English 10 semester A

Marcus and his classmates are discussing a novel in class. Which discussion observations most suggest that Marcus has prepared before presenting his point of view to the group? Select two options.

Marcus has brought the novel to use as a reference. Marcus supports his opinions with evidence from the text.

Which statements are true about the plot of Animal Farm? Check all that apply.

Moses gives a talk about a mysterious country called Sugarcandy Mountain. When the animals return from work, they notice that the milk has disappeared.

Which question should a reader ask to identify an author's purpose?

Why did the author write this text?

Which sentence best supports that the author's purpose is to persuade readers the United States should change its refugee policy?

"The United States should also increase to pre-9/11 levels the number of refugees we accept to 90,000 from the current 70,000 per year and, unlike in recent years, actually admit that many."

Read the last two lines of Shakespeare's "Sonnet 130." And yet by heaven, I think my love as rare,As any she belied with false compare. Which context clue best supports the definition of belied as "contradicted" or "disproved"?

"false compare"

Based on the map, where does Marco Polo go after he visits Hormuz and continues to travel east? Select twooptions.

Cathay Mongolia

What perspective does cartoonist John Rose put forward in this cartoon? Education should include more technology. What is the cartoonist's purpose in this cartoon?

Children are bored because they do not socialize. to persuade children to socialize more often

Based on the cartoon, what statement would the cartoonist most likely agree with?

Football players face serious risks.

Which sentence contains a phrase that adds a specific detail about time?

For several months, my sister was addicted to playing tennis.

How does situational irony best contribute to satire?

Satire relies on situational irony to expose the difference between society's beliefs and reality.

What is the best summary of the central idea of "Sonnet 130"?

The speaker says that his beloved is not like roses and other things, but she is just as amazing.

What is the relationship between tone and perspective in a narrative text?

The tone can help determine the narrator's perspective.

What are the most likely meanings of the idiom "we'll cross that bridge when we come to it"? Select two options.

We are not going to do that yet. We will talk about that problem if and when it happens.

Which literary elements typically appear in a travelogue? Select three options.

a person's account of his or her experiences descriptions of sights, cultures, climates, and lands drawings, photographs, maps, or memorabilia

In poetry, the term speaker refers to the

narrator.

Which type of text ridicules something in order to expose or correct it?

satire

What is the cartoonist's perspective in this cartoon?

that we are destroying our planet because we are lazy

Read the excerpt from "A Genetics of Justice" by Julia Alvarez. Periodically, Trujillo would demand a tribute, and they would acquiesce. A tax, a dummy vote, a portrait on the wall. To my father and other men in the country, the most humiliating of these tributes was the occasional parade in which women were made to march and turn their heads and acknowledge the great man as they passed the review stand. If you did not march, your cédula would not be stamped, and without a stamped identification card, you could do nothing; in particular, you could not obtain your passport to leave the country under the pretext of wanting to study heart surgery. This was the second escape—this time with his whole family—that my father was planning. The day came when my mother had to march. The parade went on for hours in the hot sun until my mother was sure she was going to faint. Her feet were swollen and hurting. The back of her white dress was damp with sweat. Finally when she thought she could not go one more step, the grandstand came into sight, a clutter of dress uniforms, a vague figure on the podium. Which statement best analyzes how the author develops the central idea across the paragraphs?

Alvarez traces how Trujillo demanded the tributes, how her family reacted, and how it was finally her mother's turn to pay tribute.

Which scenarios are examples of students using effective presentation skills in a student council meeting? Select two options.

Nakisha mentions another student's point of view to help explain her own perspective. Samir brings notes to the meeting so he can persuade council members by supporting his opinions with facts.

Which statement best explains why George Orwell chose to write a fable using animals as the major characters?

Because of its indirect approach, a fable about animals could deliver a political critique to a wider audience.

Read the passage from Sugar Changed the World. Sugar was the connection, the tie, between slavery and freedom. In order to create sugar, Europeans and colonists in the Americas destroyed Africans, turned them into objects. Just at that very same moment, Europeans—at home and across the Atlantic—decided that they could no longer stand being objects themselves. They each needed to vote, to speak out, to challenge the rules of crowned kings and royal princes. How could that be? Why did people keep speaking of equality while profiting from slaves? In fact, the global hunger for slave-grown sugar led directly to the end of slavery. Following the strand of sugar and slavery leads directly into the tumult of the Age of Revolutions. For in North America, then England, France, Haiti, and once again North America, the Age of Sugar brought about the great, final clash between freedom and slavery. Which sentence best states the authors' claim in this passage?

Economic demand for sugar led to political pressure to end enslavement.

Which statement best summarizes the overall theme of chapters 8 and 9?

Dictators, who at first promote virtuous ideals, become the worst enemies of the people whose lives they claim to improve.

The following sentence has a dangling modifier. Having been taught to cook by her grandmother, most recipes were found easy to follow. Which revision corrects the error in the sentence?

Having been taught to cook by her grandmother, she found most recipes easy to follow.

ggy is revising the following excerpt from his research-based essay on the effectiveness of animal shelters. Behaviorists studied sheltered animals to determine whether these animals showed increased signs of stress. These clinicians hypothesized that behaviors such as whale eye are much more prevalent in shelter inhabitants. Which revisions should Iggy make to best anticipate the needs of his audience (high school students and teachers)? Select two options.

He should adjust his word choice to fit the audience. He should include extended definitions for more challenging vocabulary.

Read the excerpt from chapter 6 of Animal Farm. It was about this time that the pigs suddenly moved into the farmhouse and took up their residence there. Again the animals seemed to remember that a resolution against this had been passed in the early days, and again Squealer was able to convince them that this was not the case. What do Squealer's actions in this passage suggest about his values?

He values his own comfort.

Read the passage from Sugar Changed the World. On the day the coolies were to depart, each one was given a "tin ticket," an identification disk, hung around the neck or strapped to the arm. The enslaved Africans who were taken to the sugar plantations lost their names; they were meant to be pure property. The Indian indentures were lied to, they were tricked, they were no more than cheap labor to keep the plantations running—but they were still individuals. Each of their names was carefully recorded in account books. What claim do the authors make in this passage?

Indians retained some of their individuality by being able to keep their names.

How does the dialogue develop the central idea?

It demonstrates that the children do not realize what the veils mean.

How does the caption develop the central idea?

It demonstrates the differing opinions among women in Iranian society.

What is the main purpose of a speech bubble in a graphic novel?

It illustrates internal thoughts.

Which statements are true of the exposition in the first chapter of Animal Farm? Check all that apply.

It provides background about the Manor Farm and the current power structure. It introduces the main characters, including Old Major, Mr. Jones, Clover, and Boxer. It introduces the story's main conflict between the animals on the farm and the humans.

Read the passage from Sugar Changed the World. For an African, whether you were sent to the Caribbean or South America, you were now part of the sugar machine. And it did not much matter where your ship landed. You could be working the fertile fields of Brazil or the hills of Jamaica; the brutal cycle of making sugar was much the same. How does the use of the word machine support the authors' claim in this passage?

Its negative connotation indicates that enslaved people had to work like robots instead of human beings.

How does Antigone as the archetype of a tragic heroine support the theme that "divine law is higher than mortal law"?

She sacrifices herself for her beliefs.

What theme is best supported by the story the bachelor tells in "The Storyteller"?

Pride comes before a fall.

Which statement describes dramatic irony?

Readers know something about a situation that the character does not know.

Read another excerpt from Colleen's research-based essay on trends in education. (1) One trend certain to remain, and even expand, is the trend toward integrating technology into the classroom. (2) In many districts, the classroom has been transformed into a high-tech zone, other districts are lagging, due to a lack of either resources or vision. (3) According to research, the most successful districts incorporate technology at a much higher rate of computer equipment per student than the least successful districts (Pellegrin 14). What is the best way for Colleen to revise the paragraph to effectively use transitions?

by adding the transition though before the phrase other districts in sentence 2

Read each sentence. Then, use the drop-down menus to complete the statements. The man was extremely cunning with his plans.A word that has a similar meaning as cunning and has a positive connotation is sly deceitful While rummaging through the sale rack, I found a cheap pair of running shoes.The denotative meaning of cheap in this sentence is "expensive ✔ not expensive The shirt my father is wearing is very loud. The word loud in this sentence has a negative connotation of "✔ visually shockinghigh in volume attention-getting."

clever. not expensive

To create variety, each sentence in this paragraph about sports uses a different sentence structure. Use the drop-down menu after each sentence to identify the sentence's structure. There are a variety of sports that can be done with a partner. Biking, running, weight lifting, yoga, and hiking are great examples, and you can pick an activity that is fun and challenging for both of you. complex sentence compound sentence Sports can give you the chance to improve your health; you can also deepen your friendship.

complex sentence compound-complex sentence compound sentence

For the last few days I've been quite sick. I've barely gotten out of bed. I've just been lying around coughing and sneezing. However, when my grandma and grandpa heard that I was sick, they came over at the drop of a hat. What is the meaning of the underlined idiom?

instantly

Read the passage from Sugar Changed the World. You could date a great change in the world to a visit one Madame Villeneuve made to France in 1714. That year, Pauline, an enslaved woman from the Caribbean, arrived in France as the personal servant of her mistress. When Madame Villeneuve set off from the coast to visit Paris, she left Pauline in a convent. The young woman spent her time studying with the nuns and went so far in her training that she asked to become a nun herself and remain in the convent. The nuns agreed, which enraged Madame Villeneuve. She rushed to a judge, demanding to have her property back. Was Pauline a free woman, a bride of Christ, or an item to be bought, sold, and warehoused when she was not in use? Twenty-three years earlier, King Louis XIV had issued a set of rules that defined slavery as legal in the French sugar islands. But when two slaves managed to reach France, he freed them—saying they became free "as soon as they [touched] the soil" of France. The judges sided with Pauline—she was real to them, human, not a piece of property. For Pauline's judges, as for King Louis, slavery far off across the seas was completely different from enslaved individuals in France. What claim do the authors make in this passage?

The judges' freeing of Pauline would have a significant effect on how people viewed involuntary servitude.

The mystery of where the milk went to was soon cleared up. It was mixed every day into the pigs' mash. The early apples were now ripening, and the grass of the orchard was littered with windfalls. The animals had assumed as a matter of course that these would be shared out equally; one day, however, the order went forth that all the windfalls were to be collected and brought to the harness-room for the use of the pigs. At this some of the other animals murmured, but it was no use. All the pigs were in full agreement on this point, even Snowball and Napoleon. Squealer was sent to make the necessary explanations to the others. -Animal Farm, George Orwell Which statement best explains the central idea of this passage?

The leaders believe that they should get more privileges than the laborers.

How does exaggeration create irony in this cartoon?

The oversized trophies create irony because readers expect that they are for winning, not participation.

Read the excerpt from chapter 6 of Animal Farm. By the autumn the animals were tired but happy. They had had a hard year, and after the sale of part of the hay and corn, the stores of food for the winter were none too plentiful, but the windmill compensated for everything. It was almost half built now. How does the pacing of this passage affect the reader's interpretation of the text?

The pace of the text quickens to move the story to its climax, the completion of the windmill.

Read this body paragraph from a research-based essay. Just as most high school students have a choice in what interests to pursue, their parents also have a choice. They must decide what role to play in nurturing their teens' interests. According to research, a parent's behavior toward a child engaged in an extracurricular activity directly affects the child's behavior. Dr. Yuma Blankenship states that a parent's behavior, such as emotional support and modeling, can influence a child's beliefs and value system both in and out of the activity that the child is participating in (Knight 7). Which statement is the best evaluation of this paragraph?

The paragraph is sound but needs more supporting evidence to be complete.

Read the paragraph. Volunteering at the animal shelter in my neighborhood has been a very rewarding experience. I started volunteering with a good friend of mine during summer vacation last year. Volunteering at the shelter is a lot of hard work, and it isn't always fun. Volunteers spend a lot of time cleaning out cages. What does the gerund phrase "volunteering at the animal shelter" contribute to the text?

The phrase acts as a noun that is the subject of the sentence.

Which plot events occur in chapters 8 and 9? Check all that apply.

The pigs reduce the animals' rations yet again. The pigs have Boxer killed, but they lie about him dying in the hospital. The animals rebuild the windmill with walls twice as thick as before. The pigs start drinking whiskey to excess and wearing green ribbons. Animal Farm is declared a republic, and Napoleon is elected president.

Read the topic sentence from a paragraph from Aaron's comparative essay. Like a crime movie, an episode from a television crime series generally focuses on the commission and investigation of a crime. What can be inferred about the rest of the essay from this sentence? Select four options

The preceding paragraph was about crime movies. The essay compares genres of visual crime fiction. This paragraph will offer details about episodic crime series. The later paragraphs will present a comparison of the genres.

Where art thou, Muse, that thou forget'st so longTo speak of that which gives thee all thy might?Spend'st thou thy fury on some worthless song,Darkening thy power to lend base subjects light? Return, forgetful Muse, and straight redeemIn gentle numbers time so idly spent;Sing to the ear that doth thy lays esteemAnd gives thy pen both skill and argument. Rise, restive Muse, my love's sweet face survey,If Time have any wrinkle graven there;If any, be a satire to decay,And make Time's spoils despised every where. Give my love fame faster than Time wastes life;So thou prevent'st his scythe and crooked knife. —"Sonnet 100,"William Shakespeare What is the primary purpose of the couplet in this sonnet?

The purpose is to inspire a poem that will help the speaker's beloved become famous and live forever

How does the atmosphere around the school contribute to the effectiveness of the cartoon?

The scary atmosphere grabs the reader's attention and dramatizes the loss of public schools.

How does character motivation affect a story's plot?

It helps move the plot forward.

Which evidence best supports the conclusion that the Grimms' fairy tales were not meant for children? Check all that apply.

Some of the tales discuss wars and other conflicts of the time. Many of the stories tell about the horrifying and brutal treatment of children. The tales often reveal the harsh living conditions of the 19th century.

"Payah kun," said the Eldest Magician, meaning, "That is quite right"; and he breathed upon the great rocks and lumps of earth that All-the-Elephant-there-was had thrown up, and they became the great Himalayan Mountains, and you can look them out on the map. . . . Then the Moon rose big and full over the water, and the Eldest Magician said to the hunchbacked old man who sits in the Moon spinning a fishing-line with which he hopes one day to catch the world, "Ho! Fisher of the Moon, are you playing with the Sea?" -"The Crab That Played with the Sea," Rudyard Kipling How does the use of imagery create meaning?

The imagery emphasizes the compassion and authority of the Eldest Magician.

Which details develop the central idea that the Grimms collected stories to preserve culture? Check all that apply.

The tales of the Grimm Brothers demonstrate how language and customs can create a bond between people. The Grimm Brothers recorded the stories because fewer and fewer people were collecting and preserving them. Their stories reveal truths about the conditions people lived in when the tales were recorded.

Read each sentence. Then, use the drop-down menus to complete the statements. The man was extremely cunning with his plans.A word that has a similar meaning as cunning and has a positive connotation is sly deceitful While rummaging through the sale rack, I found a cheap pair of running shoes.The denotative meaning of cheap in this sentence is The shirt my father is wearing is very loud. The word loud in this sentence has a negative connotation of "

clever. not expensive visually shocking

Read the excerpt from "The Royal House of Thebes." Antigone and Ismene heard with horror what Creon had decided. To Ismene, shocking as it was, overwhelming her with anguish for the pitiful dead body and the lonely, homeless soul, it seemed, nevertheless, that nothing could be done except to acquiesce [to accept without protest]. She and Antigone were utterly alone. All Thebes was exulting that the man who had brought war upon them should be thus terribly punished. "We are women," she told her sister. "We must obey. We have no strength to defy the State." Which archetype does Ismene best represent?

the coward

How do the facial expression of the character and the images develop the central idea?

It shows the narrator's distress about being caught between two worlds.

Which statements describe the last two lines of a Shakespearean sonnet? Select three options.

They rhyme with each other. They are referred to as a couplet. They may reinterpret the poem's meaning.

Read the research question. Why do high school students not spend enough time doing physical activity each day? Which statement is the best evaluation of the research question?

It is too biased; this research question contains an opinion and cannot be answered through research.

How does the analogy in this cartoon clarify the cartoonist's meaning?

Comparing something that is part of nature to something that is not shows that plastic bags are a problem.

What meaning is revealed through the use of an analogy in this cartoon?

Consumers are trading retail store shopping for online shopping.

What is the most important claim that the authors make in "Part Four: Back to Our Stories: New Workers, New Sugar" in Sugar Changed the World?

Sugar production and trade had a global impact on slavery and rebellion.

What is the best definition of satire?

writing that uses ridicule to draw attention to an issue or make a point

Which excerpt from "The Storyteller" best supports the theme that the purpose of stories is to entertain?

"'At any rate,' said the bachelor, collecting his belongings preparatory to leaving the carriage, 'I kept them quiet for ten minutes, which was more than you were able to do.

Read the passage from Animal Farm. All through that summer the work of the farm went like clockwork. The animals were happy as they had never conceived it possible to be. Every mouthful of food was an acute positive pleasure, now that it was truly their own food, produced by themselves and for themselves, not doled out to them by a grudging master. With the worthless parasitical human beings gone, there was more for everyone to eat. Which detail best supports the central idea that the animals felt pride in growing and supplying their own food?

"Every mouthful of food was an acute positive pleasure, now that it was truly their own food."

Selena wrote this topic sentence in her analysis of Enrique's Journey. The writer shows why it is dangerous for migrants to sleep during their trip north. Which piece of evidence from the biography bestsupports Selena's analysis?

"For a while, he stands on a narrow ledge at the end of a fuel tanker. It is just inches above the wheels. He cannot let himself fall asleep; one good shake of the train, and he would tumble off."

Read the passage from Sugar Changed the World. For an African, whether you were sent to the Caribbean or South America, you were now part of the sugar machine. And it did not much matter where your ship landed. You could be working the fertile fields of Brazil or the hills of Jamaica; the brutal cycle of making sugar was much the same. If the terrain was not too rocky or hilly, you might be part of a group of slaves who drove teams of oxen to draw plows across the fields. On rougher ground, you were sent out to clear a space five inches deep and five feet square. Then you dug holes for the cane shoots in the cleared squares. You needed to work quickly and without stopping. Overseers watched closely to make sure of that, beating slaves who did not carve out at least twenty-eight holes an hour on one French island. Which excerpt best states the author's claim?

"For an African, whether you were sent to the Caribbean or South America, you were now part of the sugar machine."

Today, few people have heard of Jundi Shapur. But in its time, it was an exceptional university. Jundi Shapur was built in what is now Iran sometime between the 400s and mid-500s A.D. We can only guess the dates, but we do know more about the school. It was the meeting place of the world's great minds. In 529, Christians closed the school of Athens—the last link to the academies of Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. The remaining Greek scholars moved to Jundi Shapur. Jews joined them, as did a group of Christians called Nestorians, who had their own ancient and scholarly traditions. Persians added their voices, and one of their learned doctors set off for what is now India, to gather and translate the wisdom of the Hindus. The school created the very first teaching hospital in the world, a place where the sick were treated and young doctors learned their craft, as well as a fine observatory to track the heavens. At Jundi Shapur the best scholars west of China all gathered to think and study together. -Sugar Changed the World,Marc Aronson and Marina Budhos Which details from the text support the central idea of this passage? Check all that apply.

"Greek scholars moved to Jundi Shapur." "Nestorians . . . had their own ancient and scholarly traditions." "The school created the very first teaching hospital in the world."

"Payah kun," said the Eldest Magician, meaning, "That is quite right"; and he breathed upon the great rocks and lumps of earth that All-the-Elephant-there-was had thrown up, and they became the great Himalayan Mountains, and you can look them out on the map. . . . Then the Moon rose big and full over the water, and the Eldest Magician said to the hunchbacked old man who sits in the Moon spinning a fishing-line with which he hopes one day to catch the world, "Ho! Fisher of the Moon, are you playing with the Sea?" -"The Crab That Played with the Sea," Rudyard Kipling Which sentence most effectively helps to create a whimsical tone in this passage?

"Ho! Fisher of the Moon, are you playing with the Sea?"

What evidence in "The Storyteller." best highlights the flaws in the aunt in order to create satire? Select threeoptions.

"In a low, confidential voice, interrupted at frequent intervals by loud, petulant questionings from her listeners, she began an unenterprising and deplorably uninteresting story about a little girl who was good." "'It's a very difficult thing to tell stories that children can both understand and appreciate,' she said stiffly." "A most improper story to tell to young children! You have undermined the effect of years of careful teaching."

Human rights versus property rights. That argument goes on today as, for example, we debate how closely to regulate coal mining. Is it best to let owners set rules, which is likely to give all of us cheaper coal, or to have the government set standards, which is more likely to protect workers and the environment? In France, one side argued that slaves must be freed. The other said that to change anything in the sugar islands would invite slave revolts, help France's rivals, and thus hurt the nation. In the new United States, the Revolution gave white men with property a sense of freedom, while Africans were still enslaved. In England, abolitionists spoke up for Africans, but kings and lords still ruled. In France, revolutionaries were turning against their own nobles but remained uncertain about what this meant for enslaved Africans on their sugar islands. The Age of Revolutions was pressing ideas of freedom against the rights of property, and no one was sure where these great clashes would lead. In revolutionary France, the defenders of slaves began to win the argument against the advocates of property rights. By fall of 1791, the French passed a law making free blacks and people of mixed background on the sugar islands legally equal to all other Frenchmen. - Sugar Changed the World, Marc Aronson and Marina Budhos Which line from the passage best provides evidence that the sugar trade led to the end of slavery?

"In revolutionary France, the defenders of slaves began to win the argument against the advocates of property rights."

Read the passage from Animal Farm. Napoleon himself appeared at the meeting on the following Sunday morning and pronounced a short oration in Boxer's honour. It had not been possible, he said, to bring back their lamented comrade's remains for interment on the farm, but he had ordered a large wreath to be made from the laurels in the farmhouse garden and sent down to be placed on Boxer's grave. And in a few days' time the pigs intended to hold a memorial banquet in Boxer's honour. Napoleon ended his speech with a reminder of Boxer's two favourite maxims, "I will work harder" and "Comrade Napoleon is always right"—maxims, he said, which every animal would do well to adopt as his own. Which detail does Orwell include to support the theme that dictators care only about themselves and not those they rule?

"Napoleon ended his speech with a reminder of Boxer's two favourite maxims, 'I will work harder' and 'Comrade Napoleon is always right'—maxims, he said, which every animal would do well to adopt as his own."

Read the excerpt from chapter 10 of Animal Farm. There was enthusiastic cheering and stamping of feet. Napoleon was so gratified that he left his place and came round the table to clink his mug against Mr. Pilkington's before emptying it. When the cheering had died down, Napoleon, who had remained on his feet, intimated that he too had a few words to say. Like all of Napoleon's speeches, it was short and to the point. He too, he said, was happy that the period of misunderstanding was at an end. For a long time there had been rumours—circulated, he had reason to think, by some malignant enemy—that there was something subversive and even revolutionary in the outlook of himself and his colleagues. They had been credited with attempting to stir up rebellion among the animals on neighbouring farms. Nothing could be further from the truth! Which quotation best shows the use of irony?

"Nothing could be further from the truth!"

Is it not crystal clear, then, comrades, that all the evils of this life of ours spring from the tyranny of human beings? Only get rid of Man, and the produce of our labour would be our own. Almost overnight we could become rich and free. What then must we do? Why, work night and day, body and soul, for the overthrow of the human race! That is my message to you, comrades: Rebellion! -Animal Farm,George Orwell What evidence from the text best supports the idea that Old Major thinks that animals should be equal to humans? Check all that apply.

"Only get rid of Man, and the produce of our labour would be our own." "Almost overnight we could become rich and free." "That is my message to you, comrades: Rebellion!"

Read the passage from Sugar Changed the World. In every single American slave state, the population of enslaved people kept rising even after the slave trade was abolished. That was because enough enslaved children were born, lived, and grew to become adults. There was just one exception to this rule: Louisiana, where the native-born enslaved population kept dropping. Sugar was a killer. Unlike the Caribbean, Louisiana has cold snaps. That put an additional pressure on the sugar harvest. Not only did the slaves need to harvest the cane in perfect rhythm with the grinding mills, but the entire crop had to be cut down between mid-October and December. This pace only increased when growers installed improved, steam-powered mills. People needed to work faster than the weather and to keep pace with machines. Which line from the passage best provides evidence to support the claim that sugar was more of "a killer" in Louisiana than in the Caribbean?

"People needed to work faster than the weather. . . ."

Slavery was abolished in the British Empire in 1833, thirty years before the Emancipation Proclamation in the United States. But even after they freed their slaves, the sugar plantation owners were desperate to find cheap labor to cut cane and process sugar. So the British owners looked to another part of the empire—India—and recruited thousands of men and women, who were given five-year contracts and a passage back. -Sugar Changed the World,Marc Aronson and Marina Budhos Which excerpt from the passage provides evidence of a chronological structure?

"Slavery was abolished . . . thirty years before the Emancipation Proclamation."

Read the passage from Sugar Changed the World. Traditionally, English workers had brewed their own beer, which they drank along with bread, their other major source of food. A Scottish writer of the late 1700s noticed that tea had "become an economical substitute to the middle and lower classes of society for malt liquor," which they could no longer afford. "Tea," which had to be transported from Asia, and "sugar brought from the West Indies . . . compose a drink cheaper than beer." The new drink soon became not only cheap but necessary. Why did the English, in particular, need a low-cost, filling hot drink? In a word: factories. England was the first country in the world to shift from making most of its money in traditional places, such as farms, mines, or small shops, to factories. In the early 1800s the English figured out how to build machines to weave cloth, and how to organize workers so that they could run the machines. Factory workers needed to leave their homes to go to work—they were not on farms where they could grow their own food, nor were they in shops where they could stop when they wanted to have a snack. Instead, they worked together in long shifts, taking breaks when allowed. Factory workers needed cheap food that was easy to transport and that gave them the energy to last until the next break. All over England, in sooty cities such as Manchester and Liverpool, when the factory whistle blew, workers would set down their presses and file out to drink a quick cup of tea sweetened with sugar—usually dipping a piece of bread in the warm drink. Soon a smart manufacturer figured out that this break, and the need for a jolt of sweetness, was an opportunity. English workers were offered sugary cookies and candies—what we call today energy bars—that quick pick-me-up that helped workers to make it through their long shifts. Starting around 1800, sugar became the staple food that allowed the English factories—the most advanced economies in the world—to run. Sugar supplied the energy, the hint of nutrition, the sweet taste to go with the warmth of tea that even the poorest factory worker could look forward to. Sugar was a necessity. Which text evidence best supports the authors' claim that sugar became an essential source of energy to English workers in the 1800s?

"Starting around 1800, sugar became the staple food that allowed the English factories—the most advanced economies in the world—to run."

Read the introduction to Dan DeLuca's argument. Bob Dylan is the songwriter who opened up the doors of possibility to all who followed. He was the mysterious bard with a guitar who sent out a clarion call—first as the acoustic Voice of His Generation, then as the plugged-in rocker who remained a master of the unexpected for five decades—that the words pop singers sang were worthy of being taken seriously. "Dylan was a revolutionary," Bruce Springsteen said in his 1988 speech inducting Dylan into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. "The way that Elvis freed your body, Bob freed your mind." Early masterpieces such as "A Hard Rain's A-Gonna Fall" and "Visions Of Johanna" and "Like A Rolling Stone" fueled a debate: Are rock lyrics poetry? The answer must be yes, because on Thursday, Dylan was awarded the highest honor for a writer: the Nobel Prize in literature. The Swedish Academy, in making him the first American winner since novelist Toni Morrison in 1993, cited him for "having created new poetic expressions within the great American song tradition." Which statement summarizes DeLuca's claim?

"The Swedish Academy . . . cited him for 'having created new poetic expressions within the great American song tradition.'"

Read this excerpt from Ani's evaluation of Dan DeLuca's argument in his article "Dylan's Nobel Prize Settles Debate: Rock Lyrics Are Poetry." DeLuca offers a haphazard patchwork of reasoning and evidence that leaves the reader wondering whether he believes his own claim. He remains focused on Dylan's body of work, quoting not only supporters of the Nobel committee's choice, but also detractors. DeLuca also includes a liberal sampling of Dylan's song lyrics, but he largely leaves them to speak for themselves. What evidence from the article best supports Ani's evaluation? Select two options.

"The Swedish Academy's decision to honor Dylan set off an online debate, with Scottish Trainspottingnovelist Irvine Welsh calling it 'an ill conceived nostalgia award wrenched from the rancid prostates of senile, gibbering hippies.'" "On one end of Dylan's songwriting spectrum is the vengeful, resolute, and timeless 'Masters Of War' . . . . It's high dudgeon at its finest: 'Let me ask you one question: Is your money that good? / Will it buy you forgiveness? Do you think that it could?'"

The mystery of where the milk went to was soon cleared up. It was mixed every day into the pigs' mash. The early apples were now ripening, and the grass of the orchard was littered with windfalls. The animals had assumed as a matter of course that these would be shared out equally; one day, however, the order went forth that all the windfalls were to be collected and brought to the harness-room for the use of the pigs. At this some of the other animals murmured, but it was no use. All the pigs were in full agreement on this point, even Snowball and Napoleon. Squealer was sent to make the necessary explanations to the others. -Animal Farm, George Orwell Which details develop the central idea that the leaders believe that they deserve more than the other animals? Check all that apply.

"The animals had assumed as a matter of course that these would be shared out equally." "All the windfalls were to be collected . . . for the use of the pigs." "All the pigs were in full agreement on this point, even Snowball and Napoleon."

Read the passage from chapter 2 of Animal Farm. Some hams hanging in the kitchen were taken out for burial, and the barrel of beer in the scullery was stove in with a kick from Boxer's hoof, otherwise nothing in the house was touched. A unanimous resolution was passed on the spot that the farmhouse should be preserved as a museum. All were agreed that no animal must ever live there. The animals had their breakfast, and then Snowball and Napoleon called them together again. "Comrades," said Snowball, "it is half-past six and we have a long day before us. Today we begin the hay harvest." Which quotation from this passage is an example of foreshadowing?

"The farmhouse should be preserved as a museum. All were agreed that no animal must ever live there."

Sugar was the connection, the tie, between slavery and freedom. In order to create sugar, Europeans and colonists in the Americas destroyed Africans, turned them into objects. Just at that very same moment, Europeans—at home and across the Atlantic—decided that they could no longer stand being objects themselves. They each needed to vote, to speak out, to challenge the rules of crowned kings and royal princes. How could that be? Why did people keep speaking of equality while profiting from slaves? In fact, the global hunger for slave-grown sugar led directly to the end of slavery. Following the strand of sugar and slavery leads directly into the tumult of the Age of Revolutions. For in North America, then England, France, Haiti, and once again North America, the Age of Sugar brought about the great, final clash between freedom and slavery. -Sugar Changed the World, Marc Aronson and Marina Budhos Which quotation states the claim of the passage?

"The global hunger for slave-grown sugar led directly to the end of slavery."

Read the passage from Sugar Changed the World. Cutting cane was hard work, but it was nothing like what came next: Piles of freshly cut cane had to be fed into the ever-turning mill wheels, until they were completely crushed. The owners insisted that during the work hours the grinding never stop, no matter what. The mills were most often tended by women who were doing dangerous work while getting almost no rest. That was a very bad combination. An ax was often propped up near the rollers so if a slave closed her eyes for a second while pushing the cane, her arm could be hacked off before she was pulled through the merciless grinders. Guests at sugar plantations often remarked on how many one-armed people they saw. Day after day, week after week, month after month, the cane was cut, hauled to the mill, and fed through the rollers. The mills kept going as long as there was cane to grind—the season varied between four and ten months, depending on the local growing conditions. A visitor who came to Brazil in 1630 described the scene: "People the color of the very night, working briskly and moaning at the same time without a moment of peace or rest, whoever sees all the confused and noisy machinery . . . will say that this indeed is the image of Hell." Which text evidence best supports the authors' claim that a frantic pace made working conditions even worse?

"The owners insisted that during the work hours the grinding never stop, no matter what."

Read the passage, then answer the question that follows. As ever, sugar work was brutally hard. The workers woke early, and for the first few months they were "seasoned"—learning the numbing work of hoeing or weeding or loading the barges with cut cane. After they were broken in, they might take on other tasks or, if they were lucky, get a place at the factory. The Indians' contracts called for seven hours' work for about twenty-four cents a day. During the first few months, though, eight cents a week was deducted for food rations. And no matter what the words said on a piece of paper, sugar workers did not work just seven hours. More often than not, they labored as long as there was light, in the broiling heat. And though they might not be shackled or whipped like slaves, their lives were completely controlled by the terrifying overseers. -Sugar Changed the World, Marc Aronson and Marina Budhos Which quotation best gives empirical evidence supporting the central idea that the Indians' working conditions were similar to slavery?

"Their lives were completely controlled by the terrifying overseers."

Read the passage from chapter 2 of Animal Farm. But they woke at dawn as usual, and suddenly remembering the glorious thing that had happened, they all raced out into the pasture together. A little way down the pasture there was a knoll that commanded a view of most of the farm. The animals rushed to the top of it and gazed round them in the clear morning light. Yes, it was theirs—everything that they could see was theirs! In the ecstasy of that thought they gamboled round and round, they hurled themselves into the air in great leaps of excitement. They rolled in the dew, they cropped mouthfuls of the sweet summer grass, they kicked up clods of the black earth and snuffed its rich scent. Then they made a tour of inspection of the whole farm and surveyed with speechless admiration the ploughland, the hayfield, the orchard, the pool, the spinney. It was as though they had never seen these things before, and even now they could hardly believe that it was all their own. Which excerpt from the passage uses imagery to describe the scene?

"They rolled in the dew, they cropped mouthfuls of the sweet summer grass, they kicked up clods of the black earth and snuffed its rich scent."

Read the passage from Animal Farm. Out of spite, the human beings pretended not to believe that it was Snowball who had destroyed the windmill: they said that it had fallen down because the walls were too thin. The animals knew that this was not the case. Still, it had been decided to build the walls three feet thick this time instead of eighteen inches as before, which meant collecting much larger quantities of stone. For a long time the quarry was full of snowdrifts and nothing could be done. Some progress was made in the dry frosty weather that followed, but it was cruel work, and the animals could not feel so hopeful about it as they had felt before. They were always cold, and usually hungry as well. Only Boxer and Clover never lost heart. Squealer made excellent speeches on the joy of service and the dignity of labour, but the other animals found more inspiration in Boxer's strength and his never-failing cry of "I will work harder!" Which detail from the text best demonstrates the effect of totalitarianism on the animals?

"They were always cold, and usually hungry as well."

Read the excerpt from "A Genetics of Justice" by Julia Alvarez. When my sisters and I cared too much about our appearance, my mother would tell us how Trujillo's vanity knew no bounds. How in order to appear taller, his shoes were specially made abroad with built-in heels that added inches to his height. How plumes for his Napoleonic hats were purchased in Paris and shipped in vacuum-packed boxes to the Island. How his uniforms were trimmed with tassels and gold epaulettes and red sashes, pinned with his medals, crisscrossing his chest. How he costumed himself in dress uniforms and ceremonial hats and white gloves—all of this in a tropical country where men wore guayaberas in lieu of suit jackets, short-sleeved shirts worn untucked so the body could be ventilated. My mother could go on and on. Which quotation provides the best evidence for the central idea of this excerpt?

"Trujillo's vanity knew no bounds."

Read the passage from Animal Farm. Since Jones had left the farm, until today, no animal had killed another animal. Not even a rat had been killed. They had made their way on to the little knoll where the half-finished windmill stood, and with one accord they all lay down as though huddling together for warmth—Clover, Muriel, Benjamin, the cows, the sheep, and a whole flock of geese and hens—everyone, indeed, except the cat, who had suddenly disappeared just before Napoleon ordered the animals to assemble. For some time nobody spoke. Only Boxer remained on his feet. He fidgeted to and fro, swishing his long black tail against his sides and occasionally uttering a little whinny of surprise. Finally he said: "I do not understand it. I would not have believed that such things could happen on our farm. It must be due to some fault in ourselves. The solution, as I see it, is to work harder. From now onwards I shall get up a full hour earlier in the mornings." And he moved off at his lumbering trot and made for the quarry. Having got there, he collected two successive loads of stone and dragged them down to the windmill before retiring for the night. Which detail from the passage supports the idea that Orwell wrote this novel to demonstrate the horrors of totalitarianism?

"Until today, no animal had killed another animal."

Read the passage from Animal Farm. The other animals understood how to vote, but could never think of any resolutions of their own. Snowball and Napoleon were by far the most active in the debates. But it was noticed that these two were never in agreement: whatever suggestion either of them made, the other could be counted on to oppose it. Even when it was resolved—a thing no one could object to in itself—to set aside the small paddock behind the orchard as a home of rest for animals who were past work, there was a stormy debate over the correct retiring age for each class of animal. The Meeting always ended with the singing of "Beasts of England," and the afternoon was given up to recreation. Which detail best supports the central idea that Snowball and Napoleon are fighting for power?

"Whatever suggestion either of them made, the other could be counted on to oppose it."

The English public, now consuming some eighteen pounds of sugar a year, knew little about the lives of the enslaved Africans whose labor sweetened their meals. Worse yet, every Englishman who hammered the wood, sewed the sails, manufactured the rope for slave ships, or built the barrels to hold slave-harvested sugar made his money from the slave trade. The English were getting richer because Africans were being turned into property. Clarkson and others who believed as he did, who in the coming decades would be called abolitionists, realized that while that link gave the English a stake in slavery, it also gave the antislavery forces an opportunity. If they could reverse the flow—make the horrors of slavery visible to those who benefited from it—they might be able to end the vile practice forever. -Sugar Changed the World, Marc Aronson and Marina Budhos Which quotation provides evidence to support the claim that the sugar trade led to the end of slavery?

"While that link gave the English a stake in slavery, it also gave the antislavery forces an opportunity."

A rock drawing in Spain from about 7000 B.C. shows a man who has climbed a hillside, found a crevice holding a hive, and is reaching in to grab the honey. Indeed, a lucky wanderer in just about any part of Europe, Africa, or Asia that wasn't covered with ice could stumble on a hive and—at the risk of some stings—come away with a treat. (People in the Americas had no bees, so used syrups made from maple trees, agave cactus, or mashed fruits for their sweeteners.) Then someone figured out that you didn't have to be lucky. You could hollow out a log near bees, and they would make it their home. You could "keep" bees—you didn't have to find them. -Sugar Changed the World,Marc Aronson and Marina Budhos Which excerpt from the passage provides evidence of a problem-and-solution structure?

"You could hollow out a log near bees, and they would make it their home."

"Comrades!" he cried. "You do not imagine, I hope, that we pigs are doing this in a spirit of selfishness and privilege? Many of us actually dislike milk and apples. I dislike them myself. Our sole object in taking these things is to preserve our health. Milk and apples (this has been proved by Science, comrades) contain substances absolutely necessary to the well-being of a pig. We pigs are brainworkers. The whole management and organization of this farm depend on us. Day and night we are watching over your welfare. It is for YOUR sake that we drink that milk and eat those apples. Do you know what would happen if we pigs failed in our duty? Jones would come back! Yes, Jones would come back!" -Animal Farm, George Orwell Which details support the central idea that people in power use lies and deceit to control others? Check all that apply.

"You do not imagine, I hope, that we pigs are doing this in a spirit of selfishness and privilege?" "Day and night we are watching over your welfare." "It is for YOUR sake that we drink that milk and eat those apples.

Read Shakespeare's "Sonnet 130." My mistress' eyes are nothing like the sun;Coral is far more red, than her lips red:If snow be white, why then her breasts are dun;If hairs be wires, black wires grow on her head.I have seen roses damask'd, red and white,But no such roses see I in her cheeks;And in some perfumes is there more delightThan in the breath that from my mistress reeks.I love to hear her speak, yet well I knowThat music hath a far more pleasing sound:I grant I never saw a goddess go,—My mistress, when she walks, treads on the ground:And yet by heaven, I think my love as rare,As any she belied with false compare. Which words and phrases in the sonnet indicate that the tone is satirical? Select two options.

"black wires" "reeks"

When my sisters and I cared too much about our appearance, my mother would tell us how Trujillo's vanity knew no bounds. How in order to appear taller, his shoes were specially made abroad with built-in heels that added inches to his height. How plumes for his Napoleonic hats were purchased in Paris and shipped in vacuum-packed boxes to the Island. How his uniforms were trimmed with tassels and gold epaulettes and red sashes, pinned with his medals, crisscrossing his chest. How he costumed himself in dress uniforms and ceremonial hats and white gloves—all of this in a tropical country where men wore guayaberas in lieu of suit jackets, short-sleeved shirts worn untucked so the body could be ventilated. My mother could go on and on. -"A Genetics of Justice,"Julia Alvarez Which quotation from the passage supports the central idea that Trujillo worried about his appearance?

"built-in heels that added inches to his height"

Read the excerpt from "A Genetics of Justice" by Julia Alvarez. Perhaps because she had innocently revered him, my mother was now doubly revolted by this cold-blooded monster. He became something of an obsession with her—living as she was by then in exile with my father, isolated from her family who were still living on the Island. As my sisters and I were growing up, Trujillo and his excesses figured in many of my mother's cautionary tales. Which details does the author include to support the central idea about how her mother felt about the dictator? Select three options.

"doubly revolted" "obsession" "cautionary tales"

And you, Clover, where are those four foals you bore, who should have been the support and pleasure of your old age? Each was sold at a year old—you will never see one of them again. In return for your four confinements and all your labour in the fields, what have you ever had except your bare rations and a stall? -Animal Farm,George Orwell Which evidence from the text best supports the conclusion that Clover represents the exploited working class? Check all that apply.

"each was sold at a year old" "all your labour in the fields" "your bare rations and a stall"

By sending these children away, "you are handing them a death sentence," says José Arnulfo Ochoa Ochoa, an expert in Honduras with World Vision International, a Christian humanitarian aid group. This abrogates international conventions we have signed and undermines our credibility as a humane country. It would be a disgrace if this wealthy nation turned its back on the 52,000 children who have arrived since October, many of them legitimate refugees. —"The Children of the Drug Wars,"Sonia Nazario Which phrases indicate this passage is from an editorial? Check all that apply.

"handing them a death sentence" "undermines our credibility as a humane country" "would be a disgrace"

The Italian merchants sometimes sailed across the Mediterranean Sea to Syria, where they could buy black pepper that had been grown on the southwest coast of India. The tiny dried black peppercorns were the perfect item to trade, because the small ships of the time could carry enough to make a nice profit. From India the pepper was shipped across to Arabia, where camel caravans would carry it all the way to Syria. The Italians could purchase enough pepper in Syria to carry with them to the next Champagne fair. Every count whose cook added the bite of costly black pepper to his food knew he was getting a taste of far distant lands. As late as 1300, Jean de Joieville, a French writer who had actually lived in the Muslim world, still believed that these spices came from the outer edges of the Garden of Eden, located somewhere along the river Nile. There, people "cast their nets outspread into the river, at night; and when morning comes, they find in their nets such goods as . . . ginger, rhubarb, wood of aloes, and cinnamon." -Sugar Changed the World,Marc Aronson and Marina Budhos Which details from the text support the central idea of this passage? Check all that apply.

"sailed across the Mediterranean Sea to Syria" "grown on the southwest coast of India" "From India the pepper was shipped across to Arabia"

To ensure this isn't a sham process, asylum officers and judges must be trained in child-sensitive interviewing techniques to help elicit information from fearful, traumatized youngsters. All children must also be represented by a volunteer or government-funded lawyer. Kids in Need of Defense, a nonprofit that recruits pro bono lawyers to represent immigrant children and whose board I serve on, estimates that 40 percent to 60 percent of these children potentially qualify to stay under current immigration laws—and do, if they have a lawyer by their side. The vast majority do not. The only way to ensure we are not hurtling children back to circumstances that could cost them their lives is by providing them with real due process. —"The Children of the Drug Wars," Sonia Nazario Which words or phrases from the passage have strong connotations that support the author's purpose? Check all that apply.

"sham process" "fearful, traumatized youngsters" "hurtling children back"

But the execution was an external event, not necessarily an internal exorcism. All their lives my parents, along with a nation of Dominicans, had learned the habits of repression, censorship, terror. Those habits would not disappear with a few bullets and a national liberation proclamation. They would not disappear on a plane ride north that put hundreds of miles distance between the Island and our apartment in New York. And so, long after we had left, my parents were still living in the dictatorship inside their own heads. Even on American soil, they were afraid of awful consequences if they spoke out or disagreed with authorities. The First Amendment right to free speech meant nothing to them. Silence about anything "political" was the rule in our house. -"A Genetics of Justice,"Julia Alvarez Which evidence from the text best supports the central idea that the lasting effects of injustice are not easy to correct?

"still living in the dictatorship inside their own heads"

And when they thought of how they had laboured, what discouragements they had overcome, and the enormous difference that would be made in their lives when the sails were turning and the dynamos running—when they thought of all this, their tiredness forsook them and they gambolled round and round the windmill, uttering cries of triumph. Napoleon himself, attended by his dogs and his cockerel, came down to inspect the completed work; he personally congratulated the animals on their achievement, and announced that the mill would be named Napoleon Mill. -Animal Farm,George Orwell What evidence supports the theme that belief can thrive even in dire situations? Check all that apply.

"they thought of how they had laboured" "what discouragements they had overcome" "they gambolled round and round the windmill, uttering cries of triumph"

Read the passage from chapter 2 of Animal Farm. Napoleon was a large, rather fierce-looking Berkshire boar, the only Berkshire on the farm, not much of a talker, but with a reputation for getting his own way. Snowball was a more vivacious pig than Napoleon, quicker in speech and more inventive, but was not considered to have the same depth of character. All the other male pigs on the farm were porkers. The best known among them was a small fat pig named Squealer, with very round cheeks, twinkling eyes, nimble movements, and a shrill voice. He was a brilliant talker, and when he was arguing some difficult point he had a way of skipping from side to side and whisking his tail which was somehow very persuasive. The others said of Squealer that he could turn black into white. Which excerpts from the passage use imagery to describe an animal? Select two options.

"with very round cheeks, twinkling eyes, nimble movements, and a shrill voice" "way of skipping from side to side and whisking his tail"

Each pair of sentences can be combined to create one compound sentence. Determine which choice best combines them. Refinishing furniture is a creative hobby. Not everyone loves to scour garage sales to find old items. Going to flea markets can help you to notice unique qualities in used items. Beauty can be found where you least expect it. Specialized equipment can make the refinishing process easier. Painting the furniture can be creative with the right tools. Some people like refinishing old furniture. Others prefer buying new items.

, but , for , and semicolon

What is the structure of a Shakespearean sonnet?

A Shakespearean sonnet has three quatrains and ends with a couplet.

Read the passage, then answer the questions that follow. By the turn of the twentieth century, the colonies were changing. Sugar still dominated the local economy. But now there were more and more "free" workers—those who had moved off the estates and lived in their own houses, splitting their time between sugar work and their own businesses. There were Indian shopkeepers, traders, and rice growers. The Africans, too, had migrated to the cities, where they became clerks, teachers, or servants in wealthy households. A new society was emerging—one that had its roots in the dark history of slavery but was also moving into the future. -Sugar Changed the World, Marc Aronson and Marina Budhos Which sentence best states the central idea of the passage? Which quotation from the passage is a detail that bestsupports the central idea?

A new society was emerging. "But now there were more and more 'free' workers.

How does the travelogue genre best support Polo's purpose for writing?

A travelogue gives details about places and cultures that readers may not know about.

Read the two passages from Sugar Changed the World. The abolitionists were brilliant. They created the most effective public relations campaign in history, inventing techniques that we use to this day. When he spoke, Clarkson brandished whips and handcuffs used on slaves; he published testimonials from sailors and ship doctors who described the atrocities and punishments on slave ships. When Olaudah Equiano published his memoir, he educated his readers about the horrors of the slave trade. And then, when the English began to understand what slavery really was, Clarkson and others organized what we would call a boycott of "the blood-sweetened beverage." Slave labor was valuable because it produced cheap sugar that everyone wanted to buy. But if people stopped buying that sugar, the whole slave system would collapse. In the years leading up to the American Revolution, the women of New England refused to buy English products and English tea. The loss of income made London rescind some of the taxes it had imposed on America. Now this same tactic—boycotting—was used to fight slavery. Some 400,000 English people stopped buying the sugar that slaves grew and harvested. Instead, they bought loaves of sugar that carried a label that said, "Produced by the labor of FREEMEN"—the sugar came from India. Back in England, Clarkson and his friends saw their chance: France was no longer in the midst of a revolution, and Napoleon's sugar dreams had failed. England now had no excuse; the abolitionists would force their countrymen to face the question: Was England a nation built on Christian beliefs or on treating people as property? In 1806, the antislavery forces brought a new bill before Parliament that would limit British involvement in the slave trade. Some of the most powerful testimony in favor of the bill came from former army officers who had been to the Caribbean and had seen the courage of the former slaves and the horrors of slavery. The slaves spoke through the testimony of the very men who had gone to fight them. One member of Parliament told his colleagues of the tortures he had seen in the islands. Slavery was not an abstraction, an economic force, a counter in the game of world politics—it was the suffering of men and women. Members of Parliament were being confronted with the reality of slavery, just as audiences at Clarkson's lectures were when he showed shackles and whips. While Parliament debated the new bill, Clarkson and his allies went on lecturing, talking, changing minds all across England. They succeeded. Newspapers reported that even in Bristol, a port city with a harbor filled with slave ships, "the popular sentiment has been very strongly expressed against the continuance of that traffick in human flesh." William Wilberforce, another leader of the abolitionist cause, felt the new mood in his country. "God can turn the hearts of men," he marveled. Many members of Parliament recognized the same change in the "sense of the nation." In 1807 a bill to ban all English involvement in slave trading passed the House of Commons, then the House of Lords. At precisely noon on March 25, King George III signed the law. Which claim do both passages support?

Abolitionists used powerful speeches and presentations to engage people and persuade them to join the abolitionists' cause.

In his article, John Schwartz presents the reasoning that wastewater recycling has a public perception challenge to overcome. Which piece of evidence sufficiently supports this reason?

Activists have coined the slogan "toilet to tap" to discourage the use of wastewater.

Which scenarios are examples of verbal irony? Select two options.

After finally finishing your paper for history, you drop it in a puddle of water. "Oh great! That is just what I need!" you exclaim. Your mom comes into your room and sees clothes strewn on the floor. "I think you're going to win an award for cleanliness," she says.

The following sentence has a dangling modifier. After reading the book it was based on, several key plot elements were missing from the movie. Which revision best corrects the error in this sentence?

After reading the book that the movie was based on, I noticed that the movie was missing several key plot elements.

Read the passage from Sugar Changed the World. The year is 326 B.C. Alexander the Great stands at the Indus River in what is now Pakistan. For a decade he and his Greek soldiers have been battling their way across the known world, defeating even the mighty Persians, rulers of Asia. Alexander's string of victories only feeds his hunger to conquer all, to know all. But his men balk. Tired of fighting, homesick, they refuse to go on. Alexander realizes he cannot continue to conquer Asia, but he is too curious to stop exploring. He has already built a fleet of eight hundred ships, appointed his close friend Nearchus captain, and sent them to investigate the coast of lndia by sea. Which statement best summarizes this passage?

Alexander the Great continued exploring even though his Greek soldiers quit.

Read the excerpt from "A Genetics of Justice" by Julia Alvarez. Passage A: In December 1960, four months after our arrival, Timemagazine reported the murder of the three Mirabal sisters, who along with their husbands had started the national underground Dominican Republic. My parents confiscated the magazine. To our many questions about what was going on, my mother always had the ready answer, "En boca cerrada no entran moscas." No flies fly into a closed mouth. Later, I found out that this very saying had been scratched on the lintel of the entrance of the SIM's torture center at La Cuarenta. Passage B: The novel would be a fictional retelling of the story of three Mirabal sisters, contemporaries of my mother, whose murder had been reported in that confiscated Time magazine. This time, my mother warned, I was not just going to anger family members, but I would be directly responsible for their lives. There were still old cronies of the dictator around who would love an excuse to go after my family, after my father, after her. This was one of the hardest challenges I had ever had to face as a writer. If my mother were indeed speaking the truth, could I really put my work above the lives of human beings? But if I shut up, wouldn't I still be fanning the members of the dictatorship with its continuing power of censorship and control over the imagination of many Dominicans? What central idea do these excerpts work together to develop?

Alvarez grappled with the issue of writing a novel about a dangerous subject.

When my sisters and I cared too much about our appearance, my mother would tell us how Trujillo's vanity knew no bounds. How in order to appear taller, his shoes were specially made abroad with built-in heels that added inches to his height. How plumes for his Napoleonic hats were purchased in Paris and shipped in vacuum-packed boxes to the Island. How his uniforms were trimmed with tassels and gold epaulettes and red sashes, pinned with his medals, crisscrossing his chest. How he costumed himself in dress uniforms and ceremonial hats and white gloves—all of this in a tropical country where men wore guayaberas in lieu of suit jackets, short-sleeved shirts worn untucked so the body could be ventilated. My mother could go on and on. -"A Genetics of Justice,"Julia Alvarez Which statement correctly analyzes how the passages work together to develop a central idea?

Alvarez shows how Trujillo's style of dress covered up the ugliness within.

Read the excerpts from the beginning, middle, and end of "A Genetics of Justice" by Julia Alvarez. Passage A: Perhaps because I was spared, at ten, from the dictatorship my parents endured most of their lives, I often imagine what it must have been like for them growing up under the absolute rule of Generalísimo Rafael Leonidas Trujillo. Passage B: I knew very little about what was actually going on in the Dominican Republic. Whenever la situación on the island came up, my parents spoke in hushed voices. Passage C: Then I started to work on my second novel. My mother heard from one of my sisters that I was writing about the dictatorship. . . . . . . Days later, my mother called me up to tell me she had just finished the novel. "You put me back in those days. It was like I was reliving it all," she said sobbing. "I don't care what happens to us! I'm so proud of you for writing this book." How does the author develop the central idea across these excerpts?

Alvarez shows how her lifelong fascination with her parents' life under the dictatorship was the basis for her writing.

But the execution was an external event, not necessarily an internal exorcism. All their lives my parents, along with a nation of Dominicans, had learned the habits of repression, censorship, terror. Those habits would not disappear with a few bullets and a national liberation proclamation. They would not disappear on a plane ride north that put hundreds of miles distance between the Island and our apartment in New York. And so, long after we had left, my parents were still living in the dictatorship inside their own heads. Even on American soil, they were afraid of awful consequences if they spoke out or disagreed with authorities. The First Amendment right to free speech meant nothing to them. Silence about anything "political" was the rule in our house. -"A Genetics of Justice,"Julia Alvarez Which statement correctly analyzes how the passages work together to develop a central idea?

Alvarez shows how she was able to finally speak for her parents' generation.

Read the excerpt from "A Genetics of Justice" by Julia Alvarez. Periodically, Trujillo would demand a tribute, and they would acquiesce. A tax, a dummy vote, a portrait on the wall. To my father and other men in the country, the most humiliating of these tributes was the occasional parade in which women were made to march and turn their heads and acknowledge the great man as they passed the review stand. If you did not march, your cédula would not be stamped, and without a stamped identification card, you could do nothing; in particular, you could not obtain your passport to leave the country under the pretext of wanting to study heart surgery. This was the second escape—this time with his whole family—that my father was planning. The day came when my mother had to march. Which statement best explains how the author develops the central idea throughout the passage?

Alvarez shows that refusing to obey Trujillo's requests could be dangerous.

Read the excerpts from Does My Head Look Big in This? and Persepolis. Excerpt from Does My Head Look Big in This?: My best friends, Leila Okulgen and Yasmeen Khan, moved on to a public high school close to Coburg, where they live. I begged my parents to let me go with them but Mom and Dad insisted that I go to a private school. I tried everything. At first I sucked up to them big time, making them coffee after dinner, offering to set the table before Mom had a chance to ask me, letting them watch PBS documentaries when I wanted to watch Big Brother. That didn't work. So I turned political, ranting about them perpetuating the snobby bourgeoisie power trip of our educational system which forges aristocratic divisions between social classes (I got that from a PBS documentary). Talk about having no compassion or social conscience. They just laughed at me and gave me a pile of literature about the school. Excerpt from Persepolis: Which statement is true about the narrators' different perspectives?

Amal and Marjane are both interested in taking what they have learned about politics and social class and applying it to their own situation.

Read this summary of information found in two separate sources. The exploration of Mars by humans is possible if safe and efficient technology is created for the journey and the time spent on Mars. Which statements most likely provided the information for the summary? Select two options.

Astronauts will need to adapt to using advanced equipment and conducting complex operations farther and farther from Earth. Since the end of the 19th century, Mars has been considered the planet most suitable and likely for exploration and even habitation.

Read the two passages from Sugar Changed the World. Slave owners fought back, arguing that owners should be able to list their slaves as property when they arrived in France and take them with them when they left. Though most parts of France agreed to this, law-makers in Paris hesitated. Pierre Lemerre the Younger made the case for the slaves. "All men are equal," he insisted in 1716—exactly sixty years before the Declaration of Independence. To say that "all men are equal" in 1716, when slavery was flourishing in every corner of the world and most eastern Europeans themselves were farmers who could be sold along with the land they worked, was like announcing that there was a new sun in the sky. In the Age of Sugar, when slavery was more brutal than ever before, the idea that all humans are equal began to spread—toppling kings, overturning governments, transforming the entire world. Sugar was the connection, the tie, between slavery and freedom. Clarkson and others who believed as he did, who in the coming decades would be called abolitionists, realized that while that link gave the English a stake in slavery, it also gave the antislavery forces an opportunity. If they could reverse the flow—make the horrors of slavery visible to those who benefited from it—they might be able to end the vile practice forever. The abolitionists were brilliant. They created the most effective public relations campaign in history, inventing techniques that we use to this day. When he spoke, Clarkson brandished whips and handcuffs used on slaves; he published testimonials from sailors and ship doctors who described the atrocities and punishments on slave ships. When Olaudah Equiano published his memoir, he educated his readers about the horrors of the slave trade. And then, when the English began to understand what slavery really was, Clarkson and others organized what we would call a boycott of "the blood-sweetened beverage." Which statement best explains how the authors develop their claim across the two passages?

Both passages use evidence to show that knowledge of the extreme brutality of the sugar trade changed viewpoints about enslavement.

"Comrades!" cried Squealer, making little nervous skips, "a most terrible thing has been discovered. Snowball has sold himself to Frederick of Pinchfield Farm, who is even now plotting to attack us and take our farm away from us! Snowball is to act as his guide when the attack begins. But there is worse than that. We had thought that Snowball's rebellion was caused simply by his vanity and ambition. But we were wrong, comrades. Do you know what the real reason was? Snowball was in league with Jones from the very start! He was Jones's secret agent all the time. It has all been proved by documents which he left behind him and which we have only just discovered. . . ." . . . But it was some minutes before [the animals] could fully take it in. They all remembered, or thought they remembered, how they had seen Snowball charging ahead of them at the Battle of the Cowshed, how he had rallied and encouraged them at every turn, and how he had not paused for an instant even when the pellets from Jones's gun had wounded his back. . . . Even Boxer, who seldom asked questions, was puzzled. . . . "I do not believe that," he said. "Snowball fought bravely at the Battle of the Cowshed. I saw him myself. Did we not give him 'Animal Hero, First Class,' immediately afterwards?" -Animal Farm,George Orwell Which statement best describes how Boxer's response supports the author's purpose?

Boxer's actions show that the working class may question authority in spite of propaganda.

Erick is writing a research-based informative essay on the benefits of learning to code early in life. Which topic sentence most effectively introduces his essay?

Coding is computer programming that, when studied at a young age, can lead to future benefits.

There was a raging storm. It was in the forest. Rain fell. Leaves rustled as the wind swept through the trees. Squirrels hid as the sky opened up. All the birds, nestled in the trees, quieted and stopped chirping. Which revision best uses a phrase to combine the first two sentences?

Deep in the forest, a storm was raging.

What would be the best thesis statement for an evaluation of Dan DeLuca's argument in "Dylan's Nobel Prize Settles Debate: Rock Lyrics Are Poetry"?

Despite his passionate argument that rock lyrics are poetry, Dan DeLuca fails to convince.

Read the passage from Animal Farm. All orders were now issued through Squealer or one of the other pigs. Napoleon himself was not seen in public as often as once in a fortnight. When he did appear, he was attended not only by his retinue of dogs but by a black cockerel who marched in front of him and acted as a kind of trumpeter, letting out a loud "cock-a-doodle-doo" before Napoleon spoke. Even in the farmhouse, it was said, Napoleon inhabited separate apartments from the others. He took his meals alone, with two dogs to wait upon him, and always ate from the Crown Derby dinner service which had been in the glass cupboard in the drawing-room. It was also announced that the gun would be fired every year on Napoleon's birthday, as well as on the other two anniversaries. Which statement best summarizes the theme of this passage?

Dictators often experience lavish lifestyles compared to other citizens.

Read the passage from Animal Farm. Two days later the animals were called together for a special meeting in the barn. They were struck dumb with surprise when Napoleon announced that he had sold the pile of timber to Frederick. Tomorrow Frederick's wagons would arrive and begin carting it away. Throughout the whole period of his seeming friendship with Pilkington, Napoleon had really been in secret agreement with Frederick. All relations with Foxwood had been broken off; insulting messages had been sent to Pilkington. The pigeons had been told to avoid Pinchfield Farm and to alter their slogan from "Death to Frederick" to "Death to Pilkington." At the same time Napoleon assured the animals that the stories of an impending attack on Animal Farm were completely untrue, and that the tales about Frederick's cruelty to his own animals had been greatly exaggerated. All these rumours had probably originated with Snowball and his agents. It now appeared that Snowball was not, after all, hiding on Pinchfield Farm, and in fact had never been there in his life: he was living—in considerable luxury, so it was said—at Foxwood, and had in reality been a pensioner of Pilkington for years past. Which statement best summarizes the theme of this passage?

Dictatorships can produce inconsistent belief systems.

Read the passage from Sugar Changed the World. After the Egyptians crushed cut cane and captured the juice, they boiled and strained the liquid, let it settle, then strained it again. The cane juice was now poured into molds with holes in the bottom, so that all the liquid could drain out, leaving only a powder. That powder was then mixed with milk and boiled again. After one round of these steps, the process was repeated all over again. As a result of all this effort and care, Egypt was known for the "whitest and purest" sugar. Which statement best summarizes this passage?

Egyptians created an innovative process for refining white sugar.

Read the introduction to Samantha's argument. My friends like going to fast food restaurants. It's not that I mind, but I'm a vegan, and these restaurants offer very little I can eat. Even salads contain ingredients like cheese, eggs, and ham. What's more, there may be cream, eggs, or gelatin in the dressing. Sometimes, all I can do is order is something to drink, while my friends enjoy their meals. However, by not offering vegan meals, fast food restaurants are missing out on additional sales. Which statement summarizes Samantha's claim?

Fast food restaurants would profit from offering vegan meals.

What is the cartoonist's perspective in this cartoon? What is the cartoonist's purpose in this cartoon?

Football is dangerous to persuade us that football can be dangerous

Is it not crystal clear, then, comrades, that all the evils of this life of ours spring from the tyranny of human beings? Only get rid of Man, and the produce of our labour would be our own. Almost overnight we could become rich and free. What then must we do? Why, work night and day, body and soul, for the overthrow of the human race! That is my message to you, comrades: Rebellion! -Animal Farm,George Orwell How is Old Major characterized in this passage?

He desires more for the animals and thinks that they should be equal to humans.

"The story began badly," said the smaller of the small girls, "but it had a beautiful ending." "It is the most beautiful story that I ever heard," said the bigger of the small girls, with immense decision. "It is the only beautiful story I have ever heard," said Cyril. A dissentient opinion came from the aunt. "A most improper story to tell to young children! You have undermined the effect of years of careful teaching." "At any rate," said the bachelor, collecting his belongings preparatory to leaving the carriage, "I kept them quiet for ten minutes, which was more than you were able to do." "Unhappy woman!" he observed to himself as he walked down the platform of Templecombe station; "for the next six months or so those children will assail her in public with demands for an improper story!" -"The Storyteller,"Saki How does the character of the bachelor add to the satire of "The Storyteller"?

He exposes the aunt's flaws by telling an improper story that occupies the children.

REGINA. Hi, everyone. Today we are here to make some decisions about the homecoming dance. Most importantly, we need to pick a theme and a location. I know you came prepared with suggestions and ideas, so let's begin with location. Angel? ANGEL. So, our budget for the dance is $2,500—this includes the money we raised during the car wash last week. It will have to pay for the entertainment, the space, decorations, and refreshments. [LOLA raises her hand to be recognized.] REGINA. Yes, Lola? LOLA. I was thinking that the school gym might be the most cost-effective option. We don't have to spend money on the venue and can put the money into the decorations instead to really transform it. I compared venues across town, and many of them would cost between $500 and $1,200 to rent for one night. DONNIE. That's a stupid idea. Who wants to have it in the gym? How dumb and boring. We should have it at that fancy hotel downtown. How should Donnie adjust his behavior to be more appropriate for a group discussion? Check all that apply.

He should ask a question for clarification. He should speak in a more respectful tone. He should present his idea with supporting facts. He should take notes to address Lola's point later.

Read the excerpt from chapter 6 of Animal Farm. It was about this time that the pigs suddenly moved into the farmhouse and took up their residence there. Again the animals seemed to remember that a resolution against this had been passed in the early days, and again Squealer was able to convince them that this was not the case. It was absolutely necessary, he said, that the pigs, who were the brains of the farm, should have a quiet place to work in. Why does Squealer tell the other animals that there is no resolution against the pigs moving to the farmhouse?

He wants to keep the other animals submissive.

Read the excerpt from Animal Farm. The whole farm was deeply divided on the subject of the windmill. Snowball did not deny that to build it would be a difficult business. Stone would have to be carried and built up into walls, then the sails would have to be made and after that there would be need for dynamos and cables. (How these were to be procured, Snowball did not say.) But he maintained that it could all be done in a year. And thereafter, he declared, so much labour would be saved that the animals would only need to work three days a week. Napoleon, on the other hand, argued that the great need of the moment was to increase food production, and that if they wasted time on the windmill they would all starve to death. The animals formed themselves into two factions under the slogan, "Vote for Snowball and the three-day week" and "Vote for Napoleon and the full manger." Why does Snowball want to build a windmill?

He wants to make the farm run more efficiently.

Read the excerpt from chapter 6 of Animal Farm. Afterwards Squealer made a round of the farm and set the animals' minds at rest. He assured them that the resolution against engaging in trade and using money had never been passed, or even suggested. It was pure imagination, probably traceable in the beginning to lies circulated by Snowball. A few animals still felt faintly doubtful, but Squealer asked them shrewdly, "Are you certain that this is not something that you have dreamed, comrades?" What are Squealer's motivations for mentioning Snowball in this context? Select three options.

He wants to undermine Snowball's credibility by mentioning him. He wants to suppress a potential uprising of the animals. He wants to distract the animals from learning the truth.

The Italian merchants sometimes sailed across the Mediterranean Sea to Syria, where they could buy black pepper that had been grown on the southwest coast of India. The tiny dried black peppercorns were the perfect item to trade, because the small ships of the time could carry enough to make a nice profit. From India the pepper was shipped across to Arabia, where camel caravans would carry it all the way to Syria. The Italians could purchase enough pepper in Syria to carry with them to the next Champagne fair. Every count whose cook added the bite of costly black pepper to his food knew he was getting a taste of far distant lands. As late as 1300, Jean de Joieville, a French writer who had actually lived in the Muslim world, still believed that these spices came from the outer edges of the Garden of Eden, located somewhere along the river Nile. There, people "cast their nets outspread into the river, at night; and when morning comes, they find in their nets such goods as . . . ginger, rhubarb, wood of aloes, and cinnamon." -Sugar Changed the World,Marc Aronson and Marina Budhos What is the central idea of the passage?

In the Middle Ages, spices that are now ordinary were rare imports from faraway places.

Read the sentence. In what ways does the underlined clause add variety and meaning to the sentence? Check all that apply. The photographs that I stored in the attic are faded and cracked, but I think we can have them restored by a professional.

It adds detail about the photographs. It tells the reader which photographs are being discussed. It creates a compound-complex sentence.

Read line 9 from "Sonnet 100." Rise, restive Muse, my love's sweet face survey —"Sonnet 100,"William Shakespeare Tap out the stresses as you read line 9. Which analysis best describes the rhythm and its effect on meaning?

It breaks the iambic rhythm on the first two syllables, setting the demanding tone of the line.

Which statements describe characteristics of allegory? Select three options.

It comments on an abstract theory or historical event. It occurs throughout the entire length of a story. It contains meanings of social or political significance.

Read the excerpt from chapter 6 of Animal Farm. With one accord they dashed down to the spot. Napoleon, who seldom moved out of a walk, raced ahead of them all. Yes, there it lay, the fruit of all their struggles, levelled to its foundations, the stones they had broken and carried so laboriously scattered all around. Unable at first to speak, they stood gazing mournfully at the litter of fallen stone. How does the pacing of this passage affect the reader's interpretation of the text? Select two options.

It creates suspense. It establishes a scene with details.

In 1806, the antislavery forces brought a new bill before Parliament that would limit British involvement in the slave trade. Some of the most powerful testimony in favor of the bill came from former army officers who had been to the Caribbean and had seen the courage of the former slaves and the horrors of slavery. The slaves spoke through the testimony of the very men who had gone to fight them. One member of Parliament told his colleagues of the tortures he had seen in the islands. Slavery was not an abstraction, an economic force, a counter in the game of world politics—it was the suffering of men and women. Members of Parliament were being confronted with the reality of slavery, just as audiences at Clarkson's lectures were when he showed shackles and whips. While Parliament debated the new bill, Clarkson and his allies went on lecturing, talking, changing minds all across England. They succeeded. Newspapers reported that even in Bristol, a port city with a harbor filled with slave ships, "the popular sentiment has been very strongly expressed against the continuance of that traffick in human flesh." -Sugar Changed the World, Marc Aronson and Marina Budhos How does this passage support the claim that the sugar trade led to the end of slavery in some parts of the world?

It describes how testimony on the brutal practices on sugar plantations convinced Parliament to end the slave trade.

Age of Science 1747 Andraeas Marggraf discovers that beet sugar is identical to cane sugar 1840s Beets become a major crop in Ukraine 1852 Indians begin to arrive in Natal to work in sugar 1861 Czar Alexander II frees Russia's serfs 1879 Saccharine, a chemical sweetener, invented 1906 Gandhi leads Indians, many of them sugar workers, in Johannesburg in an oath to resist discriminatory laws by peaceful means 1965 Aspartame, an artificial sweetener, invented 1967 High-fructose corn syrup invented 1976 Sucralose (Splenda) invented 21st century Brazil using much of its sugar-cane crop to produce ethanol -Sugar Changed the World, Marc Aronson and Marina Budhos How does the timeline support the text?

It documents key events in the sugar and sweetener industries.

Of course, many migrant children come for economic reasons, and not because they fear for their lives. In those cases, they should quickly be deported if they have at least one parent in their country of origin. By deporting them directly from the refugee centers, the United States would discourage future non-refugees by showing that immigrants cannot be caught and released, and then avoid deportation by ignoring court orders to attend immigration hearings. —"The Children of the Drug Wars," Sonia Nazario The text repeats the word deport and related words, such as deportation. How does this repetition serve the author's purpose?

It emphasizes the potential risks many immigrants face.

Read the third quatrain of "Sonnet 130." I love to hear her speak, yet well I knowThat music hath a far more pleasing sound:I grant I never saw a goddess go—My mistress, when she walks, treads on the ground —"Sonnet 130,"William Shakespeare How does the third quatrain further develop the central ideas presented in the first and second quatrains?

It extends beyond descriptions of sight and smell with descriptions of sound.

Read the passage from Animal Farm. But when the animals saw the green flag flying, and heard the gun firing again—seven times it was fired in all—and heard the speech that Napoleon made, congratulating them on their conduct, it did seem to them after all that they had won a great victory. The animals slain in the battle were given a solemn funeral. Boxer and Clover pulled the wagon which served as a hearse, and Napoleon himself walked at the head of the procession. Two whole days were given over to celebrations. There were songs, speeches, and more firing of the gun, and a special gift of an apple was bestowed on every animal, with two ounces of corn for each bird and three biscuits for each dog. It was announced that the battle would be called the Battle of the Windmill, and that Napoleon had created a new decoration, the Order of the Green Banner, which he had conferred upon himself. In the general rejoicings the unfortunate affair of the banknotes was forgotten. How does this passage demonstrate the use of propaganda?

It glosses over the negative parts of the battle with Frederick while exaggerating the positive aspects.

Slavery was abolished in the British Empire in 1833, thirty years before the Emancipation Proclamation in the United States. But even after they freed their slaves, the sugar plantation owners were desperate to find cheap labor to cut cane and process sugar. So the British owners looked to another part of the empire—India—and recruited thousands of men and women, who were given five-year contracts and a passage back. -Sugar Changed the World,Marc Aronson and Marina Budhos How is the text structured in this passage from the prologue?

It has a chronological structure because it connects major events in the production of sugar in the British Empire.

A rock drawing in Spain from about 7000 B.C. shows a man who has climbed a hillside, found a crevice holding a hive, and is reaching in to grab the honey. Indeed, a lucky wanderer in just about any part of Europe, Africa, or Asia that wasn't covered with ice could stumble on a hive and—at the risk of some stings—come away with a treat. (People in the Americas had no bees, so used syrups made from maple trees, agave cactus, or mashed fruits for their sweeteners.) Then someone figured out that you didn't have to be lucky. You could hollow out a log near bees, and they would make it their home. You could "keep" bees—you didn't have to find them. -Sugar Changed the World,Marc Aronson and Marina Budhos How is the text structured in this passage from the prologue?

It has a problem-and-solution structure because it shows how ancient people solved the dilemma of finding sweeteners.

Read the excerpt from chapter 6 of Animal Farm. All the animals remembered passing such resolutions: or at least they thought that they remembered it. The four young pigs who had protested when Napoleon abolished the Meetings raised their voices timidly, but they were promptly silenced by a tremendous growling from the dogs. Then, as usual, the sheep broke into "Four legs good, two legs bad!" and the momentary awkwardness was smoothed over. Finally Napoleon raised his trotter for silence and announced that he had already made all the arrangements. What statement best explains the impact of the slow pacing in this passage?

It highlights the ways in which the animals are being silenced and controlled.

Read the passage from Sugar Changed the World. Sugar is different from honey. It offers a stronger sweet flavor, and like steel or plastic, it had to be invented. In the Age of Sugar, Europeans bought a product made thousands of miles away that was less expensive than the honey from down the road. That was possible only because sugar set people in motion all across the world—millions of them as slaves, in chains; a few in search of their fortunes. A perfect taste made possible by the most brutal labor: That is the dark story of sugar. How does the comparison of sugar to honey reveal the authors' purpose?

It informs readers that there is a connection between slavery and sugar.

Read the passage from Sugar Changed the World. THE WORLD'S FIRST TRUE UNIVERSITY Today, few people have heard of Jundi Shapur. But in its time, it was an exceptional university. Jundi Shapur was built in what is now Iran sometime between the 400s and mid-500s A.D. We can only guess the dates, but we do know more about the school. It was the meeting place of the world's great minds. In 529, Christians closed the school of Athens—the last link to the academies of Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. The remaining Greek scholars moved to Jundi Shapur. Jews joined them, as did a group of Christians called Nestorians, who had their own ancient and scholarly traditions. Persians added their voices, and one of their learned doctors set off for what is now India, to gather and translate the wisdom of the Hindus. The school created the very first teaching hospital in the world, a place where the sick were treated and young doctors learned their craft, as well as a fine observatory to track the heavens. At Jundi Shapur the best scholars west of China all gathered to think and study together. By the 600s, the doctors at the school were writing about a medicine from India named sharkara or, as the Persians called it, shaker—sugar. Indeed, scholars at Jundi Shapur invented new and better ways to refine cane into sugar. Since the school had links with many of the great civilizations of Asia, the Mediterranean, and Europe, word of sugar and the experience of tasting its special sweetness began to spread. How does the heading help the reader understand the central idea of this passage?

It informs the reader that the text will focus on a specific school.

Read the passage from Sugar Changed the World. Sugar is a taste we all want, a taste we all crave. People throughout the planet everywhere have been willing to do anything, anything at all, to get that touch of sweetness. We even know exactly how thrilling it was to taste sugar for the first time. When the Lewis and Clark Expedition met up with the Shoshone, who had little previous contact with Old World products, Sacagawea gave a tiny piece of sugar to a chief. He loved it, saying it was "the best thing he had ever tasted." Sugar created a hunger, a need, which swept from one corner of the world to another, bringing the most terrible misery and destruction, but then, too, the most inspiring ideas of liberty. Sugar changed the world. We begin that story with a man who could never know enough. How does the conclusion of the prologue support the authors' purpose? Select two options.

It introduces the topic that will be addressed next. It states why the topic is relevant to readers.

But the execution was an external event, not necessarily an internal exorcism. All their lives my parents, along with a nation of Dominicans, had learned the habits of repression, censorship, terror. Those habits would not disappear with a few bullets and a national liberation proclamation. They would not disappear on a plane ride north that put hundreds of miles distance between the Island and our apartment in New York. And so, long after we had left, my parents were still living in the dictatorship inside their own heads. Even on American soil, they were afraid of awful consequences if they spoke out or disagreed with authorities. The First Amendment right to free speech meant nothing to them. Silence about anything "political" was the rule in our house. -"A Genetics of Justice,"Julia Alvarez What is the central idea of this passage?

It is not easy to correct an injustice that affects an entire generation.

Opponents of reusing water have long had the upper hand, said Paul Slovic, a professor of psychology at the University of Oregon, because of the "branding problem." People tend to judge risk emotionally, he said, and a phrase like "toilet to tap" can undercut earnest explanations. "The water industry has not been good at marketing reuse," he added. But research has shown that highlighting the benefits of recycled water—and the need—can shift emotions to a more positive reaction and help diminish the sense of risk. -"Water Flowing from Toilet to Tap May Be Hard to Swallow," John Schwartz Which statement is a correct evaluation of the evidence in the passage?

It is sound because it cites an expert's opinion.

"You don't seem to be a success as a story-teller," said the bachelor suddenly from his corner. The aunt bristled in instant defense at this unexpected attack. "It's a very difficult thing to tell stories that children can both understand and appreciate," she said stiffly. "I don't agree with you," said the bachelor. "Perhaps you would like to tell them a story," was the aunt's retort. "Tell us a story," demanded the bigger of the small girls. -"The Storyteller,"Saki Which statement best explains the situational irony in the text?

It is unexpected that the bachelor becomes involved with the family and storytelling.

How does characterization support satire? Select three options.

It makes fun of human weaknesses through humorous characters. It exposes human flaws by exaggerating characters' weaknesses. It reveals a gap between belief and reality by making characters unaware of their weaknesses.

How does the conflict that ends in Snowball's expulsion most advance the plot?

It propels Napoleon into the position of the new leader.

Read the passage and study the image from Sugar Changed the World. The painstaking work had just one aim: to plant a crop that would end up taking the life of every worker who touched it. As [Olaudah] Equiano explained, the sugar slaves could hardly rest even when their day was done. Their huts, which ought to be well covered, and the place dry where they take their little repose, are often open sheds, built in damp places; so that when the poor creatures return tired from the toils of the field, they contract many disorders, from being exposed to the damp air in this uncomfortable state. These are what enslaved people's huts looked like in the Caribbean (photo by V. C. Vulto). How does the photograph help the reader understand the text?

It shows how enslaved people were exposed to the outside elements and weather.

Read the excerpt from chapter 10 of Animal Farm. He did not believe, he said, that any of the old suspicions still lingered, but certain changes had been made recently in the routine of the farm which should have the effect of promoting confidence still further. Hitherto the animals on the farm had had a rather foolish custom of addressing one another as "Comrade." This was to be suppressed. There had also been a very strange custom, whose origin was unknown, of marching every Sunday morning past a boar's skull which was nailed to a post in the garden. This, too, would be suppressed, and the skull had already been buried. His visitors might have observed, too, the green flag which flew from the masthead. If so, they would perhaps have noted that the white hoof and horn with which it had previously been marked had now been removed. It would be a plain green flag from now onwards. Which statement best describes how the passage illustrates a satirical reversal?

It shows how the original principles and rituals of Animal Farm have been completely suppressed.

But the Crusades were more than battles; they were also an information exchange. As a result of their contact with Muslims, the Europeans began to break out of their sealed-off world. They learned mathematics and, according to some scholars, how to build windmills. Windmills were a great power source that allowed Europeans to drain swamps and make use of lands that had previously gone to waste. With more land, they could grow more food. This knowledge that Muslims had helped Europe to get on its feet. And wars against the Muslims brought Europeans to sugar. -Sugar Changed the World,Marc Aronson and Marina Budhos How does the underlined sentence develop the central idea that the Crusades had both negative and positive results?

It shows that a Muslim invention benefited European society.

The vast Muslim world was wonderful for the growth of knowledge. The Greeks had developed a level of practical experience and technical understanding a thousand years more advanced than anyone else nearby. The Muslims began to translate some of these ancient Greek texts. From India, Muslims learned of the zero, which allowed them to invent what we still call "Arabic" numerals. And because the Koran, the sacred book of Islam, is written in Arabic, scholars throughout the Muslim world learned to read Arabic and to share their knowledge. The Muslims swept past Jundi Shapur and learned the secrets of sugar. As they conquered lands around the Mediterranean Sea, they spread word of how to grow, mill, and refine the sweet reed. -Sugar Changed the World,Marc Aronson and Marina Budhos How does the map develop the central idea of the passage?

It shows the regions that benefited from Muslims' knowledge of sugar.

Read the passage from Sugar Changed the World. A rock drawing in Spain from about 7000 B.C. shows a man who has climbed a hillside, found a crevice holding a hive, and is reaching in to grab the honey. Indeed, a lucky wanderer in just about any part of Europe, Africa, or Asia that wasn't covered with ice could stumble on a hive and—at the risk of some stings—come away with a treat. (People in the Americas had no bees, so used syrups made from maple trees, agave cactus, or mashed fruits for their sweeteners.) Then someone figured out that you didn't have to be lucky. You could hollow out a log near bees, and they would make it their home. You could "keep" bees—you didn't have to find them. Which statement best describes the structure of this passage?

It uses a problem-and-solution structure to show how people got honey without searching for bees.

Today, few people have heard of Jundi Shapur. But in its time, it was an exceptional university. Jundi Shapur was built in what is now Iran sometime between the 400s and mid-500s A.D. We can only guess the dates, but we do know more about the school. It was the meeting place of the world's great minds. In 529, Christians closed the school of Athens—the last link to the academies of Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. The remaining Greek scholars moved to Jundi Shapur. Jews joined them, as did a group of Christians called Nestorians, who had their own ancient and scholarly traditions. Persians added their voices, and one of their learned doctors set off for what is now India, to gather and translate the wisdom of the Hindus. The school created the very first teaching hospital in the world, a place where the sick were treated and young doctors learned their craft, as well as a fine observatory to track the heavens. At Jundi Shapur the best scholars west of China all gathered to think and study together. -Sugar Changed the World,Marc Aronson and Marina Budhos What is the central idea of the passage?

Jundi Shapur allowed teachers and students from different cultures to share ideas.

Read the excerpt from chapter 8 of The Travels of Marco Polo and study the map. Let us go on now to tell of a large city which forms part of the province of Aden but has a petty ruler of its own. This city, which lies about 400 miles north-west of the port of Aden, is called Shihr. It is ruled by a count, who maintains strict justice in his domain. He has several cities and towns under his sway but is himself subject to the sultan of Aden. The people are Saracens and worship Mahomet. The city has a very good port; for I assure you that many merchant-ships come here well loaded with goods from India, and from here they export many goods to India. In particular they export innumerable fine chargers and sturdy pack-horses of great worth and price, on which the merchants make a handsome profit. Based on the text and the map, which labeled location sends products to Shihr?

Kalhat

Which underlined phrases give specific details about place? Select two options.

Last week, construction workers began building a new fire station around the corner. Sometime last summer, the fruit stand down the street was replaced with a car wash.

Read the excerpt from Animal Farm. As winter drew on, Mollie became more and more troublesome. She was late for work every morning and excused herself by saying that she had overslept, and she complained of mysterious pains, although her appetite was excellent. On every kind of pretext she would run away from work and go to the drinking pool, where she would stand foolishly gazing at her own reflection in the water. But there were also rumours of something more serious. One day, as Mollie strolled blithely into the yard, flirting her long tail and chewing at a stalk of hay, Clover took her aside. "Mollie," she said, "I have something very serious to say to you. This morning I saw you looking over the hedge that divides Animal Farm from Foxwood. One of Mr. Pilkington's men was standing on the other side of the hedge. And—I was a long way away, but I am almost certain I saw this—he was talking to you and you were allowing him to stroke your nose. What does that mean, Mollie?" "He didn't! I wasn't! It isn't true!" cried Mollie, beginning to prance about and paw the ground. "Mollie! Look me in the face. Do you give me your word of honour that that man was not stroking your nose?" "It isn't true!" repeated Mollie, but she could not look Clover in the face, and the next moment she took to her heels and galloped away into the field. A thought struck Clover. Without saying anything to the others, she went to Mollie's stall and turned over the straw with her hoof. Hidden under the straw was a little pile of lump sugar and several bunches of ribbon of different colours. Three days later Mollie disappeared. For some weeks nothing was known of her whereabouts, then the pigeons reported that they had seen her on the other side of Willingdon. She was between the shafts of a smart dogcart painted red and black, which was standing outside a public-house. A fat red-faced man in check breeches and gaiters, who looked like a publican, was stroking her nose and feeding her with sugar. Her coat was newly clipped and she wore a scarlet ribbon round her forelock. She appeared to be enjoying herself, so the pigeons said. None of the animals ever mentioned Mollie again. What conflicts are presented in this excerpt? Select three options.

Mollie is in conflict with herself because she wants to leave the farm. Mollie is in conflict with Clover because Clover sees Mollie with the farmer. Mollie is in conflict with the farm because she does not like her living conditions.

Read the excerpt from Animal Farm and the passage on the history of the Soviet Union. Though not yet full-grown, they were huge dogs, and as fierce-looking as wolves. They kept close to Napoleon. It was noticed that they wagged their tails to him in the same way as the other dogs had been used to do to Mr. Jones. Napoleon, with the dogs following him, now mounted on to the raised portion of the floor where Major had previously stood to deliver his speech. . . . In spite of the shock that Snowball's expulsion had given them, the animals were dismayed by this announcement. Several of them would have protested if they could have found the right arguments. Even Boxer was vaguely troubled. He set his ears back, shook his forelock several times, and tried hard to marshal his thoughts; but in the end he could not think of anything to say. Some of the pigs themselves, however, were more articulate. Four young porkers in the front row uttered shrill squeals of disapproval, and all four of them sprang to their feet and began speaking at once. But suddenly the dogs sitting round Napoleon let out deep, menacing growls, and the pigs fell silent and sat down again. But under party leader Joseph Stalin, the secret police again acquired vast punitive powers and in 1934 was renamed the People's Comissariat for Internal Affairs, or NKVD. No longer subject to party control or restricted by law, the NKVD became a direct instrument of Stalin for use against the party and the country during the Great Terror of the 1930s. . . . The secret police remained the most powerful and feared Soviet institution throughout the Stalinist period. How do the conflicts in the Animal Farm excerpt relate to the events in the historical passage?

Napoleon uses his dogs to protect himself and oppress his opponents, just as Stalin used the secret police to shut down his opponents.

Read the excerpt from Animal Farm. Apart from the disputes over the windmill, there was the question of the defense of the farm. It was fully realized that though the human beings had been defeated in the Battle of the Cowshed they might make another and more determined attempt to recapture the farm and reinstate Mr. Jones. They had all the more reason for doing so because the news of their defeat had spread across the countryside and made the animals on the neighbouring farms more restive than ever. As usual, Snowball and Napoleon were in disagreement. According to Napoleon, what the animals must do was to procure firearms and train themselves in the use of them. According to Snowball, they must send out more and more pigeons and stir up rebellion among the animals on the other farms. The one argued that if they could not defend themselves they were bound to be conquered, the other argued that if rebellions happened everywhere they would have no need to defend themselves. What is the main conflict in this excerpt?

Napoleon wants the animals to protect themselves, but Snowball wants to encourage revolts elsewhere.

Which details from chapter 6 of Animal Farm support the inference that Napoleon's actions are motivated by a desire for power and success? Select three options.

Napoleon wrongly accuses Snowball of destroying the windmill. Napoleon makes the windmill more important than everything. Napoleon makes changes to trade rules by announcing a new policy.

Read this excerpt from Colleen's research-based essay on trends in education. What was once a trend in education may now be considered passé, as research has transformed the field completely more than once over the past 30 years. The makerspace of today may no longer be used in five years; however, these places where students can gather for project-based learning and discovery seem popular enough to have staying power. Which terms from the excerpt, if any, require an extended definition, and why?

No words require extended definitions; all potentially unfamiliar words are appropriately supported by context.

Read the passage from Animal Farm. As Clover looked down the hillside her eyes filled with tears. If she could have spoken her thoughts, it would have been to say that this was not what they had aimed at when they had set themselves years ago to work for the overthrow of the human race. These scenes of terror and slaughter were not what they had looked forward to on that night when old Major first stirred them to rebellion. If she herself had had any picture of the future, it had been of a society of animals set free from hunger and the whip, all equal, each working according to his capacity, the strong protecting the weak, as she had protected the lost brood of ducklings with her foreleg on the night of Major's speech. Instead—she did not know why—they had come to a time when no one dared speak his mind, when fierce, growling dogs roamed everywhere, and when you had to watch your comrades torn to pieces after confessing to shocking crimes. There was no thought of rebellion or disobedience in her mind. She knew that, even as things were, they were far better off than they had been in the days of Jones, and that before all else it was needful to prevent the return of the human beings. Whatever happened she would remain faithful, work hard, carry out the orders that were given to her, and accept the leadership of Napoleon. But still, it was not for this that she and all the other animals had hoped and toiled. It was not for this that they had built the windmill and faced the bullets of Jones's gun. Such were her thoughts, though she lacked the words to express them. How does Clover's response support the author's purpose? Select three options.

Orwell shows that, like the people of the Soviet Union, Clover experiences deep sadness about the violence. Orwell shows that Clover had hopes similar to those of Soviet peasants—that life would eventually improve. Orwell shows that Clover discovers she is mistaken in believing that the powerful would protect the weak.

Which sentence would make an effective concluding statement for an evaluation of John Schwartz's article?

Overall, Schwartz's claim that recycled water faces a public image challenge is well argued and supported with strong evidence.

Read the passage from Animal Farm. Meanwhile the timber was being carted away at high speed. When it was all gone, another special meeting was held in the barn for the animals to inspect Frederick's bank-notes. Smiling beatifically, and wearing both his decorations, Napoleon reposed on a bed of straw on the platform, with the money at his side, neatly piled on a china dish from the farmhouse kitchen. The animals filed slowly past, and each gazed his fill. And Boxer put out his nose to sniff at the bank-notes, and the flimsy white things stirred and rustled in his breath. Three days later there was a terrible hullabaloo. Whymper, his face deadly pale, came racing up the path on his bicycle, flung it down in the yard and rushed straight into the farmhouse. The next moment a choking roar of rage sounded from Napoleon's apartments. The news of what had happened sped round the farm like wildfire. The banknotes were forgeries! Frederick had got the timber for nothing! Which statement best summarizes the theme of this passage?

People who seek to deceive others can be deceived themselves.

Panyin wants to use this research for her informative essay. Because organic foods are produced with few or no pesticides, organic foods are less likely to have harmful effects than conventional foods. Which topic sentence is best supported by this research?

Research shows that organic foods pose less danger to human health than nonorganic foods.

Ruth is writing an essay about the reasons for changing a folk tale from a dark, grotesque story to a story that is appropriate for children. Which statements best describe the structure Ruth should use? Select two options.

Ruth should use the problem-solution structure to show why the dark stories are problematic and how changing them solves the problem. Ruth should give examples of the problems that dark stories can cause for younger audiences and the changes that can solve the problem.

REGINA. Lola pointed out that we can save money by having the dance at school. We can use that saved money for other parts of the dance—like decorations, refreshments, and entertainment. Yes, Tommy, you wanted to add something? TOMMY. I understand what Lola is saying about saving money with the venue, but we might be able to spend more on the venue and save on the entertainment by hiring students to DJ. I was talking with Trung and Binh—they're juniors, and they have professional DJ equipment. We can hire them for the night for $500. I did some research, and other DJs in the area typically charge $1,000 to $1,200. REGINA. OK. So Tommy is introducing the idea of saving money by using less expensive student entertainment. How do people feel about this? Could it work? How does the moderator help the group stay on task in this part of the discussion?

She asks questions to get clarification and to elicit additional opinions.

MS. CHEN. Today, we're going to discuss the issue of homework. Do students have too much? Who would like to begin? [LUISA raises her hand.] LUISA. I think students have too much, and it's become a big problem. MS. CHEN. Why do you think so, Luisa? What facts support your point of view? LUISA. Well, the National Education Association recommends two hours of homework a day. However, many students do more than that. MS. CHEN. Does anyone have another opinion? [RAYMOND raises his hand.] RAYMOND. I do. I don't think the homework load is too heavy. MS. CHEN. Why is that, Raymond? RAYMOND. According to one report, the homework load hasn't changed much since 1984. How does Ms. Chen act as a moderator in this part of the transcript?

She asks the participants to clarify their viewpoints and introduce supporting facts.

Read the conversation between Louise and Mark. LOUISE. If we decide to order a new scoreboard for the gym, we should probably order it before the end of next week. I reached out to the manufacturer and learned that the scoreboard we've discussed will take three months to build and ship. If we place the order next week, the scoreboard will arrive just in time for the new school year. Unfortunately, shipping takes— MARK, interrupting Louise. Placing an order requires a 50 percent deposit up front in the form of a certified check. I'm not sure I can get a check from the treasurer by next week. I'm not even sure we have enough money saved to pay for it. LOUISE. Thanks for the reminder, Mark. Kristin, how much have we raised in candy bar sales so far? The total cost with shipping is $1,400.00, but with the sponsorship money, the total comes to only $580. How does Louise demonstrate appropriate behavior for participating in a group discussion? Select two options.

She encourages the contributions of other group members. She comes prepared with information that is important to the discussion.

tears. If she could have spoken her thoughts, it would have been to say that this was not what they had aimed at when they had set themselves years ago to work for the overthrow of the human race. These scenes of terror and slaughter were not what they had looked forward to on that night when old Major first stirred them to rebellion. If she herself had had any picture of the future, it had been of a society of animals set free from hunger and the whip, all equal, each working according to his capacity, the strong protecting the weak, as she had protected the lost brood of ducklings with her foreleg on the night of Major's speech. -Animal Farm,George Orwell How does Clover's response support the author's purpose? Check all that apply.

She feels great despair, like many people in the Soviet Union. She was wrong to think that the strong would protect the weak. She is similar to peasants who thought that the rebellion would create a better world.

What makes Boadicea's character a warrior archetype? Check all that apply.

She is a powerful. She is forced to make a difficult decision. She has duties to both family and country

REGINA. Hi, everyone. Today we are here to make some decisions about the homecoming dance. Most importantly, we need to pick a theme and a location. I know you came prepared with suggestions and ideas, so let's begin with location. Angel? ANGEL. So, our budget for the dance is $2,500—this includes the money we raised during the car wash last week. It will have to pay for the entertainment, the space, decorations, and refreshments. [LOLA raises her hand to be recognized.] REGINA. Yes, Lola? LOLA. I was thinking that the school gym might be the most cost-effective option. We don't have to spend money on the venue and can put the money into the decorations instead to really transform it. I compared venues across town, and many of them would cost between $500 and $1,200 to rent for one night. DONNIE. That's a stupid idea. Who wants to have it in the gym? How dumb and boring. We should have it at that fancy hotel downtown. How should the moderator of the group respond to Donnie's comment?

She should remind him of the rules for discussion and ask him to provide supporting information.

REGINA. Hi, everyone. Today we are here to make some decisions about the homecoming dance. Most importantly, we need to pick a theme and a location. I know you came prepared with suggestions and ideas, so let's begin with location. Angel? ANGEL. So, our budget for the dance is $2,500—this includes the money we raised during the car wash last week. It will have to pay for the entertainment, the space, decorations, and refreshments. [LOLA raises her hand to be recognized.] REGINA. Yes, Lola? LOLA. I was thinking that the school gym might be the most cost-effective option. We don't have to spend money on the venue and can put the money into the decorations instead to really transform it. I compared venues across town, and many of them would cost between $500 and $1,200 to rent for one night. DONNIE. That's a stupid idea. Who wants to have it in the gym? How dumb and boring. We should have it at that fancy hotel downtown. How does Lola demonstrate appropriate behavior for participating in a group discussion? Check all that apply.

She speaks in a respectful manner. She raises her hand before speaking. She came prepared for the discussion.

Use the drop-down menus to answer the questions about plot and characters in Animal Farm. Which two animals often disagree with each other? Which animal does most of the heavy labor? What does Snowball try to teach the animals to do? What is the name of the incident in which Farmer Jones tries to retake the farm?

Snowball and Napoleon Boxer read and write the Battle of the Cowshed

Read the passage from Animal Farm. Napoleon decreed that there should be a full investigation into Snowball's activities. With his dogs in attendance he set out and made a careful tour of inspection of the farm buildings, the other animals following at a respectful distance. At every few steps Napoleon stopped and snuffed the ground for traces of Snowball's footsteps, which, he said, he could detect by the smell. He snuffed in every corner, in the barn, in the cow-shed, in the henhouses, in the vegetable garden, and found traces of Snowball almost everywhere. He would put his snout to the ground, give several deep sniffs, and exclaim in a terrible voice, "Snowball! He has been here! I can smell him distinctly!" and at the word "Snowball" all the dogs let out blood-curdling growls and showed their side teeth. The animals were thoroughly frightened. It seemed to them as though Snowball were some kind of invisible influence, pervading the air about them and menacing them with all kinds of dangers. How does the characterization of Snowball bestsupport the author's purpose?

Snowball, characterized as a traitor, shows how dictators use scapegoats to ramp up fear and keep control.

Even though one book after another repeats this myth, the popularity of spices had nothing to do with disguising the taste of meat or fish that had gone bad. Any lord who could afford spices (which were expensive) could easily get fresh meat or fish (which were readily available); and when a cook happened to be stuck with rancid food, the spices he had available could not hide the awful smell or taste. Whenever they could, people used the spices that were so popular, they became an expensive necessity: pepper, ginger, sugar, sometimes saffron. Only the very rich could afford the luxuries—such as ambergris (which is coughed up by whales and offers a strange, perfumy taste of the sea). -Sugar Changed the World,Marc Aronson and Marina Budhos The central idea in this passage is that spices were popular because they were flavorful, not because they helped people eat spoiled food. Which ideas are key details supporting this? Check all that apply.

Spices could not disguise bad meat. Fresh meat and fish were easy to find. Only the very rich could afford luxuries.

Which plot events are key parts of chapter 7? Check all that apply.

Squealer announces that the animals will no longer sing "Beasts of England." The animals are told that Snowball visits at night and sabotages their efforts. Napoleon comes to an agreement with humans to sell them four hundred eggs a week. Napoleon orders the dogs to kill several of the animals that questioned his authority.

Read the passage from Animal Farm. The animals were thoroughly frightened. It seemed to them as though Snowball were some kind of invisible influence, pervading the air about them and menacing them with all kinds of dangers. In the evening Squealer called them together, and with an alarmed expression on his face told them that he had some serious news to report. "Comrades!" cried Squealer, making little nervous skips, "a most terrible thing has been discovered. Snowball has sold himself to Frederick of Pinchfield Farm, who is even now plotting to attack us and take our farm away from us! Snowball is to act as his guide when the attack begins. But there is worse than that. We had thought that Snowball's rebellion was caused simply by his vanity and ambition. But we were wrong, comrades. Do you know what the real reason was? Snowball was in league with Jones from the very start! He was Jones's secret agent all the time. It has all been proved by documents which he left behind him and which we have only just discovered. To my mind this explains a great deal, comrades. Did we not see for ourselves how he attempted—fortunately without success—to get us defeated and destroyed at the Battle of the Cowshed?" How does Orwell use satire to achieve his purpose in this passage?

Squealer's speech mocks the obvious lies of political propaganda.

The following sentence has a misplaced modifier. Tired of studying and writing research papers, summer vacation came as a relief to the student. Which revision corrects the error in the sentence?

Summer vacation came as a relief to the student, who was tired of studying and writing research papers.

Read the passage from Animal Farm. In the end they finished the harvest in two days' less time than it had usually taken Jones and his men. Moreover, it was the biggest harvest that the farm had ever seen. There was no wastage whatever; the hens and ducks with their sharp eyes had gathered up the very last stalk. And not an animal on the farm had stolen so much as a mouthful. What is the central idea of this passage?

The animals work efficiently in harmony.

Read the excerpt from "The Storyteller." The child moved reluctantly to the window. "Why are those sheep being driven out of that field?" he asked. "I expect they are being driven to another field where there is more grass," said the aunt weakly. "But there is lots of grass in that field," protested the boy; "there's nothing else but grass there. Aunt, there's lots of grass in that field." "Perhaps the grass in the other field is better," suggested the aunt fatuously. "Why is it better?" came the swift, inevitable question. "Oh, look at those cows!" exclaimed the aunt. Nearly every field along the line had contained cows or bullocks, but she spoke as though she were drawing attention to a rarity. "Why is the grass in the other field better?" persisted Cyril. Which instances of situational irony occur in the passage? Select two options.

The aunt expects the boy to accept her explanations, but he does not. The aunt expects the boy to be interested in the cows, but he is not.

"Come over here and listen to a story," said the aunt, when the bachelor had looked twice at her and once at the communication cord. The children moved listlessly towards the aunt's end of the carriage. Evidently her reputation as a story-teller did not rank high in their estimation. In a low, confidential voice, interrupted at frequent intervals by loud, petulant questionings from her listeners, she began an unenterprising and deplorably uninteresting story about a little girl who was good, and made friends with every one on account of her goodness, and was finally saved from a mad bull by a number of rescuers who admired her moral character. "Wouldn't they have saved her if she hadn't been good?" demanded the bigger of the small girls. It was exactly the question that the bachelor had wanted to ask. -"The Storyteller,"Saki Which details help to reveal the plot of this story? Check all that apply.

The aunt is telling an uninteresting story. The children are rambunctious and are questioning their aunt. The aunt's story suggests that if you are good, good things will happen.

Human rights versus property rights. That argument goes on today as, for example, we debate how closely to regulate coal mining. Is it best to let owners set rules, which is likely to give all of us cheaper coal, or to have the government set standards, which is more likely to protect workers and the environment? In France, one side argued that slaves must be freed. The other said that to change anything in the sugar islands would invite slave revolts, help France's rivals, and thus hurt the nation. In the new United States, the Revolution gave white men with property a sense of freedom, while Africans were still enslaved. In England, abolitionists spoke up for Africans, but kings and lords still ruled. In France, revolutionaries were turning against their own nobles but remained uncertain about what this meant for enslaved Africans on their sugar islands. The Age of Revolutions was pressing ideas of freedom against the rights of property, and no one was sure where these great clashes would lead. In revolutionary France, the defenders of slaves began to win the argument against the advocates of property rights. By fall of 1791, the French passed a law making free blacks and people of mixed background on the sugar islands legally equal to all other Frenchmen. - Sugar Changed the World, Marc Aronson and Marina Budhos How do the authors use French history to support the claim that the global hunger for slave-grown sugar led to the end of slavery?

The authors use events from French history to demonstrate how attitudes toward slavery and the sugar trade changed during the 1700s.

How does the cartoonist use exaggeration in this cartoon to create meaning?

The boy's long list of summer activities shows the cartoonist's belief that kids are overscheduled.

Read the passage from Sugar Changed the World. Slavery was abolished in the British Empire in 1833, thirty years before the Emancipation Proclamation in the United States. But even after they freed their slaves, the sugar plantation owners were desperate to find cheap labor to cut cane and process sugar. So the British owners looked to another part of the empire—India—and recruited thousands of men and women, who were given five-year contracts and a passage back. For a person from India, going overseas was not a simple matter. Once you crossed the "black water" of the surrounding oceans, you were said to have "gone to tapu." You no longer had any place in your village and could not be accepted back until you went through a special ceremony. Leaving India truly meant giving up your home; yet for some—for my family—that was their only chance for a better life. How do the details in this passage support the author's purpose?

The details about families leaving for a better life inform readers about the status of the author's family.

Read the passage from Sugar Changed the World. Sugar is different from honey. It offers a stronger sweet flavor, and like steel or plastic, it had to be invented. In the Age of Sugar, Europeans bought a product made thousands of miles away that was less expensive than the honey from down the road. That was possible only because sugar set people in motion all across the world—millions of them as slaves, in chains; a few in search of their fortunes. A perfect taste made possible by the most brutal labor: That is the dark story of sugar. How do the details in this passage support the authors' purpose?

The details about sugar's dependency on slavery help inform readers about why sugar was inexpensive.

"Comrades!" he cried. "You do not imagine, I hope, that we pigs are doing this in a spirit of selfishness and privilege? Many of us actually dislike milk and apples. I dislike them myself. Our sole object in taking these things is to preserve our health. Milk and apples (this has been proved by Science, comrades) contain substances absolutely necessary to the well-being of a pig. We pigs are brainworkers. The whole management and organization of this farm depend on us. Day and night we are watching over your welfare. It is for YOUR sake that we drink that milk and eat those apples. Do you know what would happen if we pigs failed in our duty? Jones would come back! Yes, Jones would come back!" -Animal Farm, George Orwell Which statement best explains how the details in the passage develop the central idea that people in power use deceit to control others?

The details show how Squealer turns unpleasant truths into persuasive lies to control the animals.

The mystery of where the milk went to was soon cleared up. It was mixed every day into the pigs' mash. The early apples were now ripening, and the grass of the orchard was littered with windfalls. The animals had assumed as a matter of course that these would be shared out equally; one day, however, the order went forth that all the windfalls were to be collected and brought to the harness-room for the use of the pigs. At this some of the other animals murmured, but it was no use. All the pigs were in full agreement on this point, even Snowball and Napoleon. Squealer was sent to make the necessary explanations to the others. -Animal Farm, George Orwell Which statement best explains how details in the passage develop the central idea that the leaders believe that they deserve more?

The details show that the pigs get privileges, while the other animals do all the labor.

Which character responses best support the author's purpose in chapter 7? Check all that apply.

The dogs see to it that Napoleon's orders are carried out. Four pigs confess that they have been secretly meeting with Snowball. When the animals think about Snowball, they cannot sleep in their stalls. Three hens claim that Snowball incited them to disobey Napoleon's orders. When the hens learn that they have to give up their eggs, they become upset.

"Comrades," said Snowball, "it is half-past six and we have a long day before us. Today we begin the hay harvest. But there is another matter that must be attended to first." The pigs now revealed that during the past three months they had taught themselves to read and write from an old spelling book which had belonged to Mr. Jones's children and which had been thrown on the rubbish heap. Napoleon sent for pots of black and white paint and led the way down to the five-barred gate that gave on to the main road. Then Snowball (for it was Snowball who was best at writing) took a brush between the two knuckles of his trotter, painted out MANOR FARM from the top bar of the gate and in its place painted ANIMAL FARM. This was to be the name of the farm from now onwards. After this they went back to the farm buildings, where Snowball and Napoleon sent for a ladder which they caused to be set against the end wall of the big barn. They explained that by their studies of the past three months the pigs had succeeded in reducing the principles of Animalism to Seven Commandments. -Animal Farm,George Orwell Which prediction is best supported by the foreshadowing in the passage?

The education of the pigs will create a social class conflict with the other animals.

Read the passage, then answer the question that follows. As ever, sugar work was brutally hard. The workers woke early, and for the first few months they were "seasoned"—learning the numbing work of hoeing or weeding or loading the barges with cut cane. After they were broken in, they might take on other tasks or, if they were lucky, get a place at the factory. The Indians' contracts called for seven hours' work for about twenty-four cents a day. During the first few months, though, eight cents a week was deducted for food rations. And no matter what the words said on a piece of paper, sugar workers did not work just seven hours. More often than not, they labored as long as there was light, in the broiling heat. And though they might not be shackled or whipped like slaves, their lives were completely controlled by the terrifying overseers. -Sugar Changed the World, Marc Aronson and Marina Budhos Which statement best explains how the evidence supports the central idea that working conditions were similar to slavery?

The evidence details hard work and the Indian laborers' lack of control over their lives.

Read Lola's argument that people need college degrees. It seems like every high school student is expected to go to college. Some teenagers resent the pressure this expectation puts on them. But we teens have to be realistic. A college degree is necessary in today's world. Most employers today require job applicants to have a college degree. Many jobs require specific skills acquired through college courses geared to that profession. Of course, not every job requires the exact subject matter you learned at college. But employers are looking for people with perseverance, analytical skills, and the ability to communicate. Those are things you will learn during your years at college. What is the best evaluation of the evidence Lola provides?

The evidence is relevant and sufficient because the main reason people go to college is to get jobs and support themselves.

Read the passage from Sugar Changed the World. Gandhi began to see that there was a way for the indentured Indians to strengthen themselves without having to rely on machetes and guns. Freedom, he realized, did not come only from rising up against oppressors or tyrants. It could also be found in oneself. The mere fact that the sugar masters treated their workers as some form of property did not mean the Indians had to accept that definition. In fact, it was up to them to claim, to assert, their own worth, their own value. A man who had his inner, personal dignity was free—no matter how a boss tried to bully him. Gandhi's years in South Africa became a laboratory, as he experimented with how to be a truthful, free person. Finally, he was ready to put his ideas into practice. How does the evidence support the central idea that Gandhi decided it was time to replace violence with nonviolent protest?

The evidence shows how Gandhi experimented with ways to assert one's dignity and be free.

Read the passage from chapter 2 of Animal Farm. Yes, it was theirs—everything that they could see was theirs! In the ecstasy of that thought they gamboled round and round, they hurled themselves into the air in great leaps of excitement. They rolled in the dew, they cropped mouthfuls of the sweet summer grass, they kicked up clods of the black earth and snuffed its rich scent. Then they made a tour of inspection of the whole farm and surveyed with speechless admiration the ploughland, the hayfield, the orchard, the pool, the spinney. It was as though they had never seen these things before, and even now they could hardly believe that it was all their own. Which prediction does this passage best support?

The farm will not belong to the animals in the end.

Read the passage from Animal Farm. In January food fell short. The corn ration was drastically reduced, and it was announced that an extra potato ration would be issued to make up for it. Then it was discovered that the greater part of the potato crop had been frosted in the clamps, which had not been covered thickly enough. The potatoes had become soft and discoloured, and only a few were edible. For days at a time the animals had nothing to eat but chaff and mangels. Starvation seemed to stare them in the face. It was vitally necessary to conceal this fact from the outside world. Emboldened by the collapse of the windmill, the human beings were inventing fresh lies about Animal Farm. Once again it was being put about that all the animals were dying of famine and disease, and that they were continually fighting among themselves and had resorted to cannibalism and infanticide. Napoleon was well aware of the bad results that might follow if the real facts of the food situation were known, and he decided to make use of Mr. Whymper to spread a contrary impression. Hitherto the animals had had little or no contact with Whymper on his weekly visits: now, however, a few selected animals, mostly sheep, were instructed to remark casually in his hearing that rations had been increased. In addition, Napoleon ordered the almost empty bins in the store-shed to be filled nearly to the brim with sand, which was then covered up with what remained of the grain and meal. On some suitable pretext Whymper was led through the store-shed and allowed to catch a glimpse of the bins. He was deceived, and continued to report to the outside world that there was no food shortage on Animal Farm. Which statements about the passage support the idea that this passage is an allegory for the famine in the Soviet Union? Select three options.

The food rations have been cut and animals are starving. The reality of the food shortage is hidden from the public. Napoleon resorts to propaganda to spread lies.

Read the passage and review the image from Sugar Changed the World. Caption: Enslaved people working in a sugar plantation (illustration by William Clark) My great-grandparents had come from India to Guyana—then British Guiana—in the late nineteenth century to work on the sugar plantations. Sugar was the backbone of the British Empire at that time. The demand was huge, for sugar had gone from being a luxury that only kings could afford to a necessity. Even the poorest of London shopgirls took sugar in their tea. Slavery was abolished in the British Empire in 1833, thirty years before the Emancipation Proclamation in the United States. But even after they freed their slaves, the sugar plantation owners were desperate to find cheap labor to cut cane and process sugar. So the British owners looked to another part of the empire—India—and recruited thousands of men and women, who were given five-year contracts and a passage back. How does the image best support the text?

The image shows what a sugar plantation looked like and what brutal work enslaved people endured.

Read the excerpt from "A Genetics of Justice" by Julia Alvarez. Images of the dictator hung in every house next to the crucifix and Ia Virgencita with the declaration beneath: In this house Trujillo is Chief. The pale face of a young military man wearing a plumed bicorne hat and a gold-braided uniform looked down beneficently at my mother as she read her romantic novelas and dreamed of meeting the great love of her life. Sometimes in her daydreams, her great love wore the handsome young dictator's face. Never having seen him, my mother could not know the portrait was heavily retouched. What is the central idea of this paragraph?

The images of Trujillo portrayed him falsely.

Read the passage and study the map from Sugar Changed the World. If you walked down Beekman Street in New York in the 1750s, you would come to a general store owned by Gerard Beekman—his family gave the street its name. The products on his shelves showed many of the ways sugar was linking the world. Beekman and merchants like him shipped flour, bread, corn, salted beef, and wood to the Caribbean. They brought back sugar, rum, molasses, limes, cocoa, and ginger. Simple enough; but this trade up and down the Atlantic coast was part of a much larger world system. Textbooks talk about the Triangle Trade: Ships set out from Europe carrying fabrics, clothes, and simple manufactured goods to Africa, where they sold their cargoes and bought people. The enslaved people were shipped across the Atlantic to the islands, where they were sold for sugar. Then the ships brought sugar to North America, to be sold or turned into rum—which the captains brought back to Europe. But that neat triangle—already more of a rectangle—is completely misleading. Beekman's trade, for example, could cut out Europe entirely. British colonists' ships set out directly from New York and New England carrying the food and timber that the islands needed, trading them for sugar, which the merchants brought back up the coast. Then the colonists traded their sugar for English fabrics, clothes, and simple manufactured goods, or they took their rum directly to Africa to buy slaves—to sell to the sugar islands. English, North American, French, and Dutch ships competed to supply the Caribbean plantations and buy their sugar. And even all these boats filling the waters of the Atlantic were but one part of an even larger system of world trade. Africans who sold other Africans as slaves insisted on being paid in fabrics from India. Indeed, historians have discovered that some 35 percent of the cargo typically taken from Europe to Africa originally came from India. What could the Europeans use to buy Indian cloth? The Spanish shipped silver from the mines of Bolivia to Manila in the Philippines, and bought Asian products there. Any silver that English or French pirates could steal from the Spanish was also ideal for buying Asian cloth. So to get the fabrics that would buy the slaves that could be sold for sugar for the English to put into their tea, the Spanish shipped silver to the Philippines, and the French, English, and Dutch sailed east to India. What we call a triangle was really as round as the globe. This map shows how the Triangle Trade has traditionally been depicted. Which statement best explains how the map supports the text?

The map shows a common and simplistic presentation of how sugar-related trade worked.

Which statement best summarizes the central idea of "The Veil"?

The narrator feels conflicted about wearing a veil.

When I first started at Hidaya I hated wearing the hijab. I found it itchy and I absolutely despised wearing it during gym class. I also thought it looked awful on me and in the first two weeks I was always styling my bangs and letting them out at the front so that everybody knew I had nice hair. Talk about being insecure. But then I got to know the other kids and it no longer felt awkward. I got used to it and I met girls who were wearing it full-time outside of school, like, voluntarily, and I started to really respect their courage. I was even a bit jealous because there I would be, ripping it off as soon as I was off school property, and there they would be, calmly and proudly stepping onto a train filled with students from schools all over without so much as a hint of fear or doubt. They looked so at peace with their identity and everybody got to know and respect them on their own terms. -Does My Head Look Big in This?, Randa Abdel-Fattah What is the central idea of the passage?

The narrator wants to be as comfortable with her identity as the other girls are with theirs.

Read the excerpt from Does My Head Look Big in This?by Randa Abdel-Fattah. Now the next thing, and it's really very simple, is that while I'm not going to abandon my fashion sense—you'd better believe I'd never give up my shopping sprees—I'm sick of obsessing about my body, what guys are going to think about my cleavage and calves and shoulder-to-hip ratio. And for the love of everything that is good and holy I am really sick of worrying what people are going to think if I put on a few pounds or have a pimple. I mean, homeroom on Monday morning can be such a stress attack. Which statement best explains how the narrative tone reveals a unique perspective?

The narrator's frustration helps readers understand what it is like to be a teenager.

The more I think about my parents' sadistic decision to send me to McClean's, the more I wonder whether I harbor severe masochistic tendencies. I can't believe I'm actually contemplating wearing the hijab to a snotty prep school where you're seriously doomed to the non-cool list if you're one issue behind on the latest Teen Voguefashion. I mean, hello, wake up and smell the Frappuccino, what am I doing being all holy and stuff when I know I've got more chance of getting away with a Kelly Osbourne look than I do covering my hair? -Does My Head Look Big in This?,Randa Abdel-Fattah Which sentence best explains how the narrative tone reveals a unique perspective?

The narrator's harsh internal dialogue helps the reader understand her struggles.

Read the paragraph. Attending career day this spring will be helpful to all seniors, regardless of their future plans. By talking to potential future employers, students can learn about careers they have never heard of before. They can also learn which college degrees may be the most useful to them later in life. What does the phrase "later in life" contribute to the text?

The phrase adds a specific detail about time that is relevant to the text's topic.

Read the passage from Animal Farm The mystery of where the milk went to was soon cleared up. It was mixed every day into the pigs' mash. The early apples were now ripening, and the grass of the orchard was littered with windfalls. The animals had assumed as a matter of course that these would be shared out equally; one day, however, the order went forth that all the windfalls were to be collected and brought to the harness-room for the use of the pigs. At this some of the other animals murmured, but it was no use. All the pigs were in full agreement on this point, even Snowball and Napoleon. Squealer was sent to make the necessary explanations to the others. What is the central idea of this passage?

The pigs are exploiting their authority and becoming corrupt.

"Comrades!" he cried. "You do not imagine, I hope, that we pigs are doing this in a spirit of selfishness and privilege? Many of us actually dislike milk and apples. I dislike them myself. Our sole object in taking these things is to preserve our health. Milk and apples (this has been proved by Science, comrades) contain substances absolutely necessary to the well-being of a pig. We pigs are brainworkers. The whole management and organization of this farm depend on us. Day and night we are watching over your welfare. It is for YOUR sake that we drink that milk and eat those apples. Do you know what would happen if we pigs failed in our duty? Jones would come back! Yes, Jones would come back!" -Animal Farm, George Orwell Which statement best explains the central idea of this passage?

The pigs use lies and deceit to control the other animals.

Which events in Animal Farm correctly match historical events? Select three options.

The rebellion against Tsar Nicholas II parallels the animals' rebellion against Jones. Lenin's renaming of Russia to the USSR parallels Snowball and Napoleon's renaming of Manor Farm to Animal Farm. The development of the Communist Party parallels the development of Animalism.

Sugar plantations were Hell because of the endless labor they demanded from slaves. They were Hell because of the many dangers and the injuries that they caused. They were Hell because the slaves who labored without end got nothing for their work—except to live another day, to work more. But none of these miseries was the true reason the plantations were so evil. The plantations were Hell because the masters and overseers were treated as gods—which turned them into devils. The English historian Lord Acton famously said, "Power tends to corrupt, and absolute power corrupts absolutely." That is a perfect description of sugar Hell. Men with absolute power over their slaves acted like creatures we would otherwise meet only in nightmares. Their cruelty had no limit—they preferred to kill their slaves rather than fear them. As Equiano explained, the island of Montserrat "requires 20,000 new Negroes annually, to fill up the vacant places of the dead." -Sugar Changed the World, Marc Aronson and Marina Budhos How does the authors' word choice contribute to the claim in this passage?

The repetition and connotations of words emphasizes that slaveholders were merciless.

Read the excerpt from chapter 10 of Animal Farm. Then there came a moment when the first shock had worn off and when, in spite of everything—in spite of their terror of the dogs, and of the habit, developed through long years, of never complaining, never criticising, no matter what happened—they might have uttered some word of protest. But just at that moment, as though at a signal, all the sheep burst out into a tremendous bleating of— "Four legs good, two legs BETTER! Four legs good, two legs BETTER! Four legs good, two legs BETTER!" Which statement best explains why this passage is an example of irony?

The sheep, which are four-legged animals, are chanting about how two legs are better.

Read the passage from Sugar Changed the World. Knowing that their slaves were likely to die by the time they reached their thirties, Louisiana sugar planters were extremely selective—they bought only healthy-looking young men in their late teens. On average, the men purchased in Louisiana were an inch taller than the people bought in the other slave states. Those teenagers made up seven to eight out of every ten slaves brought to America's sugar Hell. The others were younger teenage girls, around fifteen to sixteen years old. Their job, for the rest of their short lives, was to have children. Elizabeth Ross Hite knew that, for sure, "all de master wanted was fo' dem wimmen to hav children." Enslaved children would be put to work or sold. The overseer S.B. Raby explained, "Rachel had a 'fine boy' last Sunday. Our crop of negroes will I think make up any deficiencies there may be in the cane crop." That is, a master could sell any slaves who managed to live, if he needed more money than he could make from sugar. Jazz was born in Louisiana. Could it be that a population of teenagers, almost all of them male, were inspired to develop their own music as a way to speak, to compete, to announce who they were to the world? Bomba in Puerto Rico, Maculelê in Brazil, jazz in Louisiana—all gave people a chance to be alive, to be human, to have ideas, and dreams, and passions when their owners claimed they were just cogs in machinery built to produce sugar. How do the authors use historical evidence to support their claim in this passage?

They argue that extremely difficult conditions inspired enslaved young men to invent new forms of music.

Read the excerpts from Does My Head Look Big in This? and Persepolis. Excerpt from Does My Head Look Big in This?: I can't image what my class will say if I walk in with the hijab on. Oh boy, does this give the walking-into-class-naked dream another dimension. Except in my case, I'm not walking in naked. I'm walking in fully covered and yet I'm still breaking out into a sweat. Come to think of it, though, it's not like I'm not used to being the odd one out. I attended a Catholic elementary school because we lived too far away from the Islamic school and my parents didn't have time to travel the distance twice a day. Plus, all that "love thy neighbor," "respect your parents," and "cleanliness is next to godliness" stuff was basically what I would have been taught in Religious Education in an Islamic school anyway. Excerpt from Persepolis: What similarities do the narrators' perspectives most reveal? Select two options.

They both experience alienation in school. They are both unsure about being told what to wear.

What are the effects of the words chosen by the authors of Sugar Changed the World? Check all that apply.

They create sympathy for the living conditions of enslaved Africans. They compare the lives of enslaved people with the lives of free people. They provide a metaphor for the bitterness and sweetness of the sugar trade.

Read the passage from Sugar Changed the World. With their victory, the people of Saint Domingue announced that the conflict between freedom and property was over: "All men are equal" meant that no men are property. This idea terrified the English—and not merely because their sugar island of Jamaica was just over a hundred miles across the water from Saint Domingue. Indeed, slaves in Jamaica were beginning to sing a new song while they worked: One, two, tree,All de same;Black, white, brown,All de same;All de same.One, two, tree,All de same! That chant did more than threaten a slave revolt—it was a challenge to all ranking hierarchies. Jamaica had already seen many slave revolts, and the reverend John Lindsay was certain that the talk of freedom and liberty in North America had inspired the slaves: "At our tables (where . . . every Person has his own waiting man behind him) we have I am afraid been too careless of Expressions, especially when the topic of American rebellion has been . . . brandished with strains of Virtuous Heroism." But the slaves did not need to overhear their masters to learn about the ideas of equality. Black sailors working ships running all through the islands were carrying the word. And if this spirit of liberty got out of hand, that could be really dangerous. After all, in England itself only 3 percent of the population had the right to vote. If this expanded idea of freedom spread, how safe were the kings and dukes, earls and knights, of England? Starting in fall 1793, British troops began arriving in Saint Domingue to reenslave people and return them to their sugar plantations. As Henry Dundas, the British secretary of war, put it, their goal was to "prevent a circulation in the British Colonies of the wild and pernicious Doctrines of Liberty and Equality." How do the authors use historical evidence to support their claim? Select two options.

They use a primary source to show that a song was spreading the idea of equality across the Caribbean. They use a primary source to show that some white people opposed the idea of freeing enslaved people.

Read the passage from Animal Farm. In the late summer yet another of Snowball's machinations was laid bare. The wheat crop was full of weeds, and it was discovered that on one of his nocturnal visits Snowball had mixed weed seeds with the seed corn. A gander who had been privy to the plot had confessed his guilt to Squealer and immediately committed suicide by swallowing deadly nightshade berries. The animals now also learned that Snowball had never—as many of them had believed hitherto—received the order of "Animal Hero, First Class." This was merely a legend which had been spread some time after the Battle of the Cowshed by Snowball himself. So far from being decorated, he had been censured for showing cowardice in the battle. Once again some of the animals heard this with a certain bewilderment, but Squealer was soon able to convince them that their memories had been at fault. Which statement best summarizes the theme of this passage?

Those in power may spread propaganda to further their cause.

Which pieces of evidence are most likely empirical? Select two options.

a historical study showing that Indian workers were paid low wages research showing that planters encouraged rivalry between workers

Use the drop-down menus to identify the underlined phrase in each sentence. A statue of great size stood in front of the castle. Let's take a photograph of the beautiful mountain. The family who lives next door asked me to babysit for their twins.

adjectival phrase adjectival phrase adverbial phrase

Led by three young Black Minorca pullets, the hens made a determined effort to thwart Napoleon's wishes. Their method was to fly up to the rafters and there lay their eggs, which smashed to pieces on the floor. Napoleon acted swiftly and ruthlessly. He ordered the hens' rations to be stopped, and decreed that any animal giving so much as a grain of corn to a hen should be punished by death. The dogs saw to it that these orders were carried out. For five days the hens held out, then they capitulated and went back to their nesting boxes. Nine hens had died in the meantime. -Animal Farm,George Orwell Which literary device does Orwell most use to support his purpose in writing in this passage?

allegory, to show similarities between the farm and the Soviet Union

In Animal Farm, Animalism refers to communism. Which literary technique is this an example of?

allusion

Read the passage from Sugar Changed the World. In 1733, Parliament ruled that an extra six cents must be added to the price of every gallon of molasses that did not come from an English source. If the colonists actually followed the rules of the Molasses Act, it would have terrible consequences. Molasses from French islands would now be too expensive—merchants could never make a profit. So they would have to turn to the English, who would surely raise their prices. This one law could cripple the entire North American trade with the sugar islands—if, that is, the colonists or the French followed the rules. But of course they did just the opposite. The Molasses Act accomplished nothing except to make Americans better smugglers. Yet the act was renewed again and again—until the crucial year of 1763. Just as the Molasses Act was due to expire, England completed its victory over France in the global contest known as the Seven Years' War (the segment of that war fought in North America is often called the French and Indian War). To pay for the war, the prime minister decided to put some teeth into the legislation. Now called the Sugar Act, the law was designed to make sure the American colonists stopped smuggling and paid their sugar tax. Which details do the authors include to support the claim in this passage? Select three options.

an explanation of what was being taxed and how much it cost an explanation of why the Americans smuggled molasses an explanation of why the British imposed the Sugar Act

Which type of evidence would most likely include a testimonial?

anecdotal

Use the drop-down menus to answer the questions about the plot of Animal Farm. What do Snowball, Napoleon, and Squealer call their philosophy? What is this philosophy based on?

animalism Old Major's teachings

The smaller girl created a diversion by beginning to recite "On the Road to Mandalay." She only knew the first line, but she put her limited knowledge to the fullest possible use. She repeated the line over and over again in a dreamy but resolute and very audible voice; it seemed to the bachelor as though some one had had a bet with her that she could not repeat the line aloud two thousand times without stopping. Whoever it was who had made the wager was likely to lose his bet. -"The Storyteller,"Saki Which word best describes the smaller girl's character? shyangry What evidence supports this characterization of the smaller girl? Which word best describes the bachelor's character? What evidence supports this characterization of the bachelor?

annoying She repeats a line over and over irritated He feels like she will repeat the line excessively

Read the excerpt from Does My Head Look Big in This?by Randa Abdel-Fattah. I can't sleep. What will Adam say? Adam? Who gives a crap about Adam? Not me. Uh-uh. Nope. He'll probably laugh. Hey, that's not fair. He's not like that. What is the narrator's tone regarding going to school in the hijab?

anxious

Which two factors combine to form an author's purpose for writing a text?

audience and message

Which propaganda technique promotes the idea that a belief or course of action is popular?

bandwagon

Identify the dependent clause in each sentence. I have many hobbies, but reading is my favorite hobby because it lets me imagine other worlds. I have many hobbies reading is my favorite Even though some people dislike reading, I think that they can change their opinion, but they need to meet the right book. The very first book that I read was a mystery, and I have been intrigued by this genre ever since.

because it lets me imagine other worlds Even though some people dislike reading that I read

In North America, farmers plowing the rocky New England soil, or even the proud Virginians with their slave-run tobacco farms, did not have the luxury of turning their work over to others and moving to London. The Americans wanted cheap sugar and to be able to buy it anywhere, but they had no voice in Parliament. That made it extremely hard to take when Parliament sided with the sugar planters. Americans felt they were being cheated, silenced—in fact, enslaved. In 1733, Parliament ruled that an extra six cents must be added to the price of every gallon of molasses that did not come from an English source. If the colonists actually followed the rules of the Molasses Act, it would have terrible consequences. Molasses from French islands would now be too expensive—merchants could never make a profit. So they would have to turn to the English, who would surely raise their prices. This one law could cripple the entire North American trade with the sugar islands—if, that is, the colonists or the French followed the rules. But of course they did just the opposite. -Sugar Changed the World,Marc Aronson and Marina Budhos How do the authors use historical details to support the claim that the sugar trade led to the end of slavery?

by demonstrating how taxation drove the abolitionist movement in America

Read the passage from Sugar Changed the World. For an African, whether you were sent to the Caribbean or South America, you were now part of the sugar machine. And it did not much matter where your ship landed. You could be working the fertile fields of Brazil or the hills of Jamaica; the brutal cycle of making sugar was much the same. If the terrain was not too rocky or hilly, you might be part of a group of slaves who drove teams of oxen to draw plows across the fields. On rougher ground, you were sent out to clear a space five inches deep and five feet square. Then you dug holes for the cane shoots in the cleared squares. You needed to work quickly and without stopping. Overseers watched closely to make sure of that, beating slaves who did not carve out at least twenty-eight holes an hour on one French island. The painstaking work had just one aim: to plant a crop that would end up taking the life of every worker who touched it. As Equiano explained, the sugar slaves could hardly rest even when their day was done. How do the authors create a tone that develops their claim and purpose?

by using words with negative connotations, such as brutal

It is early morning on a Caribbean island, and African slaves—hundreds of them—are being sent out to the fields to pull weeds and burn the high, dry grass. Bent over, palms callused from the small, tough stalks, smoke scorching their eyes, they work. The overseer prowls nearby, mounted on horseback, a rawhide whip fastened to his saddle. -Sugar Changed the World, Marc Aronson and Marina Budhos Which words from the passage help to create a dark or grim tone?

callused, scorching, prowls

On Sunday mornings Squealer, holding down a long strip of paper with his trotter, would read out to them lists of figures proving that the production of every class of foodstuff had increased by two hundred percent, three hundred percent, or five hundred percent, as the case might be. The animals saw no reason to disbelieve him, especially as they could no longer remember very clearly what conditions had been like before the Rebellion. All the same, there were days when they felt that they would sooner have had less figures and more food. -Animal Farm,George Orwell What technique is used in the passage to promote propaganda? What is the purpose of Squealer's use of propaganda?

card-stacking to make the animals think that production is booming

Read Shakespeare's "Sonnet 100." Where art thou, Muse, that thou forget'st so longTo speak of that which gives thee all thy might?Spend'st thou thy fury on some worthless song,Darkening thy power to lend base subjects light?Return, forgetful Muse, and straight redeemIn gentle numbers time so idly spent;Sing to the ear that doth thy lays esteemAnd gives thy pen both skill and argument.Rise, resty Muse, my love's sweet face survey,If Time have any wrinkle graven there;If any, be a satire to decay,And make Time's spoils despised every where.Give my love fame faster than Time wastes life;So thou prevent'st his scythe and crooked knife. What is the rhyme scheme of the second quatrain?

cdcd

Which technique gives the reader information from the past to help explain a character's actions and reactions in a narrative?

flashbacks

Each school day, students head home with a list of assignments. From reading chapters to writing reports to preparing projects, students often have hours of homework to complete each day. The National Education Association recommends about two hours of homework for high school students per day. However, many receive three hours or more. Some in the educational community claim that this is too much and that students are overwhelmed. Research shows that high levels of homework can result in increased stress, weight loss, exhaustion, sleep deprivation, and other issues. In a study in the Journal of Experimental Education, 56 percent of the students cited homework as their main cause of stress. However, others say that the amount of homework has not changed substantially. According to a 2014 Brookings Institute's report on education in America, homework load has remained stable since 1984. Many educators explain that handling a homework load remains important because it helps students practice responsibility and time management. This passage has been assigned for a group discussion to answer the question "Do students have too much homework?" How will the article be mosthelpful for the group?

for identifying facts to support their opinions

Read the sentence from Nikita's analysis of "The Children of the Drug Wars." Nazario feels that refugee kids totally shouldn't be sent back to the same dangerous things they've left. This sentence should be revised to make it more

formal.

n a very little while the animals had destroyed everything that reminded them of Mr. Jones. Napoleon then led them back to the store-shed and served out a double ration of corn to everybody, with two biscuits for each dog. Then they sang "Beasts of England" from end to end seven times running, and after that they settled down for the night and slept as they had never slept before. -Animal Farm,George Orwell What does the song "Beasts of England" symbolize in this passage?

freedom and solidarity

During my youth, I was always curious about how the world worked. Because of this, I dove into my studies. I was always reading or conducting experiments. My teacher often called me precocious, as I was always getting great grades and going above and beyond. What does the word precocious mean in this sentence?

gifted

The purpose of this cartoon is to mock reporters who expose themselves to dangerous storms. What makes this cartoon effective? Check all that apply.

humorous irony a clear subject matter an exaggerated situation an easily understood perspective

Read the passage from Animal Farm. It was a few days later than this that the pigs came upon a case of whisky in the cellars of the farmhouse. It had been overlooked at the time when the house was first occupied. That night there came from the farmhouse the sound of loud singing, in which, to everyone's surprise, the strains of "Beasts of England" were mixed up. At about half past nine Napoleon, wearing an old bowler hat of Mr. Jones's, was distinctly seen to emerge from the back door, gallop rapidly round the yard, and disappear indoors again. But in the morning a deep silence hung over the farmhouse. Not a pig appeared to be stirring. It was nearly nine o'clock when Squealer made his appearance, walking slowly and dejectedly, his eyes dull, his tail hanging limply behind him, and with every appearance of being seriously ill. He called the animals together and told them that he had a terrible piece of news to impart. Comrade Napoleon was dying! Which propaganda technique is used in this passage?

hyperbole

Read each sentence. Then, use the drop-down menus to identify the types of figurative language used. I must be popular because my phone is blowing up. Her smile lit up my day. The dog continued to bark, speaking with authority. He wept like a faucet.

hyperbole metaphor personification simile

After Boadicea had been so cruelly and unjustly treated, she burned with anger against the Romans. Her heart was full only of thoughts of revenge. -An Island Story, Henrietta Elizabeth Marshall Read the passage. Then, answer the questions about the underlined text. What kind of figurative language is the underlined text? What is the meaning of the underlined text?

metaphor She was extremely angry.

By making inferences based on analysis of a character, the reader is able to determine a character's

motivation.

Read the excerpt from The Travels of Marco Polo and study the map. When the traveler leaves Kuh-banan he goes for fully eight days through a desert. . . . After these eight days he reaches a province called Tun and Kain, where there are cities and towns in plenty. It is situated on the northern borders of Persia. There is an immense plain here, in which stands the Solitary Tree, which the Christians call the Dry Tree. Based on the excerpt and the map, what makes the journey to Kain difficult?

mountains and dry conditions

Read the excerpt from Animal Farm. In January there came bitterly hard weather. The earth was like iron, and nothing could be done in the fields. Many meetings were held in the big barn, and the pigs occupied themselves with planning out the work of the coming season. This excerpt is an example of conflict between a character and

nature

Use the drop-down menus to identify the underlined phrase in each sentence. The students carrying boxes into their new dorm rooms were exhausted at the end of the day. To text in the middle of a movie is rude to other moviegoers. Skiing down that slope was exhilarating!

participial phrase infinitive phrase gerund phrase

Read the scenario about a formal discussion. Asha is planning to attend an important city council meeting about potential locations for a new public library. Several members of the city council will be in attendance, but community members are invited to participate as well. Asha wants to present her point of view about where the library should be built. What can Asha do to prepare for this discussion? Select two options.

prepare notes summarizing her point of view and some facts to support it visit the city council's website to learn about city council meeting rules and protocol

Which group is most likely planning to participate in a formal discussion?

public-policy planners meeting to discuss changes to a state-run health program

Read the excerpt from Does My Head Look Big in This?by Randa Abdel-Fattah. I hate the fact that I had to leave Hidaya. But it only goes up to tenth grade because it doesn't have enough funding to offer eleventh and twelfth grades. My best friends, Leila Okulgen and Yasmeen Khan, moved on to a public high school close to Coburg, where they live. I begged my parents to let me go with them but Mom and Dad insisted that I go to a private school. What is the narrator's tone in this passage?

regretful

In the early 1700s, the average person in England consumed an estimated four pounds of sugar a year. A century later he was gulping down eighteen pounds. In one hundred years, the amount of sugar an English person used had increased by 450 percent. And that was before sugar really took off. -Sugar Changed the World, Marc Aronson and Marina Budhos What is the denotation of the word gulping? What is the connotation of the word gulping?

swallowing consuming greedily

Read the passage from chapter 2 of Animal Farm. The pigs had an even harder struggle to counteract the lies put about by Moses, the tame raven. Moses, who was Mr. Jones's especial pet, was a spy and a tale-bearer, but he was also a clever talker. He claimed to know of the existence of a mysterious country called Sugarcandy Mountain, to which all animals went when they died. It was situated somewhere up in the sky, a little distance beyond the clouds, Moses said. In Sugarcandy Mountain it was Sunday seven days a week, clover was in season all the year round, and lump sugar and linseed cake grew on the hedges. The animals hated Moses because he told tales and did no work, but some of them believed in Sugarcandy Mountain, and the pigs had to argue very hard to persuade them that there was no such place. What does Sugarcandy Mountain represent in the story?

the concept of heaven

What is irony?

the creation of a disconnect between what is expected and what occurs

And you, Clover, where are those four foals you bore, who should have been the support and pleasure of your old age? Each was sold at a year old—you will never see one of them again. In return for your four confinements and all your labour in the fields, what have you ever had except your bare rations and a stall? -Animal Farm,George Orwell Relate the character of Clover to the historical context. Which group does she most likely represent from the time Orwell was writing?

the exploited working class

Read the thesis statements. (1)The editorial "Adoption Is the Only Choice" and the news article "Animal Shelters Overpopulated" both discuss the same topic, but they serve different purposes.(2)Federalists believed that a strong central government would ensure popular sovereignty and individuals' rights.(3)Despite the obstacles facing African Americans in the early 1900s, Paul R. Williams became a prominent Los Angeles architect and community leader.(4)Australia's geological age can be seen in several surface features, including the age of surface rocks, the erosion of surface features, and the impoverishment of the soil. Which thesis statement best introduces a comparative essay?

the first statement, because the essay will compare ideas that are similar but treated differently

What evidence supports the cartoonist's perspective about expectations for children?

the long list of activities the child gives

What is the central idea of a text?

the main point the author is trying to make

What is the central idea of a text?

the main point the author is trying to make in a text

Which is the best definition of the word tone?

the narrator's attitude toward the subject matter and audience

Read the excerpt from chapter 10 of Animal Farm. Twelve voices were shouting in anger, and they were all alike. No question, now, what had happened to the faces of the pigs. The creatures outside looked from pig to man, and from man to pig, and from pig to man again; but already it was impossible to say which was which. Which details in this passage are the best examples of satire? Select three options.

the pigs shouting angrily at the humans the pigs and humans being indistinguishable the 12 voices all sounding alike

Which details are important to notice when comparing and contrasting two texts from different genres? Select threeoptions.

the point of view the language use the author's purpose

Which element of the cartoon best supports the perspective that football is dangerous?

the surgeon general's warning

What is the definition of symbolism?

the use of objects to represent ideas or qualities

The ________ of a story can be applied to other works of literature or to life.

theme

The harness-room at the end of the stables was broken open; the bits, the nose-rings, the dog-chains, the cruel knives with which Mr. Jones had been used to castrate the pigs and lambs, were all flung down the well. The reins, the halters, the blinkers, the degrading nosebags, were thrown on to the rubbish fire which was burning in the yard. So were the whips. All the animals capered with joy when they saw the whips going up in flames. -Animal Farm,George Orwell What are the purposes of the imagery in this passage? Check all that apply.

to emphasize the cruelty of humans to create a sense of liberation to underline the reasons for rebellion to visualize the victory of the animals

What are the primary purposes of a thesis statement in an essay comparing different genres? Select two options.

to establish the essay's main idea to introduce the subtopics of the essay

Read the excerpt from chapter 8 of The Travels of Marco Polo. Let us go on now to tell of a large city which forms part of the province of Aden but has a petty ruler of its own. This city, which lies about 400 miles north-west of the port of Aden, is called Shihr. It is ruled by a count, who maintains strict justice in his domain. He has several cities and towns under his sway but is himself subject to the sultan of Aden. The people are Saracens and worship Mahomet. The city has a very good port; for I assure you that many merchant-ships come here well loaded with goods from India, and from here they export many goods to India. In particular they export innumerable fine chargers and sturdy pack-horses of great worth and price, on which the merchants make a handsome profit. What are most likely the author's purposes for writing this text? Select two options.

to inform readers by describing the city of Shihr to inform readers by giving facts about the ruler of Shihr

What is one purpose of the prologue in Sugar Changed the World?

to inform readers of the authors' family histories and how their connection to sugar spurred their interest and research

Read the excerpt from chapter 8 of The Travels of Marco Polo. This province produces great quantities of excellent white incense, and also dates in great abundance. No grain is grown here except rice, and not much of that; but it is imported from abroad at a big profit. Fish is plentiful, notably tunnies of large size, which are so abundant that two of them can be bought for a Venetian groat. The staple diet consists of rice, meat, and fish. What is the author's reason for writing this text?

to inform the reader about the products and foods that a region offers

Read the passage, then answer the question that follows. Even as Gandhi was working for Balasumdaram, the South Africans passed a new law designed to make life difficult for Indians. If an indentured worker chose to stay past his or her contract and settle, the worker was slapped with an annual tax, which was a heavy burden for Indians, who barely survived on their wages. The message was clear: You were brought to Natal only as a guest worker; you have no right to stay. Today in the United States we allow Mexicans and people from Central America to milk cows and to pick tomatoes, strawberries, grapes, and other crops, but Congress has been deadlocked over the rules for allowing them to become residents or citizens. Just like the whites in Natal, we want the cheap labor but are reluctant to offer those same workers and their children a home in our country. -Sugar Changed the World, Marc Aronson and Marina Budhos What is the authors' primary purpose in this passage?

to persuade readers that modern forms of indentured servitude exist

Which phrase best describes the purpose of Nazario's editorial?

to persuade readers the United States should change its refugee policy for Central America

Read the sentences. My goal when visiting Alaska is to see the northern lights. I learned that the city of Fairbanks and Denali National Park are the two best locations in the state for viewing and photographing the lights. Which phrase is an infinitive phrase?

to see the northern lights

How can a writer edit a narrative to include vivid imagery? Select three options.

use specific, strong verbs in place of general ones use descriptive words that appeal to the reader's senses use active voice to show instead of tell the reader

Read the sentence. When he gave his speech to younger audiences, Jake knew that it would be prudent to avoid sharing stories that might be considered inappropriate for children. Based on context clues in the passage, what is the most likely meaning of prudent? Select three options.

using good judgment being cautious ensuring appropriateness

Which quotation from "Little Red Riding Hood" explains the theme?

"As long as I live, I will never by myself leave the path, to run into the wood, when my mother has forbidden me to do so."

These statements are from an evaluation of John Schwartz's article. Read each statement, then use the drop-down menus to identify the correct order in which the sentences should appear. In his article, John Schwartz explains why convincing the public to use recycled water will be a difficult challenge. Schwartz provides evidence to support his idea, including the results of a study in which 13 percent of participants refused to try recycled water. The article ends with a strong conclusion that identifies ways to overcome the potential public rejection of recycled water. He cites experts who state that for many people there is a "yuck factor" related to the use of treated wastewater.

1 3 4 2

Read the excerpt from "A Genetics of Justice" by Julia Alvarez. Passage A: Given this mandate of silence, I was a real thorn in my mother's side. She had named me, her second of four daughters, after herself—so we shared the same name. Of all her babies, she reports, l was the best behaved, until l learned to talk. Then, I would not shut up. I always had to answer her back when I disagreed with her. Childhood was rocky, but adolescence was a full-fledged war. Passage B: Unfortunately for my mother, I grew up to be a writer publishing under my maiden name. Which statement correctly analyzes how the passages work together to create a central idea?

Alvarez contrasts her mother's insistence on silence with her own desire to tell stories.

Read the excerpt from "A Genetics of Justice" by Julia Alvarez. My mother, especially, lived in terror of the consequences of living as free citizens. In New York City, before Trujillo was killed, Dominican exiles gathered around the young revolutionary Juan Bosch planning an invasion of the Island. Every time my father attended these meetings, my mother would get hysterical. If the SIM found out about my father's activities, family members remaining behind were likely to be in danger. Even our own family in New York could suffer consequences. Five years earlier, in 1955, Galindez, an exile anti-Trujillo teaching at Columbia University, had disappeared from a New York subway. The same thing could happen to us. I don't know if my father complied or just got too busy trying to make a living in this country. But after a few months of hotheaded attendance, he dropped out of these political activities and his silence deepened. Which statement best analyzes how the author develops the central idea across the paragraphs?

Alvarez explains that, although her parents reacted differently to the stress they endured, both became silent about the dictatorship.

The following sentence has a misplaced modifier. The team raced to the field armed with their bats, balls, and mitts to practice for the game. Which revision best corrects the error in the sentence?

Armed with their bats, balls, and mitts, the team raced to the field to practice for the game.

Read the excerpts from Does My Head Look Big in This? and Persepolis. Excerpt from Does My Head Look Big in This?: At Hidaya the hijab was part of the uniform. But I used to take it off as soon as I stepped outside the school gates because man oh man do you need guts to get on public transportation with it on. At the end of the school day the trains would be absolutely packed with schoolkids. I could keep wearing it if I hopped on with a group of Hidaya students because I wouldn't feel so exposed. But the problem was that I had to change trains to get home and there was no way I had the courage to go the distance alone with it on. Excerpt from Persepolis: What do the tone and perspective of these excerpts reveal about the narrators' attitudes toward being different? Select three options.

Being different from everyone around you can be hard. Being different from everyone around you is a fact of life. Being different from everyone around you can cause separation.

And when they thought of how they had laboured, what discouragements they had overcome, and the enormous difference that would be made in their lives when the sails were turning and the dynamos running—when they thought of all this, their tiredness forsook them and they gambolled round and round the windmill, uttering cries of triumph. Napoleon himself, attended by his dogs and his cockerel, came down to inspect the completed work; he personally congratulated the animals on their achievement, and announced that the mill would be named Napoleon Mill. -Animal Farm,George Orwell Which theme does this passage best reflect?

Belief can thrive even in dire situations.

"Bertha was rather sorry to find that there were no flowers in the park. She had promised her aunts, with tears in her eyes, that she would not pick any of the kind Prince's flowers, and she had meant to keep her promise, so of course it made her feel silly to find that there were no flowers to pick." "Why weren't there any flowers?" "Because the pigs had eaten them all," said the bachelor promptly. "The gardeners had told the Prince that you couldn't have pigs and flowers, so he decided to have pigs and no flowers." There was a murmur of approval at the excellence of the Prince's decision; so many people would have decided the other way. -"The Storyteller,"Saki What examples of irony does Saki use to create satire? Check all that apply.

Bertha is sad that she will not be tempted. Pigs are more important than flowers.

Read the excerpt from chapter 6 of Animal Farm. To see him toiling up the slope inch by inch, his breath coming fast, the tips of his hoofs clawing at the ground, and his great sides matted with sweat, filled everyone with admiration. Clover warned him sometimes to be careful not to overstrain himself, but Boxer would never listen to her. His two slogans, "I will work harder" and "Napoleon is always right," seemed to him a sufficient answer to all problems. Which inferences about Boxer's motivations does the text support? Select two options.

Boxer is motivated by his commitment to Napoleon's ideas. Boxer is motivated by his own strong work ethic.

The following sentence has a dangling modifier. Filling the bicycle tires with plenty of air, the bicycle seemed to race faster. Which revision best corrects the error in the sentence?

By filling the bicycle tires with plenty of air, Carmen found that she could race faster.

Read the excerpt from Animal Farm. As winter drew on, Mollie became more and more troublesome. She was late for work every morning and excused herself by saying that she had overslept. . . . But there were also rumours of something more serious. One day, as Mollie strolled blithely into the yard, flirting her long tail and chewing at a stalk of hay, Clover took her aside. "Mollie," she said, "I have something very serious to say to you. This morning I saw you looking over the hedge that divides Animal Farm from Foxwood. One of Mr. Pilkington's men was standing on the other side of the hedge. And—I was a long way away, but I am almost certain I saw this—he was talking to you and you were allowing him to stroke your nose. What does that mean, Mollie?" "He didn't! I wasn't! It isn't true!" cried Mollie, beginning to prance about and paw the ground. "Mollie! Look me in the face. Do you give me your word of honour that that man was not stroking your nose?" "It isn't true!" repeated Mollie, but she could not look Clover in the face, and the next moment she took to her heels and galloped away into the field. A thought struck Clover. Without saying anything to the others, she went to Mollie's stall and turned over the straw with her hoof. Hidden under the straw was a little pile of lump sugar and several bunches of ribbon of different colours. Three days later Mollie disappeared. Which event prompts Clover to look in Mollie's stall?

Clover sees a man petting Mollie, but Mollie denies it.

As California scrambles for ways to cope with its crippling drought and the mandatory water restrictions imposed last month by Gov. Jerry Brown, an array of ideas that were long dismissed as too controversial, expensive or unpleasant are getting a second look. One is to conserve more water; another is to turn nearby and abundant sources of water, like the Pacific Ocean, into drinking water through desalination. Yet another is to recycle the water Californians have already used. And therein lies a marketing challenge that can be even greater than the technological one -"Water Flowing from Toilet to Tap May Be Hard to Swallow," John Schwartz Which statement best summarizes the claim the author makes in the excerpt?

Convincing people to drink recycled water is a more difficult task than producing it.

Read the passage from Animal Farm. By the late summer the news of what had happened on Animal Farm had spread across half the county. Every day Snowball and Napoleon sent out flights of pigeons whose instructions were to mingle with the animals on neighbouring farms, tell them the story of the Rebellion, and teach them the tune of "Beasts of England." Which social insight does Orwell develop in the passage?

Corrupt leaders use propaganda to push their agendas.

Which option presents a complete and effective evaluation of Dan DeLuca's argument in his article "Dylan's Nobel Prize Settles Debate: Rock Lyrics Are Poetry"?

DeLuca believes that rock lyrics must be recognized as poetry because legendary singer-songwriter Bob Dylan has been awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature. In doing so, the Nobel committee has recognized the value of Dylan's words, which have spoken for and inspired generations since the 1960s.

Read the clauses below. Which sentence best combines the clauses to show the relationship between ideas? Not everyone thinks they have rhythm / dancing can be a fun and active hobby.

Even though not everyone thinks they have rhythm, dancing can be a fun and active hobby.

Read the passage, then answer the question that follows. Some people find that playing music, volunteering, writing a blog, playing with pets, or participating in other daily hobbies help them to relax. From cooking to working out. Having a pastime can improve your health. Which sentence correctly revises the underlined section in the passage?

From cooking to working out, having a pastime can improve your health.

Read the second quatrain from "Sonnet 130." (1) I have seen roses damask'd, red and white,(2) But no such roses see I in her cheeks;(3) And in some perfumes is there more delight(4) Than in the breath that from my mistress reeks. —"Sonnet 130,"William Shakespeare Choose the best paraphrase for each line in this quatrain. Line 1: Line 2: Line 3: Line 4:

I've seen roses streaked with red But I don't see those colors in her cheeks And some perfumes have a sweeter scent Than the bad breath of my mistress

Read the excerpt from chapter 10 of Animal Farm. After that it did not seem strange when next day the pigs who were supervising the work of the farm all carried whips in their trotters. It did not seem strange to learn that the pigs had bought themselves a wireless set, were arranging to install a telephone, and had taken out subscriptions to "John Bull," "Tit-Bits," and the "Daily Mirror." It did not seem strange when Napoleon was seen strolling in the farmhouse garden with a pipe in his mouth—no, not even when the pigs took Mr. Jones's clothes out of the wardrobes and put them on, Napoleon himself appearing in a black coat, ratcatcher breeches, and leather leggings, while his favourite sow appeared in the watered silk dress which Mrs. Jones had been used to wearing on Sundays. Which theme is revealed by Orwell's use of parody in this passage?

Ideals can become corrupted in practice.

MS. CHEN. So Luisa agrees that students have too much homework these days. However, Raymond mentioned a report that says homework levels are mostly unchanged. Would anyone like to add to these two points of view? [BRIANNA raises her hand.] BRIANNA. I think there must be something to the idea that students have too much homework. A lot of students experience stress, and homework is often the cause. [RAYMOND raises his hand.] RAYMOND. That's a good point. According to the article we read, more than half of the students in a study said that homework was their main cause of stress. MS. CHEN. Are you changing your opinion, Raymond? RAYMOND. I think so. What does the transcript demonstrate about group discussions? Check all that apply.

It is important to keep an open mind about the topic. It is important to listen to the facts and ideas that others present. It is important to read and review any materials prior to the discussion.

Which underlined phrases are infinitive phrases? Select two options.

It is important to measure all ingredients by weight when you bake. To work in a professional kitchen, it is necessary to learn about food safety.

What are the characteristics of a formal discussion? Select three options.

It is led in a methodical and procedural way. It uses specialized, subject-specific language. It requires preparation in the form of research or review.

Read the excerpt from "The Storyteller." In a low, confidential voice, interrupted at frequent intervals by loud, petulant questionings from her listeners, she began an unenterprising and deplorably uninteresting story about a little girl who was good, and made friends with every one on account of her goodness, and was finally saved from a mad bull by a number of rescuers who admired her moral character. "Wouldn't they have saved her if she hadn't been good?" demanded the bigger of the small girls. It was exactly the question that the bachelor had wanted to ask. "Well, yes," admitted the aunt lamely, "but I don't think they would have run quite so fast to her help if they had not liked her so much." Which theme does this passage best support?

It is necessary to question authority.

Read the excerpt from Parvati's argument in favor of using cell phones in class. Today's cell phones are not just phones; they are little computers. That means they are effective research tools. Students can use them to access dictionaries, encyclopedias, and other reference materials. They can search for articles, videos, and images. In my civics class, our teacher even held mock elections, and we voted using our cell phones. What is the best evaluation of Parvati's evidence?

It is relevant and sufficient, because she gives convincing examples of how phones support classwork.

Read the passage from Animal Farm. The pigs were in ecstasies over Napoleon's cunning. By seeming to be friendly with Pilkington he had forced Frederick to raise his price by twelve pounds. But the superior quality of Napoleon's mind, said Squealer, was shown in the fact that he trusted nobody, not even Frederick. Frederick had wanted to pay for the timber with something called a cheque, which, it seemed, was a piece of paper with a promise to pay written upon it. But Napoleon was too clever for him. He had demanded payment in real five-pound notes, which were to be handed over before the timber was removed. Already Frederick had paid up; and the sum he had paid was just enough to buy the machinery for the windmill. How does the use of card-stacking support the theme in this passage?

Leaders will highlight the positives of every situation to make themselves seem competent.

Have you ever thought about traveling to another country? Pick a place that interests you, and where your native language is not spoken. Once you have picked a place, you can research language-learning options. You can use online programs or find a class. You could learn and practice with a friend, and then take a dream vacation. Learning a language can be difficult. It is one of the the most useful hobbies. I've tried it. What compound-complex sentence can be formed from the underlined section of the passage?

Learning a language can be difficult, yet it is one of the most useful hobbies that I've tried.

Read the passage from Animal Farm. Napoleon took no interest in Snowball's committees. He said that the education of the young was more important than anything that could be done for those who were already grown up. It happened that Jessie and Bluebell had both whelped soon after the hay harvest, giving birth between them to nine sturdy puppies. As soon as they were weaned, Napoleon took them away from their mothers, saying that he would make himself responsible for their education. He took them up into a loft which could only be reached by a ladder from the harness-room, and there kept them in such seclusion that the rest of the farm soon forgot their existence. What is the central idea of this passage?

Napoleon wants to take the puppies away, and the other animals forget about them.

Read the excerpt from Animal Farm. Napoleon, with the dogs following him, now mounted on to the raised portion of the floor where Major had previously stood to deliver his speech. He announced that from now on the Sunday-morning Meetings would come to an end. They were unnecessary, he said, and wasted time. In future all questions relating to the working of the farm would be settled by a special committee of pigs, presided over by himself. These would meet in private and afterwards communicate their decisions to the others. The animals would still assemble on Sunday mornings to salute the flag, sing "Beasts of England," and receive their orders for the week; but there would be no more debates. In spite of the shock that Snowball's expulsion had given them, the animals were dismayed by this announcement. Several of them would have protested if they could have found the right arguments. Even Boxer was vaguely troubled. He set his ears back, shook his forelock several times, and tried hard to marshal his thoughts; but in the end he could not think of anything to say. Some of the pigs themselves, however, were more articulate. Four young porkers in the front row uttered shrill squeals of disapproval, and all four of them sprang to their feet and began speaking at once. But suddenly the dogs sitting round Napoleon let out deep, menacing growls, and the pigs fell silent and sat down again. Then the sheep broke out into a tremendous bleating of "Four legs good, two legs bad!" which went on for nearly a quarter of an hour and put an end to any chance of discussion. Afterwards Squealer was sent round the farm to explain the new arrangement to the others. This excerpt shows an example of conflict between the disapproving pigs and

Napoleon.

Read the excerpt from chapter 10 of Animal Farm. Somehow it seemed as though the farm had grown richer without making the animals themselves any richer—except, of course, for the pigs and the dogs. Perhaps this was partly because there were so many pigs and so many dogs. It was not that these creatures did not work, after their fashion. There was, as Squealer was never tired of explaining, endless work in the supervision and organisation of the farm. Much of this work was of a kind that the other animals were too ignorant to understand. Which theme is revealed by Orwell's use of situational irony in this excerpt?

Naïve citizens allow corrupt governments.

Enticing people to drink recycled water, however, requires getting past what experts call the "yuck" factor. Efforts in the 1990s to develop water reuse in San Diego and Los Angeles were beaten back by activists who denounced what they called, devastatingly, "toilet to tap." Los Angeles built a $55 million purification plant in the 1990s, but never used it to produce drinking water; the water goes to irrigation instead. But with the special purification plant, which has been operating since 2008, Orange County swung people to the idea of drinking recycled water. The county does not run its purified water directly into drinking water treatment plants; instead, it sends the water underground to replenish the area's aquifers and to be diluted by the natural water supply. This environmental buffer seems to provide an emotional buffer for consumers as well. -"Water Flowing from Toilet to Tap May Be Hard to Swallow," John Schwartz Which reason in this passage shows that it is possible to convince people to use recycled water? Most experts reject the "yuck" factor.Environmentalists support recycling water. What is the best evaluation of the reasoning in this passage?

Orange County has a successful water program. It is relevant and logical

Sugar plantations were Hell because of the endless labor they demanded from slaves. They were Hell because of the many dangers and the injuries that they caused. They were Hell because the slaves who labored without end got nothing for their work—except to live another day, to work more. But none of these miseries was the true reason the plantations were so evil. The plantations were Hell because the masters and overseers were treated as gods—which turned them into devils. The English historian Lord Acton famously said, "Power tends to corrupt, and absolute power corrupts absolutely." That is a perfect description of sugar Hell. Men with absolute power over their slaves acted like creatures we would otherwise meet only in nightmares. Their cruelty had no limit—they preferred to kill their slaves rather than fear them. As Equiano explained, the island of Montserrat "requires 20,000 new Negroes annually, to fill up the vacant places of the dead." -Sugar Changed the World, Marc Aronson and Marina Budhos What is the most important point that the authors make in this paragraph?

Plantations often were harsh because of the cruelty of those in charge.

On Sunday mornings Squealer, holding down a long strip of paper with his trotter, would read out to them lists of figures proving that the production of every class of foodstuff had increased by two hundred percent, three hundred percent, or five hundred percent, as the case might be. The animals saw no reason to disbelieve him, especially as they could no longer remember very clearly what conditions had been like before the Rebellion. All the same, there were days when they felt that they would sooner have had less figures and more food. -Animal Farm,George Orwell Which statement best explains the effect of Squealer's propaganda on readers?

Readers think that the animals are naive to believe Squealer's lies.

Read the passage, then answer the questions that follow. The arkatis (recruiters) who were hired by shipping companies were Indians themselves; they knew villagers would not want to cross the water. But they also knew where there were hungry, desperate people. So they fanned out to the countryside and began to look for strong men. Bharath, who was about to leave for Trinidad, later explained how that happened. His version of English is hard to understand, but it is how the Indians began to speak on the islands. "E no tell e I go chinedad you know . . . e no tell e no come back, e no greet mumma fadder again." ("He did not tell me I was going to Trinidad, you know. He didn't tell me I would never come back, or never see my mother and father again.") -Sugar Changed the World, Marc Aronson and Marina Budhos Which sentence best states the central idea of the passage? What type of evidence does the passage provide to support the central idea?

Recruiters used deceptive practices anecdotal

Read the scenario about a formal discussion. Sam is participating in a group discussion about the importance of healthy eating. Throughout the discussion, he checks his phone frequently and stares out the window. However, Sam is listening to the discussion and will be able to recall details about it later. He even contributes a few ideas, paraphrases for clarity, and asks some questions. Why isn't Sam demonstrating good speaking and listening skills?

Sam's body language does not show engagement.

Read the passage from Animal Farm. Sometimes the work was hard; the implements had been designed for human beings and not for animals, and it was a great drawback that no animal was able to use any tool that involved standing on his hind legs. But the pigs were so clever that they could think of a way round every difficulty. . . . . . . They met with many difficulties—for instance, later in the year, when they harvested the corn, they had to tread it out in the ancient style and blow away the chaff with their breath, since the farm possessed no threshing machine. What social commentary about communist Russia does Orwell make with this excerpt?

Russians faced many challenges and struggles working on collective farms.

Read the passage, then answer the question that follows. Scientists have studied the benefits of hobbies having a pastime reduces stress. It can improve mood, help memory, and strengthen friendships. Relaxing hobbies such as knitting or bird-watching reduce cortisone, the stress hormone. Some hobbies, such as sports and clubs, encourage friendships, and numerous studies have found a connection between relationships and happiness. Which revision best corrects the underlined sentence?

Scientists have studied the benefits of hobbies. Having a pastime reduces stress.

Read the passage from Animal Farm. "That was part of the arrangement!" cried Squealer. "Jones's shot only grazed him. I could show you this in his own writing, if you were able to read it. The plot was for Snowball, at the critical moment, to give the signal for flight and leave the field to the enemy. And he very nearly succeeded—I will even say, comrades, he wouldhave succeeded if it had not been for our heroic Leader, Comrade Napoleon. Do you not remember how, just at the moment when Jones and his men had got inside the yard, Snowball suddenly turned and fled, and many animals followed him? And do you not remember, too, that it was just at that moment, when panic was spreading and all seemed lost, that Comrade Napoleon sprang forward with a cry of 'Death to Humanity!' and sank his teeth in Jones's leg? Surely you remember that, comrades?" exclaimed Squealer, frisking from side to side. Now when Squealer described the scene so graphically, it seemed to the animals that they did remember it. At any rate, they remembered that at the critical moment of the battle Snowball had turned to flee. But Boxer was still a little uneasy. How does the characterization of Squealer support the author's purpose?

Squealer's dramatic accusations draw parallels between him and Stalin's propagandists.

Read the two passages from Sugar Changed the World. By the late 1700s, Saint Domingue (what is now Haiti) was the world center of sugar. So many sugar plantations dotted the landscape that slaves called commanders managed other slaves. On the night of August 14, 1791, commanders from the richest sugar plantations in Saint Domingue gathered in a place called Alligator Woods and swore a solemn oath. They would rise up against their white owners, "and listen to the voice of liberty which speaks in the hearts of all of us." That voice told them to destroy everything related to sugar. Sugar made the Africans slaves, so sugar must be wiped off the island, now a vast sugar factory to the world. By the end of August, the French colony was in flames. So many cane fields were on fire that the air was filled with "a rain of fire composed of burning bits of cane-straw which whirled like thick snow." Smashing mills, destroying warehouses, setting fields on fire, the freedom fighters demolished some one thousand plantations—and that was just in the first two months of their revolution. The fight against sugar and chains soon had a leader, Toussaint, who called himself "L'Ouverture"—the opening. Toussaint was making a space, an opening, for people to be free. When the Haitians defeated the French armies, Napoleon lost control of the world's most productive sugar islands and with it his dream of great sugar profits. As a result, Napoleon had no use for the land in North America he had so recently obtained from Spain. Napoleon did, though, need money to pay for his wars. That is why he sold the vast Louisiana Territory to Jefferson for the bargain price of just fifteen million dollars. What textbooks call the Louisiana Purchase should really be named the Sugar Purchase. Americans obtained the middle part of what would become their nation because the Haitians achieved their freedom. Which claim do both passages support?

Sugar was such a powerful economic force that it led to significant political changes.

Read the passage from Animal Farm. On Sundays there was no work. Breakfast was an hour later than usual, and after breakfast there was a ceremony which was observed every week without fail. First came the hoisting of the flag. Snowball had found in the harness-room an old green tablecloth of Mrs. Jones's and had painted on it a hoof and a horn in white. This was run up the flagstaff in the farmhouse garden every Sunday morning. The flag was green, Snowball explained, to represent the green fields of England, while the hoof and horn signified the future Republic of the Animals which would arise when the human race had been finally overthrown. What is the central idea of this passage?

Sundays are days of rest and ceremony on the farm.

Read the passage from Sugar Changed the World. A fire was lit in a giant iron cauldron, and the certificates of 2,300 Indians were tossed into the flames—the first major act of Satyagraha. "I am not property," the Indians were showing. "I am not your victim," they were demonstrating. "I have the power of my conscience," they were proving. The quiet strength of the Indian community shook the South African government. And by June 1914 it gave in; the Black Act was taken off the books. The Indians had insisted that they were not mere workers but were citizens—and finally the government could not resist. What is the authors' claim in this passage?

The Indians' demonstration and act of resistance was a successful strategy to change laws.

Read the passage from chapter 2 of Animal Farm. Mrs. Jones looked out of the bedroom window, saw what was happening, hurriedly flung a few possessions into a carpet bag, and slipped out of the farm by another way. Moses sprang off his perch and flapped after her, croaking loudly. Meanwhile the animals had chased Jones and his men out on to the road and slammed the five-barred gate behind them. And so, almost before they knew what was happening, the Rebellion had been successfully carried through: Jones was expelled, and the Manor Farm was theirs. For the first few minutes the animals could hardly believe in their good fortune. Their first act was to gallop in a body right round the boundaries of the farm, as though to make quite sure that no human being was hiding anywhere upon it; then they raced back to the farm buildings to wipe out the last traces of Jones's hated reign. Which detail supports the idea that the farm is a symbol for Russia?

The animals expel Jones.

Read the excerpt from "The Storyteller." "You don't seem to be a success as a storyteller," said the bachelor suddenly from his corner. The aunt bristled in instant defense at this unexpected attack. "It's a very difficult thing to tell stories that children can both understand and appreciate," she said stiffly. "I don't agree with you," said the bachelor. "Perhaps you would like to tell them a story," was the aunt's retort. "Tell us a story," demanded the bigger of the small girls. "Once upon a time," began the bachelor, "there was a little girl called Bertha, who was extraordinarily good." The children's momentarily-aroused interest began at once to flicker; all stories seemed dreadfully alike, no matter who told them. Which statement best explains the situational irony that occurs in the passage?

The aunt does not expect the bachelor to tell a story, but he does.

Read the excerpt from chapter 8 of The Travels of Marco Polo. I should add that ships cannot sail to the other islands that lie farther south, beyond Madagascar and Zanzibar, because the current sets so strongly towards the south that they would have little chance of returning. Therefore they do not venture to go. You may note that ships coming from Maabar to this island make the voyage in twenty days, whereas the return trip takes them all of three months; and this is due to the continual southward set of the current. It flows in the same direction the all time—southward, ever southward. These more southerly islands, which men do not willingly visit because of this southward drift, are very numerous, and it is said that they are inhabited by gryphon birds, which make their appearance here at certain seasons of the year. What indicates that the author's purpose is to inform readers about travel south of Madagascar and Zanzibar?

The author shares facts and specific details about the difficulty of sailing in the region.

Led by three young Black Minorca pullets, the hens made a determined effort to thwart Napoleon's wishes. Their method was to fly up to the rafters and there lay their eggs, which smashed to pieces on the floor. Napoleon acted swiftly and ruthlessly. He ordered the hens' rations to be stopped, and decreed that any animal giving so much as a grain of corn to a hen should be punished by death. The dogs saw to it that these orders were carried out. For five days the hens held out, then they capitulated and went back to their nesting boxes. Nine hens had died in the meantime. -Animal Farm,George Orwell Which statement best infers Orwell's purpose in writing this passage?

The author wants to portray the ruthlessness of a dictator.

Read the timeline from Sugar Changed the World. 1789French Revolution begins with the declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen1791Children of free parents in French sugar colonies are granted the full rights of French Citizens, no matter what their color or origin; slavery abolished within borders of France1792French leaders begin to use the guillotine to execute enemies1793Louis XVI executed; Marie Antoinette executed1794Slavery abolished in all French sugar colonies1799Napoleon takes power in France1800Napoleon gains control of the center of North America—the Louisiana Territory from Spain, plans to use it to feed and supply his sugar islands1802Napoleon makes slavery legal again How do the details in this timeline support the authors' purpose?

The details about the changing laws in France help inform readers that Napoleon wanted to produce sugar cheaply by using enslaved people.

Read the passage from Sugar Changed the World. In the 1100s, the richest Europeans slowly began to add more flavor to their food—because of a series of fairs and wars. A smart count in the Champagne region of France guaranteed the safety of any merchant coming to sell or trade at the markets in the lord's lands. Soon word spread, and the fairs flourished. Starting around 1150, the six Champagne fairs became the one place where Europeans could buy and sell products from the surrounding world—a first step in connecting them to the riches and tastes beyond. Fortress Europe was slowly opening up. How do the details in this passage support the central idea?

The details provide examples of how France gradually became a place for worldwide trade.

What evidence supports the cartoonist's perspective about testing?

The exams are huge and are labeled "more tests" and "still more tests," showing that testing is overdone.

How does the first chapter demonstrate that the story is an allegory?

The hardworking animals on the farm represent the labor class of the Soviet Union.

Read the passage and study the image from Sugar Changed the World. Slaves were given long, sharp machetes, which would be their equipment—but for some also their weapons—until the harvest was done. The cutters worked brutal, seemingly endless shifts during the harvest—for the hungry mills crushed cane from four in the afternoon to ten the next morning, stopping only in the midday heat. Slaves had to make sure there was just enough cane to feed the turning wheels during every one of those eighteen hours. They worked in teams, a man slashing the cane, a woman binding every twelve stalks into a bundle. According to one report from 1689, each pair of workers was expected to cut and bind 4,200 stalks a day. Exactly how much they cut depended on how much their mill could handle—the cutting must never get a day ahead of the grinding, for then the sugar cane would dry up. In this illustration by William Clark, enslaved people cut sugar cane. How does the illustration best help the reader understand the text?

The illustration helps the reader recognize how teams cut and bundled sugar cane.

Read the passage from Sugar Changed the World. Seeing the fortunes being made in sugar, the French started their own scramble to turn the half of the island of Hispaniola that they controlled (which is now Haiti), as well as Martinique, Guadeloupe, and French Guiana (along the South American coast near Dutch Guiana), into their own sugar colonies, which were filled with hundreds of thousands more African slaves. By 1753, British ships were taking an average of 34,250 slaves from Africa every year, and by 1768, that number had reached 53,100. The sugar that piled up on the docks near the plantations was something new in the world: pure sweetness, pure pleasure, so cheap that common people could afford it. Scientists have shown that people all over the world must learn to like salty tastes, sour tastes, mixed tastes. But from the moment we are born, we crave sweetness. Cane sugar was the first product in human history that perfectly satisfied that desire. And the bitter lives of the enslaved Africans produced so much sugar that pure sweetness began to spread around the world. What is the central claim of this passage?

The joys of sugar were the result of the suffering of enslaved African people.

"Never mind the milk, comrades!" cried Napoleon, placing himself in front of the buckets. "That will be attended to. The harvest is more important. Comrade Snowball will lead the way. I shall follow in a few minutes. Forward, comrades! The hay is waiting." So the animals trooped down to the hayfield to begin the harvest, and when they came back in that evening it was noticed that the milk had disappeared. -Animal Farm,George Orwell Which event appears to foreshadow future conflict?Napoleon says that the harvest is important.Snowball leads the way. Which prediction is best supported by the foreshadowing in the passage?

The milk has disappeared. A conflict over resources will begin

Read the first quatrain of "Sonnet 130." My mistress' eyes are nothing like the sun;Coral is far more red, than her lips red:If snow be white, why then her breasts are dun;If hairs be wires, black wires grow on her head. —"Sonnet 130,"William Shakespeare Which statement best summarizes the central idea of the quatrain?

The mistress is not as beautiful as natural elements.

Read the two excerpts. "Remembering to Never Forget: Dominican Republic's 'Parsley Massacre'" by Mark Memmott: Seventy-five years ago, thousands of Haitians were murdered in the Dominican Republic by a brutal dictator. It was one of the 20th Century's least-remembered acts of genocide. As many as 20,000 people are thought to have been killed on orders given by Rafael Trujillo. But the "parsley massacre" went mostly unnoticed outside Hispaniola. Even there, many Dominicans never knew about what happened in early October 1937. They were kept in the dark by Trujillo's henchmen. "A Genetics of Justice" by Julia Alvarez: At this point I would always ask her why she and my father had returned to live in the country if they knew the dictatorship was so bad. And that's when my mother would tell me how, under pressure from his friends up north, Trujillo pretended to be liberalizing his regime. How he invited all exiles back to form political parties. How he announced that he would not be running in the next elections. My father had returned only to discover that the liberalization was a hoax staged so that the regime could keep the goodwill and dollars of the United States. My father and mother were once again trapped in a police state. How do the passages work together to develop a central idea?

The passages show how people often did not know or understand the extent of Trujillo's deceit.

Read the passage from chapter 2 of Animal Farm. The pigs now revealed that during the past three months they had taught themselves to read and write from an old spelling book which had belonged to Mr. Jones's children and which had been thrown on the rubbish heap. Which prediction does this passage best support?

The pigs will become more like the humans.

Where art thou, Muse, that thou forget'st so longTo speak of that which gives thee all thy might?Spend'st thou thy fury on some worthless song,Darkening thy power to lend base subjects light? Return, forgetful Muse, and straight redeemIn gentle numbers time so idly spent;Sing to the ear that doth thy lays esteemAnd gives thy pen both skill and argument. Rise, restive Muse, my love's sweet face survey,If Time have any wrinkle graven there;If any, be a satire to decay,And make Time's spoils despised every where. Give my love fame faster than Time wastes life;So thou prevent'st his scythe and crooked knife. —"Sonnet 100,"William Shakespeare Which statements accurately describe the sonnet's rhyme scheme and its effects? Check all that apply.

The rhyme scheme is abab cdcd efef gg. The regular rhyme scheme makes the sonnet sound musical and memorable.

Read the excerpt from chapter 6 of Animal Farm. Except through Whymper, there was as yet no contact between Animal Farm and the outside world, but there were constant rumours that Napoleon was about to enter into a definite business agreement either with Mr. Pilkington of Foxwood or with Mr. Frederick of Pinchfield—but never, it was noticed, with both simultaneously. How does the pacing of this passage affect the reader's interpretation of the text?

The slowing pace of the text reveals details suggesting that even the rumors about Napoleon are probably propaganda.

Read the couplet of "Sonnet 130." And yet by heaven, I think my love as rare,As any she belied with false compare. —"Sonnet 130,"William Shakespeare Which statement best summarizes the central idea of the couplet?

The speaker declares that his mistress is as special as heaven.

By the late 1700s, Saint Domingue (what is now Haiti) was the world center of sugar. So many sugar plantations dotted the landscape that slaves called commanders managed other slaves. On the night of August 14, 1791, commanders from the richest sugar plantations in Saint Domingue gathered in a place called Alligator Woods and swore a solemn oath. They would rise up against their white owners, "and listen to the voice of liberty which speaks in the hearts of all of us." That voice told them to destroy everything related to sugar. Sugar made the Africans slaves, so sugar must be wiped off the island, now a vast sugar factory to the world. By the end of August, the French colony was in flames. So many cane fields were on fire that the air was filled with "a rain of fire composed of burning bits of cane-straw which whirled like thick snow." Smashing mills, destroying warehouses, setting fields on fire, the freedom fighters demolished some one thousand plantations—and that was just in the first two months of their revolution. The fight against sugar and chains soon had a leader, Toussaint, who called himself "L'Ouverture"—the opening. Toussaint was making a space, an opening, for people to be free. -Sugar Changed the World, Marc Aronson and Marina Budhos How do the historical details in this passage support the authors' claim?

The text describes a revolt in detail to show that enslaved people took action against their treatment on sugar plantations.

Read the passage from Sugar Changed the World. Eventually, I visited Guyana to find out the fate of our house. As our car passed old sugar estates, and I saw the palm trees bending against the wide sky, the lush cane growing in thick, shiny rows, the villages, which were really parcels of land surrounding the important estates, I realized that sugar had been the entire reason for this country's existence. Every now and then an old boiling house—where the cane is processed into crystals, molasses, and rum—would show itself on the flat landscape, cropping up like a hulking ghost. How do the details about Guyana reveal the author's purpose?

They show that the author wants to inform readers by describing the old sugar estates.

Read the excerpt from chapter 6 of Animal Farm. Every human being held it as an article of faith that the farm would go bankrupt sooner or later, and, above all, that the windmill would be a failure. They would meet in the public-houses and prove to one another by means of diagrams that the windmill was bound to fall down, or that if it did stand up, then that it would never work. And yet, against their will, they had developed a certain respect for the efficiency with which the animals were managing their own affairs. What do the actions of the humans in this passage most reveal about their motivations and values?

They value efficiency and accomplishment.

13 percent of adult Americans say they would absolutely refuse to even try recycled water, according to a recent study in the journal Judgment and Decision Making. "A small minority of people are very offended by this, and can slow it down or stop it because of legal and political forces," said Paul Rozin, a psychology professor at the University of Pennsylvania who studies revulsion and a co-author of the study. -"Water Flowing from Toilet to Tap May Be Hard to Swallow," John Schwartz Which piece of evidence best supports the author's claim?

Thirteen percent of people in a study said they would never try recycled water.

Read the passage from Sugar Changed the World. The traders who came up from Italy offered items they had bought [from] Muslims, which were not available in Europe: fruits such as oranges, apricots, and figs; dyes such as cochineal, which produces a rich red; rare fabrics such as cotton and raw silk. Many of the fabrics that we know of today came to Europe via the Muslims, and their names still show their origins: damask from Damascus, muslin from Mosul, gauzes from Gaza. Which inference does this passage best support?

Traders brought not only sugar but also other valuable items to Europe.

When my sisters and I cared too much about our appearance, my mother would tell us how Trujillo's vanity knew no bounds. How in order to appear taller, his shoes were specially made abroad with built-in heels that added inches to his height. How plumes for his Napoleonic hats were purchased in Paris and shipped in vacuum-packed boxes to the Island. How his uniforms were trimmed with tassels and gold epaulettes and red sashes, pinned with his medals, crisscrossing his chest. How he costumed himself in dress uniforms and ceremonial hats and white gloves—all of this in a tropical country where men wore guayaberas in lieu of suit jackets, short-sleeved shirts worn untucked so the body could be ventilated. My mother could go on and on. -"A Genetics of Justice,"Julia Alvarez What is a central idea in this passage?

Trujillo was extremely concerned about his appearance.

Read the passage from Sugar Changed the World. Workers could not leave the plantation unless they had a pass. And if they did decide to explore on their own, without permission, they could be thrown in jail, sentenced to hard labor, or lose some of their hard-earned wages. A charge of "idling" in the fields could result in the loss of a whole week's wages. Worse, if they dared rebel or protest, their contract could be transferred to another estate. And there were still complaints of flogging or mysterious deaths. Life, as the historian Hugh Tinker noted, was like being a prisoner on parole. Which question does this passage answer mosteffectively?

What was life actually like for indentured Indians?

Read the passage from Sugar Changed the World. Sugar has left a bloody trail through human history. Sugar plantations from Africa to the Caribbean and Louisiana and as far as Hawaii are haunted by stories of brutality, torture, rape, and murder. When slaves rebelled, they often took gruesome revenge on their masters, only to face even more horrific reprisals when the owners and overseers regained control. Indenture was a step better than slavery, but masters did their best to intimidate workers to keep wages low and silence critics. Violence was the very soil from which sugar sprang. The only way to fight sugar masters, it seemed, was for the workers to be harder, tougher, and more willing to accept bloodshed than the owners. Gandhi began to see that there was a way for the indentured Indians to strengthen themselves without having to rely on machetes and guns. Freedom, he realized, did not come only from rising up against oppressors or tyrants. It could also be found in oneself. The mere fact that the sugar masters treated their workers as some form of property did not mean the Indians had to accept that definition. In fact, it was up to them to claim, to assert, their own worth, their own value. A man who had his inner, personal dignity was free—no matter how a boss tried to bully him. Gandhi's years in South Africa became a laboratory, as he experimented with how to be a truthful, free person. Finally, he was ready to put his ideas into practice. Which statement best describes the claim the authors make in this passage?

Violent uprisings were common, but Gandhi worked to show that resistance could be nonviolent.

Read the passage from Sugar Changed the World. When the prophet Muhammad began preaching in A.D. 610, he attracted only a few disciples. Yet by the time he died in 632, his faith had spread throughout Arabia. By 642, the armies of Muslim conquerors, along with the arguments of the Muslim faithful, took the religion all across Syria, Iraq, parts of Iran, and Egypt. From there, Islam spread through North Africa along the Mediterranean, across to the Iberian Peninsula, and over to France. Islam's march into Europe ended in 732, when the French defeated the Muslim armies at the battle of Poitiers. But that was not all. Muslim rulers took Alexander's old lands in Afghanistan and then, from there, swept through to conquer northern India. The pagan tribes of Central Asia chose Islam. By conversion or conquest, Islam, the religion of Muhammad, won over nearly all the lands of the ancient world: Egypt, Persia, India, and the Christian Mediterranean. Which text features would be most helpful to support the central idea of the passage? Select two options.

a map showing the spread of Islam through much of the ancient world a timeline showing the spread of Muhammad's teachings

What is rising action in a story?

a series of events that lead to the climax

What would best conclude an essay comparing different genres?

a summary of the main points of comparison and contrast

When I first started at Hidaya I hated wearing the hijab. I found it itchy and I absolutely despised wearing it during gym class. I also thought it looked awful on me and in the first two weeks I was always styling my bangs and letting them out at the front so that everybody knew I had nice hair. Talk about being insecure. But then I got to know the other kids and it no longer felt awkward. I got used to it and I met girls who were wearing it full-time outside of school, like, voluntarily, and I started to really respect their courage. I was even a bit jealous because there I would be, ripping it off as soon as I was off school property, and there they would be, calmly and proudly stepping onto a train filled with students from schools all over without so much as a hint of fear or doubt. They looked so at peace with their identity and everybody got to know and respect them on their own terms. -Does My Head Look Big in This?, Randa Abdel-Fattah What is the narrator's tone regarding the other girls at school?

admiring

Read Shakespeare's "Sonnet 100." Where art thou, Muse, that thou forget'st so longTo speak of that which gives thee all thy might?Spend'st thou thy fury on some worthless song,Darkening thy power to lend base subjects light?Return, forgetful Muse, and straight redeemIn gentle numbers time so idly spent;Sing to the ear that doth thy lays esteemAnd gives thy pen both skill and argument.Rise, resty Muse, my love's sweet face survey,If Time have any wrinkle graven there;If any, be a satire to decay,And make Time's spoils despised every where.Give my love fame faster than Time wastes life;So thou prevent'st his scythe and crooked knife. The underlined section is referred to as a(n)

quatrain.

Read these lines from Shakespeare's "Sonnet 100." Rise, resty Muse, my love's sweet face survey,If Time have any wrinkle graven there;If any, be a satire to decay,And make Time's spoils despised every where.Give my love fame faster than Time wastes life;So thou prevent'st his scythe and crooked knife. Based on context clues, what is the meaning of gravenin these lines?

carved

What is the white space between and around panels in a graphic novel?

gutters

What is the best definition of propaganda?

biased or misleading information used to promote a cause or idea

How do the authors support the overall claim that sugar production and trade had an impact on world history? Check all that apply.

by comparing the use of indentured servitude to the practice of slavery by illustrating how science advanced the production of sweet substances by discussing the teachings of John Smith and his impact on British society by demonstrating how the treatment of Indian workers led to Gandhi's Satyagraha

Read the excerpt from Does My Head Look Big in This?by Randa Abdel-Fattah. Because it's pretty hard to walk around with people staring at your "towel-head" and not feel kind of pleased with yourself if you manage to get through the stares and comments with your head held high. That's when this warm feeling buzzes through you and you smile to yourself, knowing God's watching you, knowing that He knows you're trying to be strong and please Him. Like you're both in on a private joke and something special and warm and extraordinary is happening and nobody else in the world knows about it because it's your own experience, your own personal friendship with your Creator. I guess when I'm not wearing the hijab I feel like I'm missing out. I feel cheated out of that special bond. Which phrases from the excerpt best support the narrator's confident tone? Select three options.

head held high" "smile to yourself" "special bond"

Read the second quatrain of "Sonnet 130." I have seen roses damask'd, red and white,But no such roses see I in her cheeks;And in some perfumes is there more delightThan in the breath that from my mistress reeks. —"Sonnet 130,"William Shakespeare How does the second quatrain further develop the central idea presented in the first quatrain? Check all that apply.

by making additional comparisons between the mistress's appearance and nature by extending the descriptions of the mistress beyond what can be seen

Read the passage from Sugar Changed the World. In Brazil, when word came that the harvest was about to begin, a priest came to bless the mill—and the workers. The blessing was like the whistle at the start of a race, for now everything sped up. Slaves were given long, sharp machetes, which would be their equipment—but for some also their weapons—until the harvest was done. The cutters worked brutal, seemingly endless shifts during the harvest—for the hungry mills crushed cane from four in the afternoon to ten the next morning, stopping only in the midday heat. Slaves had to make sure there was just enough cane to feed the turning wheels during every one of those eighteen hours. How does the authors' choice of hungry to describe the mills best support the claim?

by showing the relentless pace that enslaved people had to keep during the harvest

My mistress' eyes are nothing like the sun;Coral is far more red, than her lips red:If snow be white, why then her breasts are dun;If hairs be wires, black wires grow on her head. I have seen roses damask'd, red and white,but no such roses see I in her cheeks; —"Sonnet 130,"William Shakespeare Use context to identify the meanings of the words underlined in the poem. dun: damask'd:

dull streaked

Read the sentences. Alaskan brown bears are known to be fierce and protective parents. Encountering a bear and its cub could be dangerous, and hikers should be particularly cautious. Which phrase is a gerund phrase?

encountering a bear

Read the passage from Sugar Changed the World. By the late 1700s, Saint Domingue (what is now Haiti) was the world center of sugar. So many sugar plantations dotted the landscape that slaves called commanders managed other slaves. On the night of August 14, 1791, commanders from the richest sugar plantations in Saint Domingue gathered in a place called Alligator Woods and swore a solemn oath. They would rise up against their white owners, "and listen to the voice of liberty which speaks in the hearts of all of us." That voice told them to destroy everything related to sugar. Sugar made the Africans slaves, so sugar must be wiped off the island, now a vast sugar factory to the world. By the end of August, the French colony was in flames. So many cane fields were on fire that the air was filled with "a rain of fire composed of burning bits of cane-straw which whirled like thick snow." Smashing mills, destroying warehouses, setting fields on fire, the freedom fighters demolished some one thousand plantations—and that was just in the first two months of their revolution. The fight against sugar and chains soon had a leader, Toussaint, who called himself "L'Ouverture"—the opening. Toussaint was making a space, an opening, for people to be free. How do the authors use historical evidence to support their claim in this passage?

hey use primary-source quotations to show that enslaved people in Saint Domingue were willing to destroy property to gain their freedom.

What must the reader do to analyze the causal relationship in a passage? Select three options.

identify the cause of the action or event consider the effects of the action or event evaluate the literary effects of the causal relationship

Read the sentence from "The Crab That Played with the Sea." Now, while the two were talking together, Pau Amma the Crab, who was next in the game, scuttled off sideways and stepped into the sea, saying to himself, 'I will play my play alone in the deep waters, and I will never be obedient to this son of Adam.' The underlined words are an example of

imagery.

Where is the best place to find complete information about the sources for a research paper using the MLA citation format?

in the works cited at the end of the paper

Read the excerpt from a research essay published in a printed book. Binge-watching television shows several times a week has a negative impact on people's social lives. According to a study conducted by Dr. Cynthia Toles, adults who binge-watched more than one show a week were more prone to insomnia and a less-healthy diet. Further, "the process of watching several episodes of one show consecutively can cause changes to one's sleep patterns" (Toles). To follow MLA citation rules properly, what does the author of this essay need to do?

include a page number after the author's name

Read the passage from Sugar Changed the World. Underneath the clash over rights, laws, and work rules, there was a deeper truth that the planters were sensing: The Age of Sugar was ending. On the one hand, the work on the plantations was now guided by a web of laws and rules that even an Indian coolie like Bechu could use to challenge the owners. Workers were individuals, not property. On the other hand, world sugar prices were plummeting. Owners no longer had the economic clout of being a mainstay of the economy. Instead, smaller plantations were going bankrupt. The old ways were simply not working anymore. Why were sugar prices falling? Because of competition from another part of the world. The evidence in this passage could best be described as

logical evidence showing that sugar farming was changing because of laws and low prices.

Read the passage from Sugar Changed the World. The Indian coolies and the ex-slaves, who resented these newcomers flooding into the colonies and driving down wages, were instant rivals. This was convenient for the planters—who were skilled at the game of divide and rule. The planters lumped their workers into two distinct but equally nasty stereotypes: Former slaves were described as lazy, whereas Indians were called meek, docile children. "You may have work and plenty of it for a black man and a coloured man, and they will not do it," claimed planter W. Alleyne Ireland. He conveniently ignored the fact that the ex-slaves wanted to work their own land, not labor for their former owners. The overseers praised the Indians' meekness but also held them in contempt. The Indian, one overseer claimed, "possesses the low, cringing and abject habit common to his nationality." What evidence do the authors include to support the central idea that Indian workers and formerly enslaved people became rivals?

logical evidence that Indian workers and formerly enslaved people did not get along with one another because wages went down

An introductory section that sets up a lengthy text is a

prologue.

The more I think about my parents' sadistic decision to send me to McClean's, the more I wonder whether I harbor severe masochistic tendencies. I can't believe I'm actually contemplating wearing the hijab to a snotty prep school where you're seriously doomed to the non-cool list if you're one issue behind on the latest Teen Voguefashion. I mean, hello, wake up and smell the Frappuccino, what am I doing being all holy and stuff when I know I've got more chance of getting away with a Kelly Osbourne look than I do covering my hair? -Does My Head Look Big in This?,Randa Abdel-Fattah Which words from the text best support the narrator's heated tone?

sadistic, masochistic, and snotty

Read the introduction to Dan DeLuca's argument. (1) Bob Dylan is the songwriter who opened up the doors of possibility to all who followed. (2) He was the mysterious bard with a guitar who sent out a clarion call—first as the acoustic Voice of His Generation, then as the plugged-in rocker who remained a master of the unexpected for five decades—that the words pop singers sang were worthy of being taken seriously. (3) "Dylan was a revolutionary," Bruce Springsteen said in his 1988 speech inducting Dylan into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. (4) "The way that Elvis freed your body, Bob freed your mind." (5) Early masterpieces such as "A Hard Rain's A-Gonna Fall" and "Visions Of Johanna" and "Like A Rolling Stone" fueled a debate: Are rock lyrics poetry? (6) The answer must be yes, because on Thursday, Dylan was awarded the highest honor for a writer: the Nobel Prize in literature. (7) The Swedish Academy, in making him the first American winner since novelist Toni Morrison in 1993, cited him for "having created new poetic expressions within the great American song tradition." Which sentence states DeLuca's claim?

sentence 6

Read this passage from Giovanna's evaluation of an argument claiming that climate change is not affected by human activity. Niemand's article on climate change in the editorial section of today's newspaper offers a weak argument. His reasoning consists of little more than unsubstantiated assertions that climate change is not affected by human activity. In an effective evaluation, which element would follow this statement?

text evidence from Niemand's argument

Read the sentence. Kazim likes to watch romantic films with happy endings, but Hannah is such a cynic that she never goes to the movies with him. What does the word cynic imply?

that Hannah is negative about most things

They explained that by their studies of the past three months the pigs had succeeded in reducing the principles of Animalism to Seven Commandments. These Seven Commandments would now be inscribed on the wall; they would form an unalterable law by which all the animals on Animal Farm must live for ever after. -Animal Farm,George Orwell What does the name Seven Commandments suggest about the new laws?

that they are replacing the religious laws known as the Ten Commandments

What evidence best supports the perspective that modern children are bored due to a lack of socializing?

the boy having a remote control in his hand and missing his friends

Hiroshi is planning to write an essay comparing news reports and editorials. Which ideas should he brainstorm about in order to write an effective essay? Select four options.

the characteristics of editorials the characteristics of news reports how news reports and editorials are similar how news reports and editorials are different

Read the passage from Animal Farm. Napoleon stood sternly surveying his audience; then he uttered a high-pitched whimper. Immediately the dogs bounded forward, seized four of the pigs by the ear and dragged them, squealing with pain and terror, to Napoleon's feet. The pigs' ears were bleeding, the dogs had tasted blood, and for a few moments they appeared to go quite mad. To the amazement of everybody, three of them flung themselves upon Boxer. Boxer saw them coming and put out his great hoof, caught a dog in mid-air, and pinned him to the ground. The dog shrieked for mercy and the other two fled with their tails between their legs. Boxer looked at Napoleon to know whether he should crush the dog to death or let it go. Napoleon appeared to change countenance, and sharply ordered Boxer to let the dog go, whereat Boxer lifted his hoof, and the dog slunk away, bruised and howling. Presently the tumult died down. The four pigs waited, trembling, with guilt written on every line of their countenances. Napoleon now called upon them to confess their crimes. They were the same four pigs as had protested when Napoleon abolished the Sunday Meetings. Without any further prompting they confessed that they had been secretly in touch with Snowball ever since his expulsion, that they had collaborated with him in destroying the windmill, and that they had entered into an agreement with him to hand over Animal Farm to Mr. Frederick. They added that Snowball had privately admitted to them that he had been Jones's secret agent for years past. When they had finished their confession, the dogs promptly tore their throats out, and in a terrible voice Napoleon demanded whether any other animal had anything to confess. Which details from the text support the claim that this passage is an allegory for the Great Purge? Select twooptions.

the false confessions extracted from the four pigs the slaughter of the pigs by the dogs at Napoleon's order

What is a couplet, in the context of a Shakespearean sonnet?

the final two lines

Madagascar is an island lying about 1,000 miles south of Socotra. The people are Saracens who worship Mahomet. They have four sheikhs—that is to say, four elders—who exercise authority over the whole island. . . . It is said to measure about 4,000 miles in circumference. The people live by trade and industry. -"The Middle East," Marco Polo What is the topic of this passage? the religion of Mahomet What is the author's purpose for writing this passage?

the island of Madagascar to inform

The battles which followed were terrible indeed. The words of Queen Boadicea had stirred the Britons until they were mad with thoughts of revenge, and hopes of freedom. They gave no mercy, and they asked none. They utterly destroyed the towns of London and of St. Albans, or Verulamium as it was then called, killing every one, man, woman and child. Again and again the Romans were defeated, till it almost seemed as if the Britons really would succeed in driving them out of the country. Boadicea herself led the soldiers, encouraging them with her brave words. "It is better to die with honor than to live in slavery," she said. "I am a woman, but I would rather die than yield. Will you follow me, men?" and of course the men followed her gladly. -"The Story of a Warrior Queen,"Henrietta Elizabeth Marshall What is the archetype seen here? What can you infer about Boadicea's character, based on this archetype?

the warrior she does not give up easily

What is the best definition of the term "characterization"?

the way an author presents a character to readers

What does the symbol of the divided snake most likelyrepresent?

the weakness of American colonies when they operate separately

Where art thou, Muse, that thou forget'st so longTo speak of that which gives thee all thy might?Spend'st thou thy fury on some worthless song,Darkening thy power to lend base subjects light? Return, forgetful Muse, and straight redeemIn gentle numbers time so idly spent;Sing to the ear that doth thy lays esteemAnd gives thy pen both skill and argument. Rise, restive Muse, my love's sweet face survey,If Time have any wrinkle graven there;If any, be a satire to decay,And make Time's spoils despised every where. Give my love fame faster than Time wastes life;So thou prevent'st his scythe and crooked knife. —"Sonnet 100,"William Shakespeare Which elements qualify this poem as a Shakespearean sonnet? Check all that apply.

three quatrains and one couplet lines of poetry with five metrical feet unstressed and stressed syllable groups

This excerpt was written by Olaudah Equiano, an enslaved African who was taken to Barbados. Read the passage, then answer the question. Their huts, which ought to be well covered, and the place dry where they take their little repose, are often open sheds, built in damp places; so that when the poor creatures return tired from the toils of the field, they contract many disorders, from being exposed to the damp air in this uncomfortable state. -Sugar Changed the World, Marc Aronson and Marina Budhos Which words from the passage best support the author's purpose?

tired, toils, poor

This excerpt was written by Olaudah Equiano, an enslaved African who was taken to Barbados. Read the passage, then answer the question. Their huts, which ought to be well covered, and the place dry where they take their little repose, are often open sheds, built in damp places; so that when the poor creatures return tired from the toils of the field, they contract many disorders, from being exposed to the damp air in this uncomfortable state. -Sugar Changed the World, Marc Aronson and Marina Budhos What is the primary purpose of this passage?

to create sympathy for enslaved workers

What are the primary functions of body paragraphs in a comparative essay that focuses on genres? Select fouroptions.

to provide evidence that supports the writer's ideas to analyze the texts, ideas, or objects being compared to highlight similarities between the texts being discussed to point out differences between the texts being discussed

Read the excerpt from Animal Farm. One Sunday morning Squealer announced that the hens, who had just come in to lay again, must surrender their eggs. Napoleon had accepted, through Whymper, a contract for four hundred eggs a week. The price of these would pay for enough grain and meal to keep the farm going till summer came on and conditions were easier. When the hens heard this, they raised a terrible outcry. They had been warned earlier that this sacrifice might be necessary, but had not believed that it would really happen. They were just getting their clutches ready for the spring sitting, and they protested that to take the eggs away now was murder. For the first time since the expulsion of Jones, there was something resembling a rebellion. Led by three young Black Minorca pullets, the hens made a determined effort to thwart Napoleon's wishes. Their method was to fly up to the rafters and there lay their eggs, which smashed to pieces on the floor. Napoleon acted swiftly and ruthlessly. He ordered the hens' rations to be stopped, and decreed that any animal giving so much as a grain of corn to a hen should be punished by death. The dogs saw to it that these orders were carried out. For five days the hens held out, then they capitulated and went back to their nesting boxes. Nine hens had died in the meantime. Their bodies were buried in the orchard, and it was given out that they had died of coccidiosis. Whymper heard nothing of this affair, and the eggs were duly delivered, a grocer's van driving up to the farm once a week to take them away. What is the most likely reason the author wrote this passage?

to show that Napoleon will use extreme cruelty to stop a revolt

What is the function of a claim in an argument?

to state the writer's opinion

When presenting her point of view in a group discussion, Martinique is knowledgeable, acknowledges other viewpoints, and answers questions fully. However, she frequently interrupts other speakers. What skill must she improve to be a more effective presenter?

understanding social cues

Read the sentence. The clouds gathering on the horizon were an inauspicious sign for the outdoor class, so rather than risk getting caught in a downpour, Dara decided to bring the class indoors. Based on context clues in the sentence, what is the most likely meaning of inauspicious?

unfavorable

"Payah kun," said the Eldest Magician, meaning, "That is quite right"; and he breathed upon the great rocks and lumps of earth that All-the-Elephant-there-was had thrown up, and they became the great Himalayan Mountains, and you can look them out on the map. . . . Then the Moon rose big and full over the water, and the Eldest Magician said to the hunchbacked old man who sits in the Moon spinning a fishing-line with which he hopes one day to catch the world, "Ho! Fisher of the Moon, are you playing with the Sea?" -"The Crab That Played with the Sea," Rudyard Kipling What is the narrator's tone in this passage?

whimsical

Which details from the text reflect the cultural context of the historical period in which Marco Polo wrote his travelogue? Check all that apply.

"The malik of Hormuz has a castle." "Ships . . . make the voyage in twenty days." "The people are Saracens who worship Mahomet."

Dhofar is a fine city of great size and splendour lying about 500 miles north-west of Shihr. Here again the people are Saracens and worship Mahomet, and are subject to a count who is likewise subject to the sultan of Aden. You must understand that this city is still within the province of Aden. The city stands on the sea and has a very good port, frequented by many merchant ships that import and export great quantities of merchandise. Many good Arab steeds, and horses from other lands as well, are brought here, and the merchants make a handsome profit on them. -"The Middle East,"Marco Polo Which details from the passage reveal a subjective perspective? Check all that apply.

"a very good port" "a fine city of great size and splendour"

Read the excerpt from chapter 8 of The Travels of Marco Polo and study the map. [This] is an island lying about 1,000 miles south of Socotra. The people are Saracens who worship Mahomet. They have four sheikhs—that is to say, four elders—who exercise authority over the whole island. You must know that this island is one of the biggest and best in the whole world. It is said to measure about 4,000 miles in circumference. The people live by trade and industry. More elephants are bred here than in any other province; and I assure you that not so many elephant tusks are sold in all the rest of the world put together as in this island and that of Zanzibar. Which labeled location is the place where more elephants are bred than anywhere else, according to the excerpt?

C - Madagascar

In the country of Zouman, in Persia, there lived a Greek king. This king was a leper, and all his doctors had been unable to cure him, when a very clever physician came to his court. He was very learned in all languages, and knew a great deal about herbs and medicines. As soon as he was told of the king's illness he put on his best robe and presented himself before the king. "Sire," said he, "I know that no physician has been able to cure your majesty, but if you will follow my instructions, I will promise to cure you without any medicines or outward application." The king listened to this proposal. "If you are clever enough to do this," he said, "I promise to make you and your descendants rich for ever." -"The Story of the Greek King and the Physician Douban," Andrew Lang What motivates the king to offer Douban great riches? Check all that apply.

Douban is an accomplished physician. The king has a disease that no one can cure.

Vivid imagery is often used to help the reader

form a mental picture.

Which sentence uses a narrative technique to develop a character?

"Maybe," Hannah smirked, "you could just tell her I'm a trapeze artist in my spare time."

Which sentences most likely belong in the resolution paragraph of a narrative? Select two options.

"I can replace the window," he said, putting his arm around my shoulders, "but I can't replace you." The audience stood up, cheering wildly, and I've never felt so relieved in my life.

"Great king of the genii," cried the monster, "I will never again disobey you!" At these words the fisherman took courage. "What is this you are saying, great genius? Tell me your history and how you came to be shut up in that vase." At this, the genius looked at the fisherman haughtily. "Speak to me more civilly," he said, "before I kill you." "Alas! why should you kill me?" cried the fisherman. "I have just freed you; have you already forgotten that?" "No," answered the genius; "but that will not prevent me from killing you; and I am only going to grant you one favour, and that is to choose the manner of your death." -"The Story of the Fisherman," Andrew Lang Which sentence is evidence that the fisherman expects to be treated fairly?

"I have just freed you; have you already forgotten that?"

Kalhat is a large city lying inside the gulf which is also called Kalhat. It is a fine city on the sea-coast 600 miles north-west of Dhofar. The people are Saracens who worship Mahomet. They are subject to Hormuz; and whenever the malik of Hormuz is at war with neighbors more powerful than himself, he comes to this city, because it is strongly built and situated, so that here he is afraid of no one. No corn is grown here, but it is imported by sea from other places. This city has a very good port, much frequented by merchant ships from India. -"The Middle East,"Marco Polo Reread the text carefully. According to Marco Polo, which labeled location is closest to the city of Dhofar?

D

Which aspects of a story best help the reader understand the author's purpose? Select three options.

imagery repetition tone

Which element of a text best helps the reader determine the central idea?

key details

What is the best definition of the term imagery?

vivid language that appeals to the senses

Read the passage from Hans Christian Andersen's "The Princess and the Pea." Once upon a time there was a prince who wanted to marry a princess; but she would have to be a real princess. He travelled all over the world to find one, but nowhere could he get what he wanted. There were princesses enough, but it was difficult to find out whether they were real ones. There was always something about them that was not as it should be. So he came home again and was sad, for he would have liked very much to have a real princess. One evening a terrible storm came on; there was thunder and lightning, and the rain poured down in torrents. Suddenly a knocking was heard at the city gate, and the old king went to open it. It was a princess standing out there in front of the gate. But, good gracious! What a sight the rain and the wind had made her look. The water ran down from her hair and clothes; it ran down into the toes of her shoes and out again at the heels. And yet she said that she was a real princess. "Well, we'll soon find that out," thought the old queen. But she said nothing, went into the bed-room, took all the bedding off the bedstead, and laid a pea on the bottom; then she took twenty mattresses and laid them on the pea, and then twenty eider-down beds on top of the mattresses. Which quotation from the passage best supports the theme that looks can be deceiving?

"The water ran down from her hair and clothes; it ran down into the toes of her shoes and out again at the heels."

The battles which followed were terrible indeed. The words of Queen Boadicea had stirred the Britons until they were mad with thoughts of revenge, and hopes of freedom. They gave no mercy, and they asked none. They utterly destroyed the towns of London and of St. Albans, or Verulamium as it was then called, killing every one, man, woman and child. Again and again the Romans were defeated, till it almost seemed as if the Britons really would succeed in driving them out of the country. Boadicea herself led the soldiers, encouraging them with her brave words. "It is better to die with honor than to live in slavery," she said. "I am a woman, but I would rather die than yield. Will you follow me, men?" and of course the men followed her gladly. -"The Story of a Warrior Queen,"Henrietta Elizabeth Marshall Which details serve as evidence that Boadicea is a warrior archetype? Check all that apply.

"and of course the men followed her gladly." "[Her] words . . . stirred the Britons until they were mad" "I am a woman, but I would rather die than yield."

"Payah kun," said the Eldest Magician, meaning, "That is quite right"; and he breathed upon the great rocks and lumps of earth that All-the-Elephant-there-was had thrown up, and they became the great Himalayan Mountains, and you can look them out on the map. . . . Then the Moon rose big and full over the water, and the Eldest Magician said to the hunchbacked old man who sits in the Moon spinning a fishing-line with which he hopes one day to catch the world, "Ho! Fisher of the Moon, are you playing with the Sea?" -"The Crab That Played with the Sea," Rudyard Kipling Which phrases from the passage are examples of imagery? Check all that apply.

"he breathed upon the great rocks and lumps of earth" "the Moon rose big and full over the water"

Which statement best describes the rebel archetype?

A rebel archetype is someone who lives by his or her own moral code.

Which statement best defines a travelogue?

A travelogue is a piece of writing or a lecture about a trip or journey.

Read the excerpt from "The Royal House of Thebes." There were seven champions to attack the seven gates of Thebes, and seven others within as bold to defend them. Eteocles defended the gate which Polyneices attacked, and Antigone and Ismene within the palace waited to hear which had killed the other. But before any decisive combat had taken place, a youth in Thebes not yet grown to manhood had died for his country and in his death had shown himself the noblest of all. This was Creon's younger son, Menoeceus. How does the archetype presented in the excerpt support the universal theme of loyalty to one's country?

Eteocles defends Thebes against his own brother, proving his loyalty.

Read the excerpt from "The Royal House of Thebes." Ismene weeping came from the palace to stand with her sister. "I helped do it," she said. But Antigone would not have that. "She had no share in it," she told Creon. And she bade her sister say no more. "Your choice was to live," she said, "mine to die." As she was led away to death, she spoke to the bystanders:— . . . Behold me, what I sufferBecause I have upheld that which is high. How does the archetype of tragic heroine reveal the universal theme?

Antigone sacrifices herself for her beliefs, but will not sacrifice her sister as well. This reveals the universal theme of taking responsibility for one's actions.

Read the excerpt from "The Story of a Warrior Queen." At last the Roman leader was so downcast with his many defeats that he went himself to the British camp, bearing in his hand a green branch as a sign of peace. When Boadicea was told that an ambassador from the Romans wished to speak to her, she replied proudly, "My sword alone shall speak to the Romans." And when the Roman leader asked for peace, she answered, "You shall have peace, peace, but no submission. A British heart will choose death rather than lose liberty. There can be peace only if you promise to leave the country." Which action best supports the idea that Boadicea is a warrior?

Boadicea tells the Roman leader that she will speak with her sword.

Read the excerpts from "The Royal House of Thebes" and "The Story of a Warrior Queen." Antigone and Ismene heard with horror what Creon had decided. To Ismene, shocking as it was, overwhelming her with anguish for the pitiful dead body and the lonely, homeless soul, it seemed, nevertheless, that nothing could be done except to acquiesce [to accept without protest]. She and Antigone were utterly alone. All Thebes was exulting that the man who had brought war upon them should be thus terribly punished. "We are women," she told her sister. "We must obey. We have no strength to defy the State." "Choose your own part," Antigone said. "I go to bury the brother I love." -"The Royal House of Thebes" "Is it not better to be poor and free than to have great wealth and be slaves?" she [Boadicea] asked. "And the Romans take not only our freedom but our wealth. They want to make us both slaves and beggars. Let us rise. O brothers and sisters, let us rise, and drive these robbers out of our land! Let us kill them every one! Let us teach them that they are no better than hares and foxes, and no match for greyhounds! We will fight, and if we cannot conquer, then let us die—yes, every one of us—die rather than submit." -"The Story of a Warrior Queen" How do the archetypes in these passages support the universal theme that one's values are worth risking one's life for?

Both Antigone and Boadicea are heroines who choose their values over their lives, knowing they may die in the process.

Which punctuation serves to set dialogue apart from the rest of the text in a narrative?

quotation marks

I rebelled against the king of the genii. To punish me, he shut me up in this vase of copper, and he put on the leaden cover his seal, which is enchantment enough to prevent my coming out. Then he had the vase thrown into the sea. During the first period of my captivity I vowed that if anyone should free me before a hundred years were passed, I would make him rich even after his death. But that century passed, and no one freed me. In the second century I vowed that I would give all the treasures in the world to my deliverer; but he never came. In the third, I promised to make him a king, to be always near him, and to grant him three wishes every day; but that century passed away as the other two had done, and I remained in the same plight. At last I grew angry at being captive for so long, and I vowed that if anyone would release me I would kill him at once, and would only allow him to choose in what manner he should die. So you see, as you have freed me today, choose in what way you will die. -"The Story of the Fisherman," Andrew Lang Based on the evidence in this text, what is the bestinference about the genius's motivation?

He is motivated by vengeance for how he was treated.

Now the king had a grand-vizir who was avaricious, and envious, and a very bad man. He grew extremely jealous of the physician, and determined to bring about his ruin. In order to do this he asked to speak in private with the king, saying that he had a most important communication to make. "What is it?" asked the king. "Sire," answered the grand-vizir, "it is most dangerous for a monarch to confide in a man whose faithfulness is not proved. You do not know that this physician is not a traitor come here to assassinate you." -"The Story of the Greek King and the Physician Douban," Andrew Lang What inferences can be made about the grand-vizir's motivations for speaking with the king in private? Check all that apply.

He wants the king's complete attention. He is afraid of someone pointing out the error of his false accusations.

If, when hearing that I have been stilled at last, they stand at the door,Watching the full-starred heavens that winter sees, Will this thought rise on those who will meet my face no more,"He was one who had an eye for such mysteries"? -"Afterwards,"Thomas Hardy Read the passage. What is the meaning of the euphemism "I have been stilled"?

I have died.

Which sentence most likely comes from a narrative essay?

I looked up at the audience and tried to swallow my fear, wiping my sweaty hands on my skirt.

Antigone and Ismene heard with horror what Creon had decided. To Ismene, shocking as it was, overwhelming her with anguish for the pitiful dead body and the lonely, homeless soul, it seemed, nevertheless, that nothing could be done except to acquiesce. She and Antigone were utterly alone. All Thebes was exulting that the man who had brought war upon them should be thus terribly punished. "We are women," she told her sister. "We must obey. We have no strength to defy the State." "Choose your own part," Antigone said. "I go to bury the brother I love." "You are not strong enough," Ismene cried. "Why, then when my strength fails," Antigone answered, "I will give up." She left her sister; Ismene dared not follow her. -"The Royal House of Thebes,"Edith Hamilton How does the character of Ismene contrast with Antigone's archetype?

Ismene represents a coward in comparison to Antigone's heroine.

He took the Elephant—All-the-Elephant-there-was—and said, "Play at being an Elephant," and All-the-Elephant-there-was played. He took the Beaver—All-the-Beaver-there-was—and said, "Play at being a Beaver," and All-the Beaver-there-was played. He took the Cow—All-the Cow-there-was—and said, "Play at being a Cow," and All-the-Cow-there-was played. -"The Crab That Played with the Sea," Rudyard Kipling How does the use of repetition affect the narrator's tone in this passage?

It creates a playful and caring tone.

Read the excerpt from Mark Twain's memoir, Life on the Mississippi. I was quaking from head to foot, and I could have hung my hat on my eyes, they stuck out so far. What is the most likely meaning of the phrase "I could have hung my hat on my eyes, they stuck out so far" in this sentence?

It is hyperbole that means that the author's eyes were wide with fear.

Read the excerpt from "The Royal House of Thebes." Some hours later, Creon in the palace was startled by a shout, "Against your orders Polyneices has been buried." He hurried out to be confronted with the guards he had set on the dead body and with Antigone. "This girl buried him," they cried. "We saw her. A thick dust-storm gave her her chance. When it cleared, the body had been buried and the girl was making an offering to the dead." "You knew my edict?" Creon asked. "Yes," Antigone replied. "And you transgressed the law?" "Your law, but not the law of Justice who dwells with the gods," Antigone said. "The unwritten laws of heaven are not of today nor yesterday, but from all time." Which universal theme is best represented in the excerpt?

Morality outweighs human laws.

In their preface, the Grimms explained their interest in the culture of the common people, and their intention in recording their tales: "It was perhaps just the right time to record these tales since those people who should be preserving them are becoming more and more scarce. . . . Wherever the tales still exist, they continue to live in such a way that nobody ponders whether they are good or bad, poetic or crude. People know them and love them because they have simply absorbed them in a habitual way. And they take pleasure in them without having any reason. This is exactly why the custom of storytelling is so marvelous." In short, the Grimms' first collection was shaped as an archaeological excavation and as a book for adults and for scholars. Their tales were not to be classified as children's stories, not even today. -"How the Grimm Brothers Saved the Fairy Tale,"Jack Zipes What is the central idea of this passage?

The Grimms' first collection of tales was a cultural study intended for a scholarly audience.

What compelled the Grimms to concentrate on old German epics, tales, and literature was a belief that the most natural and pure forms of culture—those which held the community together—were linguistic and based in history. According to them, modern literature, even though it might be remarkably rich, was artificial and thus could not express the genuine essence of Volk culture that emanated naturally from experience and bound the people together. Therefore, all their efforts went toward uncovering stories from the past. -"How the Grimm Brothers Saved the Fairy Tale,"Jack Zipes Which details from the text best support the author's purpose? Check all that apply.

Old German tales once held communities together. Older stories often expressed the essence of Volk culture. Epics and other tales were linguistic and based in history.

Read the excerpt from "The Story of a Warrior Queen." When Boadicea saw that all hope was gone, she called her daughters to her. "My children," she said sadly, as she took them by the hand and drew them towards her, "my children, it has not pleased the gods of battle to deliver us from the power of the Romans. But there is yet one way of escape." Tears were in her blue eyes as she kissed her daughters. She was no longer a queen of fury but a loving mother. Which archetype does Boadicea, the queen of the Britons, best represent?

the tragic heroine

Read the sample sentences. Then, answer the question that follows. Stephen can be pushy when trying to get his way. Stephen can be persuasive when trying to get his way. Which statement best explains the nuance between pushy and persuasive?

Pushy implies irritating, while persuasive implies convincing.

Read the passage from "The Crab That Played with the Sea." "'You are lazy,' said the Eldest Magician. 'So your children shall be lazy. They shall be the laziest people in the world. They shall be called the Malazy—the lazy people;' and he held up his finger to the Moon and said, 'O Fisherman, here is the Man too lazy to row home. Pull his canoe home with your line, Fisherman.'" How does repetition affect the narrator's tone?

Repetition of the word lazy makes the tone humorous.

Some hours later, Creon in the palace was startled by a shout, "Against your orders Polyneices has been buried." He hurried out to be confronted with the guards he had set on the dead body and with Antigone. "This girl buried him," they cried. "We saw her. A thick dust-storm gave her chance. When it cleared, the body had been buried and the girl was making an offering to the dead." "You knew my edict?" Creon asked. "Yes," Antigone replied. "And you transgressed the law?" "Your law, but not the law of Justice who dwells with the gods," Antigone said. 'The unwritten laws of heaven are not of today nor yesterday, but from all time." Ismene weeping came from the palace to stand with her sister. "I helped do it," she said. But Antigone would not have that. "She had no share in it," she told Creon. And she bade her sister say no more. "Your choice was to live," she said, "mine to die." As she was led away to death, she spoke to the bystanders:— . . . Behold me, what I suffer Because I have upheld that which is high. - "The Royal House of Thebes,"Edith Hamilton What evidence supports the idea that Antigone represents a tragic heroine? Check all that apply

She is cast out from society. She bravely defends her values. She breaks rules in the name of good. She sacrifices herself to right a wrong.

Read the excerpt from Rachel's narrative. (1) I sat anxiously yet still in my chair, waiting for the large door to swing open and the dentist's assistant to shout, "Rachel, Rachel, you're next!" (2) I was a bundle of nerves and could even hear the rhythmic ticking of the shiny clock above the receptionist's window. (3) I wondered what the new dentist would be like and hoped he would be as nice as Dr. Jackson. (4) Finally, the door swung open and an unfamiliar man rushed into the waiting room with a brown clipboard, yelling, "Rachel? Rachel, you're next!" (5) Here we go, I thought as I was herded into the small, yellow-walled examination room and into the large, cushioned reclining chair. (6) Finally, after a few minutes, Dr. Perez casually strolled in and I was pleasantly surprised to be instantly relaxed and comforted by her presence. (7) After a long check-up, Dr. Perez dismissed my unwarranted fears that I might have several deep, cavernous cavities. (8) The walk home was a slow, relaxing, and pleasant conclusion to a long, stressful day. Which sentence, if added after sentence 6, would bestcreate a strong, descriptive image that helps to explain why Rachel feels comforted?

She was young yet carried herself with great confidence, and her clear eyes locked onto mine and oozed kindness.

Read the excerpt from "How the Grimm Brothers Saved the Fairy Tale." All of the tales in the first edition bear the marks of their diverse storytellers who believed in the magic, superstitions, and miraculous transformations of the tales. It may be difficult for us to understand why this is the case, but for the storytellers and writers of these tales, the stories contained truths about the living conditions of their times. The tales in the first edition were collected not from peasants, as is commonly believed, but mainly from literate people whom the Grimms came to know quite well. Evidence shows that these people often obtained their tales from illiterate or anonymous informants. Even if they did not know their informants, the Grimms came to trust almost everyone who contributed to their collection. It is this mutual trust that marks the tales as something special and endows them with a certain humanity, what Germans call Menschlichkeit, and it is this mutual trust among folklorists in the nineteenth century that marks it as the golden age of folk and fairy tales. The tales in the first edition set a certain standard that collectors began to follow and still follow even today. What is the central idea of this excerpt?

The Grimms collected stories about real living conditions from people they trusted.

"I am sure," said the king, "that this man is the most faithful and virtuous of men. If he wished to take my life, why did he cure me? Cease to speak against him. I see what it is, you are jealous of him; but do not think that I can be turned against him. I remember well what a vizir said to King Sindbad, his master, to prevent him from putting the prince, his son, to death." What the Greek king said excited the vizir's curiosity, and he said to him, "Sire, I beg your majesty to have the condescension to tell me what the vizir said to King Sindbad." "This vizir," he replied, "told King Sindbad that one ought not believe everything that a mother-in-law says, and told him this story." -"The Story of the Greek King and the Physician Douban," Andrew Lang What is the most likely reason why the author does not include a resolution?

The author wants to keep the reader or listener engaged.

"I am sure," said the king, "that this man is the most faithful and virtuous of men. If he wished to take my life, why did he cure me? Cease to speak against him. I see what it is, you are jealous of him; but do not think that I can be turned against him. I remember well what a vizir said to King Sindbad, his master, to prevent him from putting the prince, his son, to death." What the Greek king said excited the vizir's curiosity, and he said to him, "Sire, I beg your majesty to have the condescension to tell me what the vizir said to King Sindbad." "This vizir," he replied, "told King Sindbad that one ought not believe everything that a mother-in-law says, and told him this story." -"The Story of the Greek King and the Physician Douban," Andrew Lang What is unique about this story? The characters are magical.The setting is in a far-off land Which plot element is missing from the story?

The fate of the vizir is unknown. resolutionfalling action

The fisherman was very unhappy. "What an unlucky man I am to have freed you! I implore you to spare my life." "I have told you," said the genius, "that it is impossible. Choose quickly; you are wasting time." The fisherman began to devise a plot. "Since I must die," he said, "before I choose the manner of my death, I conjure you on your honour to tell me if you really were in that vase?" "Yes, I was," answered the genius. "I really cannot believe it," said the fisherman. "That vase could not contain one of your feet even, and how could your whole body go in? I cannot believe it unless I see you do the thing." -"The Story of the Fisherman," Andrew Lang How does the fisherman's motivation move the plot forward?

The fisherman's determination to outwit the genius results in the climax.

In 1808, their friend, the romantic poet Clemens Brentano, asked them to collect all types of folk tales so he could use them in a book of literary fairy tales. In 1810, they sent him fifty-four texts, which they fortunately copied. Fortunately, because Brentano then lost the manuscript in the Ölenberg Monastery in Alsace and never used the Grimms' texts. When they realized that Brentano was not going to use the tales, they decided, upon the advice of another romantic writer and mutual friend, Achim von Arnim, to publish their collection. It had grown to eighty-six tales, which they published in 1812, and then another seventy, which they published in 1815. -"How the Grimm Brothers Saved the Fairy Tale,"Jack Zipes What structural technique does the writer use in this passage?

The writer describes events in chronological order.

The stories the Brothers Grimm first collected are brusque, blunt, absurd, comical, and tragic, and are not, strictly speaking, "fairy tales." In fact, the Grimms never intended the tales to be read by children. The tales are about children and families and how they reacted to the difficult conditions under which they lived. The Grimms thought the stories and their morals emanated naturally from the German people in an oral tradition, and they wanted to preserve them before the tales were lost forever. In gathering the tales, the Grimms made a unique contribution to folklore, and their Kinder- und Hausmärchen (Children and Household Tales) is even listed by UNESCO in its Memory of the World Registry. It was in large part their first edition, published in two volumes in 1812 and 1815, that inspired folklorists in Europe and Great Britain to gather tales from their oral traditions to preserve as part of their cultural heritage. -"How the Grimm Brothers Saved the Fairy Tale,"Jack Zipes Which details best support the idea that the Grimms' tales are important folklore? Check all that apply.

The tales come from the German oral tradition. Folklorists in other countries were inspired by the Grimms' tales. The UNESCO Memory of the World Registry lists an edition of the tales.

Read the excerpt from chapter 8 of The Travels of Marco Polo. Now that I have given you this second-hand account of the gryphon bird, let me add that the Great Khan sent special emissaries here to learn about these islands, and again to treat for the release of a previous emissary who had been detained as a captive. And these later emissaries, and the other who had been held captive, had much to tell him of the marvels of these strange islands. I assure you that they brought back with them the tusks of a wild boar of monstrous size. He had one of them weighed and found that its weight was 14 lb. You may infer for yourselves what must have been the size of the boar that had such tusks as this. Indeed they declare that some of these boars are as big as buffaloes. There are also giraffes in plenty, and wild asses too. Altogether their beasts and birds are so different from ours that it is a marvel to hear tell of them and a greater marvel to behold them. To return for a moment to the gryphon birds, I should explain that the islanders call them rukhs and know them by no other name and have no idea what a gryphon is. But I feel sure from the monstrous size they attribute to the birds that they cannot be anything but gryphons. Which details from the text best support the author's purpose to inform the reader that the islands are amazing to him? Select three options.

There are plenty of giraffes and wild asses on the islands. The wild boars on the island are as big as buffaloes, with 14 lb tusks. The gryphon birds are monstrous in size.

Read the excerpts from "The Royal House of Thebes" and "The Story of a Warrior Queen." "We are women," she told her sister. "We must obey. We have no strength to defy the State." "Choose your own part," Antigone said. "I go to bury the brother I love." "You are not strong enough," Ismene cried. "Why, then when my strength fails," Antigone answered, "I will give up." She left her sister; Ismene dared not follow her. -"The Royal House of Thebes" Again and again the Romans were defeated, till it almost seemed as if the Britons really would succeed in driving them out of the country. Boadicea herself led the soldiers, encouraging them with her brave words. "It is better to die with honor than to live in slavery," she said. "I am a woman, but I would rather die than yield. Will you follow me, men?" and of course the men followed her gladly. -"The Story of a Warrior Queen" How are the themes presented in these two passages similar?

They both express the theme that women are as capable as men.

Read the passage from "The Crab That Played with the Sea." 'Ah!' said the Eldest Magician. 'Now I know who has been playing with the Sea;' and he called out, 'What are you doing, Pau Amma?' And Pau Amma, deep down below, answered, 'Once a day and once a night I go out to look for my food. Once a day and once a night I return. Leave me alone.' Then the Eldest Magician said, 'Listen, Pau Amma. When you go out from your cave the waters of the Sea pour down into Pusat Tasek, and all the beaches of all the islands are left bare, and the little fish die, and Raja Moyang Kaban, the King of the Elephants, his legs are made muddy. When you come back and sit in Pusat Tasek, the waters of the Sea rise, and half the little islands are drowned, and the Man's house is flooded, and Raja Abdullah, the King of the Crocodiles, his mouth is filled with the salt water.' How do the underlined words in the passage create meaning?

They describe Pau Amma's impact on the sea and the animals.

Read the passage. Hana's ambivalence about the trip was understandable. She wanted to visit her parents' country of birth, but she was worried that it would be difficult for her family to get back into the country when they came home. Based on context clues in the excerpt, what is the most likely meaning of ambivalence?

indecisiveness

The senator rose to power by showing great acumen. He always showed insight and could be shrewd if needed. He was known for his positive and upbeat attitude and was never tempestuous. In fact, some say that they have never seen him react to a situation in an explosive way. That being said, he wouldn't have reached his position without auspicious circumstances. Everyone needs good luck! Use context clues to determine the meanings of the underlined words in this passage. Acumen most likely means Tempestuous most likely means Auspicious most likely means

make good decisions." explosive favorable

Read the sentence. Andrea's opponent was honest and straightforward, but Andrea used her guile to win the contest. What type of context clue in the sentence can be used to determine the meaning of guile?

an antonym

What details from a story best help develop the theme?

character motivation and plot

The reason a character thinks, feels, or acts a specific way is called

character motivation.

Read the excerpt from "How the Grimm Brothers Saved the Fairy Tale." When Jacob (b. 1785) and Wilhelm (b. 1786) began collecting folk tales and songs at the beginning of the nineteenth century, they were precocious students at the University of Marburg, still in their teens. They grew up quite fast, plagued by money problems and caring for their siblings—their father died in 1796, leaving the once middle-class family in poverty. Their situation was further aggravated by the rampant Napoleonic Wars. Jacob interrupted his studies to serve the Hessian War Commission, although Wilhelm passed his law exams and found work as a low-paid librarian in the royal library. In 1807, Jacob lost his position with the War Commission, when the French occupied Kassel, but he was then hired as a librarian for the new King Jérome, Napoleon's brother, who now ruled Westphalia. Amidst all the upheavals, their mother died in 1808, and Jacob and Wilhelm became fully responsible for their three younger brothers and sister. Which structure is used in this excerpt?

chronological

What steps best help a reader determine the central idea of a text? Select three options.

distinguishing between key details and minor details citing evidence from the text to support the conclusion restating the most important points in the text in one's own words

Read the passage from "Little Red Riding Hood." In this older version of the story, she is called "Little Red- Cap." The grandmother lived out in the wood, half a league from the village, and just as Little Red-Cap entered the wood, a wolf met her. Little Red-Cap did not know what a wicked creature he was, and was not at all afraid of him. "Good day, Little Red-Cap," said he. "Thank you kindly, wolf." "Whither away so early, Little Red-Cap?" "To my grandmother's." "What have you got in your apron?" "Cake and wine; yesterday was baking-day, so poor sick grandmother is to have something good, to make her stronger." "Where does your grandmother live, Little Red-Cap?" "A good quarter of a league farther on in the wood; her house stands under the three large oak-trees, the nut-trees are just below; you surely must know it," replied Little Red-Cap. What element of a plot does this passage illustrate?

rising action

Read the sentence. When cotton clothing is permeated, or soaked through, with water, it stays wet and can freeze in cold weather. Based on context clues in the sentence, what is the most likely meaning of permeated?

saturated

Hormuz is a great and splendid city on the sea, governed by a malik and with several cities and towns in subjection to it. The people are Saracens who worship Mahomet. The climate is excessively hot—so hot that the houses are fitted with ventilators to catch the wind. The ventilators are set to face the quarter from which the wind blows and let it blow into the house. This they do because they cannot endure the over-powering heat. -"The Middle East,"Marco Polo Which senses does the imagery in this passage appeal to?sight and sound How does this imagery support the author's purpose?It persuades readers to visit Hormuz.

sight and touch It informs readers about climate and culture.

Read the sentence. Levi was terrified of leaving his parents' farm and striking out on his own, but the longer he stayed, the more obvious it became that he was going to have to cut the cord, and soon. What are the best possible meanings of the euphemism "cut the cord"? Select two options.

stop depending on parents leave the farm

Read the excerpt from "How the Grimm Brothers Saved the Fairy Tale." Despite difficult personal problems and meager financial support from 1805 to 1812, the brothers proved themselves to be innovative scholars in the new field of German philology by publishing articles and books on medieval literature. In fact, they would be surprised to learn that they are more famous today for their tales than for their superb philological studies, which include pioneering work on German sound shifts, and the founding of the voluminous German Dictionary in 1854. But it was their training in philology and the demands that they placed on themselves as researchers that assisted their collecting and editing the tales. Which idea does the author introduce first?

the brothers' ability to overcome difficulties to succeed as scholars

Read the excerpt from Abra's narrative. I fell asleep to the sound of the dog snoring at my feet. The next day, I woke up to discover it had worked its way up the bed to tuck its head under my arm. When my mother put down a dish of food for the dog, it looked at me as if to ask me if I thought it should eat. It became clear to all of us that this new, unexpected addition to the household would become my dog, so I'd have to think up a name for it. What is the logical structure Abra uses for her narrative?

the chronological order

Antigone and Ismene heard with horror what Creon had decided. To Ismene, shocking as it was, overwhelming her with anguish for the pitiful dead body and the lonely, homeless soul, it seemed, nevertheless, that nothing could be done except to acquiesce. She and Antigone were utterly alone. All Thebes was exulting that the man who had brought war upon them should be thus terribly punished. "We are women," she told her sister. "We must obey. We have no strength to defy the State." "Choose your own part," Antigone said. "I go to bury the brother I love." "You are not strong enough," Ismene cried. "Why, then when my strength fails," Antigone answered, "I will give up." She left her sister; Ismene dared not follow her. -"The Royal House of Thebes,"Edith Hamilton What archetype does Antigone represent? What is the universal theme in this passage? How does Antigone's archetype reveal the theme?

the rebel Women are as capable as men It shows she can defy society's rules.

Read the excerpts from " The Royal House of Thebes " and " The Story of a Warrior Queen ." Ismene weeping came from the palace to stand with her sister. "I helped do it," she said. But Antigone would not have that. "She had no share in it," she told Creon. And she bade her sister say no more. "Your choice was to live," she said, "mine to die." -"The Royal House of Thebes" When the Roman soldiers burst in upon them, they found the great queen dead, with her daughters in her arms. She had poisoned both herself and them, rather than that they should fall again into the hands of the Romans. -"The Story of a Warrior Queen" Which archetype do the two passages have in common?

the tragic heroine

The physician Douban entered the hall and bowed low to the ground. The king, seeing him, called him, made him sit by his side, and showed him every mark of honour. That evening he gave him a long and rich robe of state, and presented him with two thousand sequins. The following day he continued to load him with favours. Now the king had a grand-vizir who was avaricious, and envious, and a very bad man. He grew extremely jealous of the physician, and determined to bring about his ruin. -"The Story of the Greek King and the Physician Douban," Andrew Lang What character motivation advances the plot? Douban's pride the king's anger This motivation moves the rising action toward what event?

the vizir's envy the king rebuking the vizir

Read the excerpt from "The Crab That Played with the Sea." Before the High and Far-Off Times, O my Best Beloved, came the Time of the Very Beginnings; and that was in the days when the Eldest Magician was getting Things ready. First he got the Earth ready; then he got the Sea ready; and then he told all the Animals that they could come out and play. And the Animals said, 'O Eldest Magician, what shall we play at?' and he said, 'I will show you. He took the Elephant—All-the-Elephant-there-was—and said, 'Play at being an Elephant,' and All-the-Elephant-there-was played. He took the Beaver—All-the-Beaver-there-was—and said, 'Play at being a Beaver,' and All-the Beaver-there-was played. He took the Cow—All-the-Cow-there-was—and said, 'Play at being a Cow,' and All-the-Cow-there-was played. He took the Turtle—All-the-Turtle-there-was—and said, 'Play at being a Turtle,' and All-the-Turtle-there-was played. One by one he took all the beasts and birds and fishes and told them what to play at. Based on the details in the excerpt, what is its primary purpose?

to entertain

What compelled the Grimms to concentrate on old German epics, tales, and literature was a belief that the most natural and pure forms of culture—those which held the community together—were linguistic and based in history. According to them, modern literature, even though it might be remarkably rich, was artificial and thus could not express the genuine essence of Volk culture that emanated naturally from experience and bound the people together. Therefore, all their efforts went toward uncovering stories from the past. -"How the Grimm Brothers Saved the Fairy Tale,"Jack Zipes What is the author's purpose for writing the essay "How the Grimm Brothers Saved the Fairy Tale"?

to inform readers of the reasons why the Grimms collected their tales

Read the excerpt from "How the Grimm Brothers Saved the Fairy Tale." Between 1812 and 1857, seven editions of their tales appeared, each one different from the last, until the final, best-known version barely resembled the first. Given that the first edition has recently been honored in bicentenary celebrations throughout the world, it is perhaps a good time to reexamine what we think we know about the original tales of the Brothers Grimm. What is the author's purpose in writing this paragraph?

to inform the reader that the text will take a second look at the Grimms' original tales

In contrast to the final 1857 edition, most of the tales in the first edition are shorter and sparser. They have a rawness that was later to be refined. For example, "Rapunzel" is embellished a great deal in the final edition: First Edition Once upon a time there lived a husband and wife who had been wishing for a child for many years, but it had all been in vain. Finally, the woman became pregnant. Now, in the back of their house the couple had a small window that overlooked a fairy's garden filled with all kinds of flowers and herbs. But nobody ever dared to enter it. Seventh Edition Once upon a time there was a husband and wife who for quite some time had been wishing in vain for a child. Finally, the dear Lord gave the wife a sign of hope that their wish would be fulfilled. Now, in the back of their house the couple had a small window that overlooked a splendid garden filled with the most beautiful flowers and herbs. The garden, however, was surrounded by a high wall, and nobody dared enter it because it belonged to a sorceress, who was very powerful and feared by all. -"How the Grimm Brothers Saved the Fairy Tale,"Jack Zipes Why does the author include excerpts from two versions of the story of "Rapunzel"?

to show how the Grimms added details to make the story more vivid for readers

Read the excerpt from "The Masque of the Red Death" by Edgar Allan Poe. But these other apartments were densely crowded, and in them beat feverishly the heart of life. And the revel went whirlingly on, until at length there commenced the sounding of midnight upon the clock. And then the music ceased, as I have told; and the evolutions of the waltzers were quieted; and there was an uneasy cessation of all things as before. But now there were twelve strokes to be sounded by the bell of the clock; and thus it happened, perhaps, that more of thought crept, with more of time, into the meditations of the thoughtful among those who reveled. And thus, too, it happened, perhaps, that before the last echoes of the last chime had utterly sunk into silence, there were many individuals in the crowd who had found leisure to become aware of the presence of a masked figure which had arrested the attention of no single individual before. And the rumor of this new presence having spread itself whisperingly around, there arose at length from the whole company a buzz, or murmur, expressive of disapprobation and surprise—then, finally, of terror, of horror, and of disgust. Based on the details in the excerpt, what is the primary purpose of this passage?

to thrill

Read the excerpt from "How the Grimm Brothers Saved the Fairy Tale." Turning to the tales of the first edition, a reader might notice that many of the stories such as "The Hand with the Knife," "How Some Children Played at Slaughtering," and "The Children of Famine," have nothing to do with fairies or happy endings. Instead, these are stark narratives about brutal living conditions in the nineteenth century. For instance, "The Children of Famine" begins this way: Once upon a time there was a woman with two daughters, and they had become so poor that they no longer had even a piece of bread to put in their mouths. Their hunger became so great that their mother became unhinged and desperate. Indeed, she said to her children, "I've got to kill you so that I can get something to eat." How does the author support the main idea in this paragraph?

with an example that shows a specific brutal living condition