally, you give your dog a treat when it brings you the slipper. You are using ________________ to train your dog.
shaping
Which statement reflects a personal attribution? "She cheated on her boyfriend of six months because:
she's heartless."
Joanie's friend yells at her for being five minutes late for lunch. Rather than believe her friend is a rude jerk, Joanie decides that she may be having difficulties with her partner. Joanie is making a(n) _____ attribution about her friend's behavior.
situational
Josh is not worried that his newborn baby seems easily frightened. He tells his wife, "Our baby's personality will develop later, as a result of his social interactions." Josh believes in the ________ approach to personality.
social cognitive
Which part of the peripheral nervous system is used when you use your hand to navigate the mouse on the computer to click on the answer to this question?
somatic
A conditioned stimulus is
something that causes a response after learning takes place.
Neil has an intense, irrational fear of goats and other farm animals. Neil may be diagnosed with:
specific phobia
Michael is extremely fearful of bridges. Even though he realizes his behavior is irrational, he is so distraught by going over bridges that he will take unnecessarily long routes to get to and from work each day. Michael appears to be suffering from:
specific phobia.
In the five-factor theory, the trait of neuroticism can be best described as _______________.
stability
Generalized statements about groups, such as "All Russians like vodka," are examples of ______.
stereotypes
Rachel's dog loves meat and salivates when he sees it. Rachel repeatedly shows her dog a picture of a circle before showing him a piece of meat. Soon, the dog salivates at the picture of the circle. When Rachel shows her dog a picture of an oval, the dog does not salivate, which is best explained by
stimulus discrimination.
A cat is classically conditioned to purr when it hears the refrigerator door open, because it contains the cat food. But the cat also purr whenever it hears any door open. The demonstrates _______________.
stimulus generalization.
If some information is suggested to an eyewitness after s/he observed a crime event, that information may be integrated into the eyewitness's memory. This is called ______.
suggestibility
The social-cognitive theory:
suggests that personality reflects thought patterns and environmental factors such as relationships.
Neurotransmitters move through the ___________, which is the space between neurons.
synapse
The site where communication occurs between neurons through the release of chemicals is called the
synapse.
Which lobe of the cerebral cortex is responsible for processing the sounds you hear in your favorite song?
temporal
Julia is pregnant and she wants to keep healthy throughout her pregnancy. Since her house is old, she has it checked for lead paint because she is afraid of the effect of ________ on the fetus
teratogens
Neurotransmitters are released into the synapse by __________.
terminal buds
What brain region is responsible for integrating sensory information?
thalamus
The minimum intensity of sensory stimulation required before a sensation is detected 50 percent of the time is called
the absolute threshold.
Flora's car breaks down, leaving her stranded on the highway in the middle of rush hour. As more and more cars drive past her, Flora is surprised that no one stops to help her. The fact that other drivers fail to help Flora is most likely explained by
the bystander intervention effect.
When running through the airport, Collin trips and spills all of his stuff out of his backpack. Lots of people see Collin trip and fall, but no one helps Collin pick up any of his stuff or checks to see if he is okay. The fact that others do not help in this case is best explained by
the bystander intervention effect.
While driving to work, LaVerne's car started smoking and broke down on a road with a lot of traffic. Her cell phone's battery died, so she could not call for help. For more than two hours, she was unsuccessful in flagging down someone to stop to help. Finally, a police officer offered assistance. LaVerne's difficulty in getting someone to help is an example of:
the bystander intervention effect.
While walking along the ocean shoreline, Mr. Hughes heard a swimmer cry for help. However, he continued walking because he thought that one of the many swimmers in the vicinity would provide help. Mr. Hughes' reaction BEST illustrates:
the bystander intervention effect.
Dianne is convinced she has developed an anxiety disorder because she has an underlying biological condition that was brought out by living in a stressful environment. Dianne's belief about how she developed psychopathology is most consistent with
the diathesis-stress model.
The minimum amount of change required for a person to detect a difference between two stimuli is referred to as
the difference threshold.
Tim's new roommate Jaxon leaves dirty laundry all over his room, and Tim assumes he must be a slob. Tim ignores the fact that Jaxon is currently studying for finals and working 30 hours per week. Tim is demonstrating:
the fundamental attribution error.
To remember her nine-digit Social Security number, Alyssa uses her working memory to place the numbers into three groups. In addition, each group of three or four digits is easy to remember because it is meaningful. Alyssa's strategy in remembering her Social Security number illustrates
the power of chunking.
In front of Chris, Tasha pours the same amount of water into both a short, fat glass and a tall, thin glass. She then asks Chris which glass has more water. If Chris is in the pre-operational stage of development, he is most likely to answer:
the tall, thin glass.
Brooke is a developmental psychologist at USA College. Which of the following is Brooke most likely to study
the ways in which children differ from adults in their thought processes
What purpose do defense mechanisms serve?
they prevent excessive anxiety
According to the learned helplessness model of depression, some people with depression
think they have no control over the outcomes of events they experience.
When our prior experiences and expectations affect perception, ______ processing takes place.
top-down
When you expect to see your friend in the crowd, you sometimes mistake a different person for your friend. This is an example of ______.
top-down processing
Daniel is learning how to read, and because the box just delivered to his door contains a pizza, he realizes that the unfamiliar word he sees on the box must be pizza. Daniel is using
top-down processing.
Anita takes a personality test online. The results say she is high on the extraversion dimension of personality and she is likely to be assertive and energetic. The online personality test most likely used the ________ approach to personality.
trait
Bandura's reciprocal determinism theory of personality includes all of the factors EXCEPT ________ factors.
trait
Silas thinks that a personality is made up of characteristics that can be described on a dimension from low to high. Silas most likely agrees with the ________ approach to personality.
trait
Mary's brain cannot directly process sound waves to hear what her boyfriend is saying. Instead, her sensory receptors detect sound waves and change them into signals that her brain can interpret as words in a process called
transduction.
The process of converting sensory data into electrochemical signals is called:
transduction.
When sensory receptors change physical stimuli into signals that the brain can understand, this is called
transduction.
According to Erikson, the first crisis of a child's psychosocial development is the _____ stage.
trust versus mistrust
If the Wicked Witch of the West flew down and struck you with retrograde amnesia, you would be ________ to remember anything from before the incident and ________ to form new memories.
unable; able
Tyson reads a book on best parenting practices that suggests parents should accept and value their children no matter how they behave or what they accomplish. Tyson's book is recommending parenting practices based on
unconditional positive regard.
The fundamental attribution error involves:
underestimating the situational influences on another person's behavior.
The state of balance and equilibrium is maintained by ___ sense.
vestibular
What sense helps the body maintain balance?
vestibular sense