Environmental midterm review
Directions: Select the choice that best fits each statement. The following question(s) refer to the following possible relationships between organisms in an ecosystem. (A) Commensalism (B) Parasitism (C) Mutualism (D) Predation (E) Competition Exemplified by moss growing on a tree trunk in a forest
A. commensalism
Directions: Select the choice that best fits each statement. The following question(s) refer to the following possible relationships between organisms in an ecosystem. (A) Commensalism (B) Parasitism (C) Mutualism (D) Predation (E) Competition Exemplified by ticks feeding on a deer
B. Parasitism
Directions: Select the choice that best fits each statement. The following question(s) refer to the following possible relationships between organisms in an ecosystem. (A) Commensalism (B) Parasitism (C) Mutualism (D) Predation (E) Competition Exemplified by bees consuming nectar and carrying pollen from one flower to another
C. Mutualism
Human population growth in 2018 was 1.07%. If this rate of growth remains constant, in what year will the human population double? a. 2083 b. 2088 c. 2092 d. 3000
a. 2083
The average vehicle releases 1.39grams of NOx per mile driven. If a vehicle is driven 22,000miles per year for 15 years, how much NOx does that vehicle release? a. 458,700 grams b. 237,410 grams c. 15,827 grams d. 30,580 grams
a. 458,700 grams
Which of the following is a primary air pollutant produced from burning coal? a. carbon monoxide b. PCBs c. CFCs d. ozone
a. Carbon monoxide
Recent studies have found that fine particulate matter with a diameter of 2.5 μm or less can have negative human health effects. Which of the following correctly links a negative human health effect to an anthropogenic source of fine particulate matter? a. High rates of respiratory disease from power plant emissions b. High rates of skin cancer in urban areas with sewage treatment plants c. High rates of asthma from salt spray in coastal communities d. High rates of genetic deformities from additives in food supplies
a. High rates of respiratory disease from power plant emissions
Which of the following is most likely the source of the radon found in a house? a. Radon gas found in bedrock and soil leaked into the home through cracks in the foundation. b. Radon found in pressed wood products such as plywood emitted gas into the house. c. Radon gas leaked from a malfunctioning fuel-burning appliance, such as a furnace. d. Radon gas leaked from open paint and paint products used by the homeowner for repairs.
a. Radon gas found in bedrock and soil leaked into the home through cracks in the foundation
Which of the following is most typically associated with the transition from a rural to an urbanized society? a. Reduced birth rates b. Reduced need for sewage-treatment facilities c. Increased air quality in urban areas d. Increased stabilization of microclimate in urban areas
a. Reduced birth rates
Salamanders, ospreys, snapping turtles, and beavers all live in aquatic habitats. Salamanders lay their eggs in small freshwater pools and feed on insects. Osprey habitats include rivers, bays, and swamps and the birds feed on fish and other animals in the water or on land. Snapping turtles live in fresh or brackish water and feed on plants, fish, frogs, and snakes. Beavers build lodges on islands, pond banks, and lake shores and eat a variety of shrubs, grasses, and crops. Based on the information provided above, which of the following species would best be classified as a specialist? a. Salamanders b. Ospreys c. Snapping turtles d. Beavers
a. Salamanders
This biome is characterized by long dry seasons and is dominated by grasses, shrubs, and grazing animals. a. savanna b. boreal forest c. tropical rainforest d. desert
a. Savanna
Which of the following species is most likely to be an invasive species if introduced into a favorable new habitat? a. SpeciesNumber of Fertilized Eggs Produced per Year Oyster 5,000,000,000 b. SpeciesNumber of Fertilized Eggs Produced per Year Fish 8,000 c. SpeciesNumber of Fertilized Eggs Produced per Year Rabbit 12 d. SpeciesNumber of Fertilized Eggs Produced per Year Bobcat 2
a. SpeciesNumber of Fertilized Eggs Produced per Year Oyster 5,000,000,000
In a certain country, the birth rate is high, the death rate is high, and there are many children that are part of the workforce. The country is most likely in which of the following stages of the demographic transition? a. Stage 1 b. Stage 2 c. Stage 3 d. Stage 4
a. Stage 1
Select the choice that best fits the statement regarding air polluntants: Most often cited as the causative factor for acid deposition a. sulfur dioxide b. lead c. ozone d. hydrocarbons
a. Sulfur dioxide
Brown marmorated stink bugs are native to China and Japan. They were identified in Pennsylvania for the first time in 1998 and have since spread across North America, feeding on agricultural crops. Which of the following characteristics of the brown marmorated stink bug has led to them being an invasive species in North America? a. They are tolerant of a wide range of environmental conditions. b. They reach maturity slowly. c. They are often eaten by native wasps and birds. d. They have only a few surviving offspring each year.
a. They are tolerant of a wide range of environmental conditions
Directions: Select the choice that best fits each statement. The following question(s) refer to the substances listed. Composed of fibers known to cause lung disease a. asbestos b. radon c. lead d. carbon dioxide
a. asbestos
In Mediterranean climate regions like portions of California, a wetter-than-normal winter often leads to greater severity of fires the following summer. This seeming paradox occurs because increased rain leads to a. greater accumulation of chaparral biomass b. higher pollination rates of annual flowers c. greater recreational use of parklands d. greater erosion and damage of access roads
a. greater accumulation of chaparral biomass
Ground-level ozone in most major United States cities results primarily from a. motor-vehicle exhaust b. burning coal c. producing electric power d. burning fuel for cooking
a. motor-vehicle exhaust
Which of the following is the primary energy source for producers in near-surface marine communities? a. solar energy from the sun b. carbon dioxide from consumers c. oxygen in the atmosphere d. heat from the earth's interior
a. solar energy from the sun
An organisms niche is analogous to its a. way of life b. home c. habitat d. food source
a. way of life
Any genetically controlled structural, physiological, or behavioral characteristic that helps an organism survive and reproduce under a given set of environmental conditions.
adaptive trait
If a country has a crude birth rate of 24 per 1,000 and a crude death rate of 8 per 1,000, the natural annual percent increase of its population is a. 0.6% b. 1.6% c. 3% d. 16%
b. 1.6%
In a given ecosystem, producers convert solar energy into 15,000kcal of chemical energy stored in organic compounds. Which of the following is the most likely amount of energy available to secondary consumers? a. 1.5 kcal b. 150 kcal c. 1,500 kcal d. 1,500,00 kcal
b. 150 kcal
Which of the following annual population growth rates is paired with the correct doubling time? a. 1% . . 700 years b. 2% . . 35 years c. 3.5% . . 12 years d. 5% . . 350 months
b. 2%... 35 years
The country of Sudan has an estimated annual growth rate of 2 percent. At this rate of growth, approximately how many years will it take for the population of Sudan to double? a. 30 b. 35 c. 50 d. 80
b. 35
If the population of a country is growing at a rate of 1.75 percent per year, the population will double in approximately how many years? a. 30 b. 40 c. 50 d. 70
b. 40
How many mass extinctions have there been? a. 3 b. 5 c. 7 d. 9
b. 5
Which of the following best describes a natural process that adds carbon dioxide to the atmosphere? a. Plants excrete carbon dioxide during photosynthesis. b. Carbon dioxide is released from the interior of Earth during volcanic eruptions. c. Deposition of sediments into ocean basins release carbon dioxide from rock. d. Burial of dead plants and animals in swamps and bogs allows carbon dioxide to escape to the atmosphere.
b. Carbon dioxide is released from the interior of Earth during volcanic eruptions
Catalytic converters reduce which of the following pairs of pollutants in car exhaust? a. Carbon dioxide and ozone b. Carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons c. Carbon dioxide and particulates d. Lead and mercury
b. Carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons
Increased use of which of the following technologies would cause the greatest reduction in the primary source of photochemical smog? a. Electrostatic precipitator b. Catalytic converter c. Carbon sequestration d. Methane collection system
b. Catalytic converter
Natural Selection that selects against the normal or average. a. directional selection b. disruptive selection c. normal selection d. allopatric selection
b. Disruptive selection
Which of the following statements is true of aquatic biomes? a. Freshwater and marine biomes are evenly distributed on Earth. b. Freshwater biomes are a vital source of drinking water. c. Freshwater biomes supply a greater portion of Earth's oxygen than marine biomes. d. Marine biomes include streams, rivers, ponds, and lakes.
b. Freshwater biomes are a vital source of drinking water
Which of the following energy sources produces the most air pollutants when used during the generation of electricity? a. natural gas b. fuel oil c. uranium d. photovoltaic cells
b. Fuel oil
Where is the majority of fresh water found on Earth? a. groundwater b. ice caps and glaciers c. lakes d. oceans
b. Ice caps and glaciers
Which of the following is a true statement about replacement-level fertility? a. It equals the average number of children a woman will give birth to during her child-bearing years. b. It is greater in countries with high infant-mortality rates than in countries with low infant-mortality rates. c. It equals the annual number of live births per 1,000 people in a population. d. It equals the natural increase of a population in one year.
b. It is greater in countries with high infant-mortality rates than in countries with low infant-mortality rates
Directions: Select the choice that best fits each statement. The following question(s) refer to the following air pollutants. Question - Implicated in human neurological damage a. sulfur dioxide b. lead c. ozone d. hydrocarbons
b. Lead
Which of the following statements best describes photochemical smog in large cities in the United States? a. Photochemical smog is more prevalent during winter months. b. Photochemical smog causes negative human health impacts such as eye and lung irritation. c. Photochemical smog contains secondary pollutants that form when sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide interact in the atmosphere. d. Photochemical smog is composed of primary and secondary pollutants that are not reactive.
b. Photochemical smog causes negative human health impacts such as eye and lung irritation
Which of the following describes the changes in a country's demographics as it begins its transition from a preindustrial state to an industrial state? a. Population increases rapidly, birth rate declines, death rate increases b. Population increases rapidly, birth rate remains high, death rate decreases c. Population decreases rapidly, birth rate declines, death rate decreases d. Population decreases rapidly, birth rate remains high, death rate increases
b. Population increases rapidly, birth rate remains high, death rate decreases
In a typical forest ecosystem, dead trees and fallen trees are most important because of their role in which of the following? a. Providing a valuable source of timber b. Providing habitats for wildlife c. Contributing to soil erosion d. Increasing water runoff
b. Providing habitats for wildlife
Which of the following actions would be the most effective in decreasing acid rain and acid deposition problems? a. Using higher smokestacks b. Reducing use of fossil fuels c. Developing acid-resistant crops d. Adding lime to acidified lakes
b. Reducing use of fossil fuels
If mean global temperature keeps on increasing as predicted by contemporary scientists, which of the following is most likely? a. There will be fewer insects pests and disease-carrying organisms. b. Specialist species living in fragile ecosystems will risk extinction. c. There will be an increase in sulfate concentrations in wetlands. d. There will be an increase in the reproductive rate of mammals.
b. Specialist species living in fragile ecosystems will risk extinction
Natural Selection that selects against the extremes and maintains "status quo" a. Directional Selection b. Stabilizing Selection c. Disruptive Selection d. Allopatric Selection
b. Stabilizing selection
The thick forest of this biome tends to be well adapted to short growing seasons. a. temperate grasslands b. taiga c. tropical rainforest d. tundra
b. Taiga
Of the following organisms, which occupies the lowest trophic level? a. spider b. deer c. lion d. hawk
b. deer
When natural selection results in a shift toward one end of a normal range of traits, an evolutionary biologist would credit... a. continuous selection b. directional selection c. disruptive selection d. normal selection
b. directional selection
As a country goes through the demographic transition, the greatest rate of population growth takes place during which phase? a. preindustrial b. transindustrial c. industrial d. post industrial
b. transindustrial
The continuous, low-level extinction of species that has occurred throughout much of history
background extinction
If the population of a country grows at a rate of approximately 5 percent per year, the number of years required for the population to double is closest to a. 5 years b. 10 years c. 15 years d. 20 years
c. 15 years
What is the population doubling time in years for a country with an annual growth rate of 3.5 percent? a. 0.5 b. 3.5 c. 20 d. 24.5
c. 20
The species Homo sapiens has lived on Earth about ________ years. a. 20,000 b. 50,000 c. 200,000 d. 1, 000,00
c. 200,000
The current global human population is about 6.1 billion and is growing at an annual rate of 1.35 percent. If world population were to grow at this rate for the next year, approximately how many people would be added? a. 8 × 10 ^5 b. 8 × 10 ^6 c. 8 × 10 ^7 d. 8 × 10 ^8
c. 8 x 10^7
The snowshoe hare (a member of the rabbit family) is the primary prey for the Canadian lynx. The Canadian lynx is a wild feline that is slightly larger than a bobcat. Scientists plan to investigate the relative sizes of the hare and the lynx populations over a 3-year period. Based on predator-prey dynamics, which of the following identifies the hypothesis most likely to be supported by the study? a. A decrease in the lynx population size will lead to a decrease in the hare population size. b. A decrease in the hare population size will lead to an increase in the lynx population size. c. An increase in the lynx population size will lead to a decrease in the hare population size. d. An increase in the hare population size will lead to a decrease in the lynx population size.
c. An increase in the lynx population size will lead to a decrease in the hare population size.
Particulates can be removed from smokestack emissions by which of the following methods? a. Irradiation by UV light b. Catalytic converters c. Liquid chromatography d. baghouse filters
c. Baghouse filters
Which of the following would most likely reduce the concentration of ground-level ozone in the air of a city? a. Release of CFCs into the air of the city b. Occurrence of several consecutive days of sunny weather c. Decrease in the emissions of nitrogen oxides d. Release of VOCs into the air of the city
c. Decrease in the emissions of nitrogen oxides
Which of the following best illustrates the concept of the tragedy of the commons? a. Destruction of landscape by surfacing mining on private land b. Selective harvesting of trees by a timber company in a national forest c. Depletion of an aquifer or well by regional farmers d. Inadvertent destruction of beneficial species while attempting to control pests
c. Depletion of an aquifer or well by regional farmers
Which of the following identifies the two factors thought to be the most harmful to biodiversity? a. Acid deposition and increased use of fertilizers for agriculture b. Depletion of the ozone layer and oil drilling c. Destruction of habitat and invasion by nonnative species
c. Destruction of habitat and invasion by nonnative species
Which of the following best characterizes a population that is growing exponentially with time? a. Equal increases in number over equal increments of time b. Controlled growth over a finite time c. Doubling in size over equal increments of time d. Reaching a maximum then experiencing a rapid decline
c. Doubling in size over equal increments of time
Important factors that contribute to smog formation in the Los Angeles basin include which of the following? Ample summer sunshine High sea-level elevation High concentration of automobiles a. I only b. III only c. I and III only d. I, II, and III
c. I and III only
Which of the following illustrates the reactants needed to form tropospheric ozone? a. SO2 + H2O b. O2 + C6H12O6 c. NO2 + VOCs + O2 + sunlight d. CO2 + H2O + sunlight
c. NO2 + VOCs + O2 + sunlight
In addition to volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which of the following components must be present in the atmosphere to create photochemical smog? a. NOx and particulates b. Particulates and UV light c. NOx and UV light d. UV light and CO2
c. NOx and UV light
Which of the following best describes the net primary productivity of an ecosystem? a. Net primary productivity is the amount of energy captured by producers through photosynthesis over time. b. Net primary productivity is the amount of energy lost by producers through respiration over time. c. Net primary productivity is the amount of energy lost through respiration by producers subtracted from the gross primary productivity of an ecosystem. d. Net primary productivity is the amount of energy lost through respiration by producers added to the gross primary productivity of an ecosystem.
c. Net primary productivity is the amount of energy lost through respiration by producers subtracted from the gross primary productivity of an ecosystem
Which of the following environmental problems is most often linked to the combustion of fossil fuels? a. Cultural eutrophication in surface waters b. Thermal inversions in mountainous coastal areas c. Photochemical smog formation in the troposphere d. Ozone thinning in the stratosphere
c. Photochemical smog formation in the troposphere
Members of an r-selected species characteristically a. grow slowly b. produce few offspring c. reach sexual maturity quickly d. have long life spans
c. Reach sexual maturity quickly
In England approximately 250250 years ago, the peppered moth had light-colored wing patterns that camouflaged them against the light-colored trees. Over time in urban areas, the number of peppered moths with dark-colored wings increased as pollution from the Industrial Revolution darkened the trees the moths rested on. Which of the following statements best describes how the moths adapted to the new environment over time? a. The moths adapted to the new environment through isolation. b. The moths adapted to the new environment through primary succession. c. The moths adapted to the new environment by changes in the genetics of the population. d. The moths adapted to the new environment by becoming a generalist species.
c. The moths adapted to the new environment by changes in the genetics of the population.
All of the following are likely consequences of indoor air pollution EXCEPT an increase in a. the development and exacerbation of asthma b. the risk of developing lung cancer c. the risk of developing skin cancer d. flulike symptoms, chronic fatigue, and nausea
c. The risk of developing skin cancer
The spotted lanternfly is a herbivorous insect that is native to Asia and feeds on over 70 species of plants. The feeding behavior of the spotted lanternfly damages plants, and the nymph and adult lanternflies secrete sticky residues that exacerbate the damage to native plant species by promoting mold growth. The spotted lanternfly reproduces once during its lifetime by laying between 30 and 50 eggs, and the eggs hatch after a short amount of time. The range of the spotted lanternfly is increasing because the insects are transported to new environments by the movements of animals and people, and it is now found in many parts of the United States. Which of the following best describes the spotted lanternfly in the United States? a. The spotted lanternfly is a K-selected and invasive species. b. The spotted lanternfly is a K-selected and endangered species. c. The spotted lanternfly is an r-selected and invasive species. d. The spotted lanternfly is an r-selected and endangered species.
c. The spotted laternfly is an r-selected and invasive species
Which of the following is a true statement about the total fertility of a society? a. The total fertility of a society is the difference between the crude birth rate and the crude death rate. b. The total fertility of a society is the number of children necessary for a couple to replace themselves in the next generation. c. The total fertility of a society decreases as the society progresses through the demographic transition. d. The total fertility of a society is negatively correlated with the number of women of child-bearing age.
c. The total fertility society decreases as the society progresses through the demographic transition
Which of the following is a characteristic of tropical rain forests? a. They rarely receive more than 100 centimeters of rain per year. b. Their soils typically have a high pH. c. Their soils are relatively poor in nutrients. d. They do not exhibit a great deal of species diversity.
c. Their soils are relatively poor in nutrients
Which of the following best explains why decomposers in soils and water are important to ecosystems? a. They remove heavy metals b. They store carbon dioxide c. They recycle nutrients d. They produce more oxygen than they consume
c. They recycle nutrients
One example of the tragedy of the commons occurs when trees are harvested from tropical rain forests without any regulations. Which of the following best describes why this is an example of the tragedy of the commons? a. Tropical rain forests have a thin layer of decaying organic matter and relatively low nutrient levels slowing tree growth. b. Trees are an important resource, but not all individuals can access the resource. c. Timber producers remove as much timber as possible as cheaply as possible. d. Tropical rain forests have the highest number of species per unit area, and trees are important for stability in the ecosystem.
c. Timber producers remove as much timber as possible as cheaply as possible
This biome has the highest net primary productivity, in part because of consistently warm temperatures and abundant sunlight. a. grasslands b. taiga c. tropical rainforest d. tundra
c. Tropical rainforest
Was once widely used in the United States as a gasoline additive a. radon b. mercury c. lead d. copper
c. lead
Which of the following best shows the process of evolution? a. A lizard's color becomes brown as it sits on a log. b. A bear goes into hibernation. c. A plant loses its leaves in a drought. d. A population of mosquitoes develops resistance to a pesticide.
d. A population of mosquitoes develops resistance to a pesticide
Mutations are a. always occurring in patterns b. always harmful c. always neutral d. a source of new genetic material
d. A source of new genetic material
Traveling southward from the Arctic regions of Canada to the tropics of Panama, one passes through several biomes - tundra, coniferous forest, temperate deciduous forest, and tropical rain forest. This pattern of change in vegetation is primarily the result of a. primary and secondary succession b. the invasion of exotic species c. an increase in mean annual temperature and a decrease in mean annual precipitation d. an increase in both mean annual temperature and mean annual precipitation
d. An increase in both mean annual temperature and mean annual precipitation
Which of the following world regions contain the greatest area of rain forest? a. Canada and the United States b. Eastern and Western Europe c. Australia and New Zealand d. Brazil and Indonesia
d. Brazil and Indonesia
Which of the following best describes one way the Clean Air Act helped reduce air pollution? a. Implemented a program to manage hazardous and nonhazardous wastes b. Proposed incentives for countries to reduce carbon emissions c. Created a fund to aid developing countries in reducing ozone-depleting emissions d. Introduced regulatory measures to control the amount of lead in fuels
d. Introduced regulatory measures to control the amount of lead in fuels
Which of the following is true of the Clean Air Act? a. It was passed by Congress during the early 1950s. b. It regulates the amount of CO2 emitted by power plants. c. It has remained largely unmodified since it was originally signed into law. d. It established a cap-and-trade program for SO2 in 1990.
d. It established a cap-and-trade program for SO2 in 1990
Which of the following best describes the effect of increased atmospheric carbon dioxide on marine organisms? a. It will increase the ocean pH outside of the tolerance range of most fish. b. It will increase the solubility of oxygen, increasing gas exchange in marine organisms. c. It will decrease the temperature of the ocean water, decreasing the rate of photosynthesis in phytoplankton. d. It will decrease the ocean pH outside of the tolerance range of most coral and fish.
d. It will decrease the ocean pH outside of the tolerance range of most coral and fish
The Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction event was caused when an asteroid impacted Earth approximately 66 million years ago, near what is now the Gulf of Mexico. The indirect effects of the impact affected the entire globe. The event resulted in the extinction of nearly 75 percent of all plant and animal species on Earth, including the majority of dinosaur species. Which of the following likely best describes why most of these species went extinct? a. Direct effects from the impact b. Loss of competitors c. Increase in genetic diversity in most species d. Rapid climate and habitat change
d. Rapid climate and habitat change
The great grasslands of the world have which of the following primary characteristics in common? a. They are restricted in occurrence to the region between 30° north latitude and 30° south latitude. b. Due to high humidity, fires are uncommon and rarely affect large areas. c. They are typically created by overgrazing by livestock. d. Seasonal cycles of temperature and precipitation produce abundant vegetative growth.
d. Seasonal cycles of temperature and precipitation produce abundant vegetative growth.
Silver carp were introduced in the southeastern United States in the 1970s from their native habitat of China to control algal blooms that were occurring at aquaculture facilities and sewage lagoons. Silver carp escaped from captivity shortly after their introduction and are currently found as far north as North Dakota and Minnesota. Which of the following describes an unintended, negative consequence of the introduction of silver carp into the United States? a. Silver carp decreased the amount of algae and aquatic vegetation in ponds and lagoons in the southern United States. b. Silver carp populations in the United States are likely to become endangered as a result of limited prey resources in the new environment. c. Silver carp became a keystone species and created more biodiversity in lakes and rivers in the southeastern United States. d. Silver carp became an invasive species in the United States because their numbers were not being controlled by natural predators.
d. Silver carp became an invasive species in the United States because their numbers were not being controlled by natural predators
Which of the following species is most likely to provide extensive parental care to its offspring? a. SpeciesNumber of Fertilized Eggs Produced per Year Oyster 5,000,000,000 b. SpeciesNumber of Fertilized Eggs Produced per Year Fish 8,000 c. SpeciesNumber of Fertilized Eggs Produced per Year Rabbit 12 d. SpeciesNumber of Fertilized Eggs Produced per Year Bobcat 2
d. Species number of fertilized eggs produced per year Bobcat 2
Acid rain is associated with which of the following? a. Formation of the antarctic ozone hole b. Release of PCBs into the atmosphere c. Damage to tropical rain forests d. The burning of fossil fuels
d. The burning of fossil fuels
A small developing country with negligible rates of immigration and emigration is going through a demographic change. Thirty years ago the crude birth rate was 44 per thousand per year and the crude death rate was 17 per thousand per year. Now the crude birth rate is 16 thousand per year and the crude death rate is 5 per thousand per year. Which of the following statements about the country now is most likely to be true? a. The population is decreasing. b. The growth rate of the population is increasing. . c. The country is at the preindustrial stage of the demographic transition. d. The country is at the industrial stage of the demographic transition.
d. The country is at the industrial stage of the demographic transition
Which of the following is a measure of the biodiversity of an ecosystem? a. The total number of individuals of a single animal species b. The density of individuals in a hectare c. The total number of different plant species d. The soil depth at which burrowing insects are located
d. The total number of different plant species
Which of the following is generally true of K-strategist species as compared to r-strategist species? a. They reach sexual maturity earlier. b. They have more young. c. They are more likely to be invasive species. d. They have longer life spans.
d. They have longer life spans
All of the following statements about invasive exotic species are true EXCEPT: a. They may compete with native species for food. b. They may prey on native species. c. They are generally introduced by human activity. d. They tend to have low reproductive rates.
d. They tend to have low reproductive rates
The underlying subsoil of this biome is permafrost, which prevents both water draining through and deep-rooted plants from growing. Additionally, there is very little precipitation per year. a. temperate grasslands b. taiga c. tropical rainforest d. tundra
d. Tundra
The supply of Earth's fresh water is fixed and is being depleted at a rapid rate. Which of the following best describes the effects of a limited freshwater supply on human populations? a. Disease transmission will decrease as access to water decreases, leading to improved public health. b. Conservation measures will increase per capita water consumption, leading to an improved global economy. c. Desalinization facilities will be used to process water stored in glaciers and snow packs, leading to new sources of drinking water. d. World food production will decrease (due to lack of water and irrigation), leading to increased famine.
d. World food production will decrease (due to lack of water and irrigation), leading to increased famine.
Which has a stronger affinity for hemoglobin than oxygen has, thus causing death ultimately a. mercury b. radon c. carbon dioxide d. carbon monoxide
d. carbon monoxide
This biome contains plants that are adapted to prevent water loss due to the low average rainfall and high temperatures year-round. a. savanna b. boreal forest c. tropical rainforest d. desert
d. desert
The three main anthropogenic sources of gaseous air pollutants in the United States are a. soil erosion, volcanoes, and energy production b. industry, construction, and agriculture c. soil erosion, volcanoes, and forest fires d. industry, transportation, and energy production
d. industry, transportation, and energy production
The major biological source of dissolved oxygen in the ocean comes from a. decomposition of organic sediments on the ocean floor b. metabolic processes of coral in reefs c. oxidation of sulfur by bacteria in ocean vent communities d. photosynthesis by phytoplankton
d. photosynthesis by phytoplankton
The ultimate source of energy for terrestrial ecosystem is a. nutrients in soil b. nutrients in vegetation c. primary consumers d. the Sun
d. the sun
Number of offspring based on traits/fitness
differential reproduction
Factors that affect the total fertility rate of a human population include which of the following? 1. Cultural traditions 2. Government policies and economic incentives 3. Education level and economic opportunities for females a. 1 only b. 2 only c. 3 only d. 1 and 2 e. 1, 2, and 3
e. 1, 2, and 3
Long-term, large scale evolutionary changes among groups of species resulting in new species, genera, families, etc
macroevolution
The name given to a period (Sudden and Widespread) of especially high rates of extinction of species
mass extinction
The small genetic changes a population undergoes
microevolution
A phenomenon in which an individual; gains an advantage by looking like the individuals of a different species.
mimicry
The development of a variety of species from a single ancestral form; occurs when a new habitat becomes available to a population.
speciation