Enlightenment Test

D

A common theme which unites the works of Hobbes, Rousseau, and Locke is that of... A. fundamental nastiness of human nature B. republican democracy as ideal government C. the tabula rasa D. the social contract

C

A religious movement that was a response to the stagnation of Protestantism during the eighteenth century was called... A. Anglicanism B. New Catholicism C. Pietism D. Erasmianism

A

By the beginning of the eighteenth century, most European states... A. had a hierarchy of courts to deal with civil and criminal cases B. had abandoned the use of judicial torture to obtain evidence C. still had no separate judicial system D. lacked barristers and attorneys

C

In Rousseau's The Social Contract he expressed his belief that... A. government was an evil that should be eliminated B. the individual's will is the most important C. freedom is achieved by being forced to follow what is best for all or the "general will" D. a child was a small adult with all the same abilities and obligations

B

In eighteenth-century Europe, churches, both Catholic and Protestant... A. declined in numbers and influence B. still played a major role in social and spiritual areas C. was responsible for the dramatic role in literary D. had not changed much in two centuries

D

In what other seventeenth century European state existed a similar limitation on royal power? A. France B. Spain C. Russia D. The United Netherlands

B

In which arena would women be most likely to participate in discussion of Enlightened ideas or science? A. Louis XVI's Versailles B. A Parisian salon C. A London coffeehouse D. A Berlin print shop

C

The German philosopher Immanuel Kant proclaimed the motto of the Enlightenment to be... A. "Death to Priests!" B. "Convert the Kings to Peace!" C. "Dare to Know!" D. "Free women from the Tyranny of Males!"

C

Voltaire was best known for his criticism of... A. the German monarchical system B. the separation of church and state C. religious intolerance D. Plato and the Greeks

B

A key new type of enlightened writing fueling skepticism about the "truths" of Christianity and European society was... A. psychological autobiography B. travel reports and comparative studies of old and new world cultures C. ribald stories of peasant ignorance D. aristocratic joke books showing the bad humor of supposed social elites

D

Above all, Montesquieu's The Spirit of the Laws was concerned with... A. the superior position of executive leadership B. the importance of the legislature C. the judiciary being the most important element of government D. maintaining balance among the various branches of government

B

Although often seen as a political document, the Bill of Rights was produced by religious factors as well. Which statement most accurately addressed the religious aspects of this development? A. England had long been troubled by open warfare between Protestants and Catholics. B. The King of England precipitated the event by setting aside laws restricting the rights of Catholics C. The Catholic majority disliked the Protestant King, and sought to replace him with a Catholic heir. D. The King of England made an alliance with the strictly Protestant Dutch, angering England's Catholic dominated House of Lords

C

Eighteenth-century writers, especially in England, used this new form of literary expression to attack the hypocrisy of the era and provide sentimental entertainment to growing numbers of readers: A. epic poetry B. autobiography C. novels D. short stories

A

Enlightened thinkers can be understood as secularists because they strongly recommended... A. the application of the scientific method to the analysis and understanding of all aspects of human life B. the rational dismantling of all churches and their competing but empty ideologies C. a complete stop to all efforts at the reform of justice D. rigorous state control of all forms of education

A

European music in the later eighteenth century was well characterized by... A. Haydn and Mozart, who caused a shift in the musical center from Italy to Austria B. Handel, the most religiously inspired of the period's composer C. the strictly elitist, aristocratic works of Haydn D. the innovative, secular compositions of Bach

A

For Rousseau, what was the source of inequality and the chief cause of crimes? A. private property B. marriage C. religion D. ignoring the "general will"

B

How can the changes depicted in the images be seen as a consequence of "enlightened absolutism"? A. Enlightened absolutism supported the Darwinian concept of "survival of the fittest" B. Enlightened rulers sought to settle issues between them without resorting to war. C. Enlightened rulers called for an international congress to propose and confirm the changes D. The changes were contemplated by "enlightened" advisors such as Voltaire to absolutist rulers like Catherine the Great

C

How did the location of the palace reflect the concerns of the French monarchy? A. It was situated near the coast as a physical representation of France's colonial empire. B. The palace was located in Paris, which was then recognized as the cultural capital of Europe C. The palace was located at the geographic center of the country, drawing on the representation of the "Sun King" whose rays touched all France D. Its location was sufficiently distant from Paris to offer security from Parisian mobs who threatened Louis XIV during the Fronde.

C

Literacy rates in eighteenth century Europe... A. were about equal for men and women B. were distributed evenly across all class lines C. were much higher in cities D. actually declined from the seventeenth century

A

Rousseau's influential novel, Emile, deals with these key Enlightenment themes: A. proper child rearing and human education B. the best roles for women in making modern society C. the necessity of church marriage and reform of church teaching on this sacrament D. the abolition of the pope's restrictions on religious practices and the content of sermons

A

The French philosophes... A. were literate intellectuals who meant to change the world by advancing reason and rationality B. flourished in an atmosphere of government support C. sought no extension of Enlightenment to other states D. supported state censorship of ideas contrary to their own

C

This style became popular as it... A. Was relatively easy and quickly made B. Showcased food, so that the poor could always have something C. Showcased mastery of technique, colors, and shading D. Showcased the width and might of the English trading empire

A

Voltaire's reaction to this event has often been characterized as... A. Deism B. Methodism C. Nihilism D. Anarchism

A

What development is portrayed in both the map and the Engraving? A. The Partition of Poland B. Territorial settlements following the War of Austrian Succession C. Territorial settlements following the Seven Years' War D. The territorial expansion of Russia

A

Deism was based on A.the Newtonian world-machine with God as its benevolent mechanic, designing the universe in accord with rational laws B. God answering prayers directed to him in song C. the divinity of Jesus as prime mover of the rational universe D. the denial of the existence of a Supreme Being

D

In Edward Gibbon's Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, the author gave the chief cause of decline and fall of the Romans as... A. the decline of their army B. barbarian invasions C. destruction of Roman republican values and institutions D. Christianity

D

Of great importance to the Enlightenment were the salons, which... A. gave social mobility to both men and women B. were usually run by women but for male guests C. provided a forum for the serious discussion of the ideas of the philosophes D. all of the above

C

Other than a royal residence, what other function did the palace serve? A. Meetings of the French Parlement were always held there B. The Estates-General convened there in 1789 and after C. Leading nobles of France were required to reside there D. It was frequently used as a staging area for "war games"

D

The best statement of laissez-faire was made in 1776 by... A. Thomas Jefferson B. John Locke C. John Adams D. Adam Smith

D

The country that developed this style of painting as a showcase for its people was... A. England B. France C. Russia D. The Netherlands

A

The strongest statement and vindication of women's right during the Enlightenment was made by... A. Mary Wollstonecraft B. Beatrice Williams C. Mary Astell D. Princess Amelia of Austria

A

The style above was created... A. To gloss over the growing rift between the rich and the poor B. To underscore the improvements in quality of life under Absolute Monarchs C. To highlight the peace and prosperity under Enlightened Monarchs D. To showcase the benefits of capitalism over mercantilism

C

What irony accompanied the dissemination of Enlightenment thought during the eighteenth century? A. Even in the most literate areas, Enlightenment ideas rarely circulated among the non-noble individuals. B. Although Enlightenment centers were more commonly in the West, popular culture in eastern Europe more often embraced the substance of "enlightened thought", C. Much of the wealth that supported and sustained the Enlightenment was derived from trade based at least in part on slavery D. Increased contact with the world beyond Europe did little to impact European understanding of non-European cultures

B

What was the most significant change in writing histories in the eighteenth century? A. the emphasis on the cultural development of countries B. the removal of God as a causative factor of change C. greater stress of theories of rule by divine right D. more emphasis on development of parliamentary government over time

C

Which Enlightenment-era thinker would have most likely expressed disagreement with Voltaire's poem? A. Immanuel Kant B. Denis Diderot C. Jean-Jacques Rousseau D. Baron de Montesquieu

B

Which of the following statements best applies to Denis Diderot? A. His materialistic, atheistic beliefs became tempered by his adoption of deism B. His Encyclopedia had considerable impact, particularly after its price was greatly reduced C. His Encyclopedia had little impact due to its elitist appeal D. The core of his educational beliefs expressed in his devotion to sexual monogamy and chastity

C

In what way was the Great Northern War (1700-1721) between Russia and Sweden a product of the image and the forces behind its publication? A. Russian leaders sought broad public support for the war B. Sweden had long claimed the region where St. Petersburg was located. C. Sweden was an obstacle to Peter the Great's ambition to gain ice-free ports in the Baltic Sea. D. Russian boyars had important allies in Sweden who worked to thwart Peter the Great's attempts to modernize Russia.

B

Isaac Newton and John Locke... A. created two antagonistic religious systems of thought B. provided deep inspiration for the Enlightenment by arguing through rational reasoning and the human acquisition of knowledge one could discover natural laws governing all aspects of human society C. claimed that mathematics and science would bring about the cure for the evils of society but only very slowly D. said the philosophes were the prophets of the future and that their rejection of the scientific revolution was justified

A

John Locke's philosophy contributed to the development of Enlightenment ideas by arguing that a person's character was shaped by... A. that person's environment, not by innate ideas implanted in the brain by God B. that person's genetic heritage C. the person's elementary education D. that person's personal relationships

D

John Wesley... A. was responsible for the resurgence of Catholic piety B. supported a rationalistic approach to Protestantism C. spread the teachings of pietism through his Moravian Brethren D. created and controlled his evangelical Methodist church using revivalist techniques