Environmental Studies - Chapter 5 FINAL

What is true cost? sum of negative and positive external costs sum of social and environmental external costs sum of internal costs and external costs sum of manufacturing and raw materials costs

sum of internal costs and external costs

Classify each resource as natural capital or natural interest.

capital - brtackish wetlands - hardword forests - oceans itnerest -forest growth -fish stock grwortyh - soil regen

Each of the following six environmental scenarios describes a situation that is regulated by an environmental law. Match each of the six environmental laws with its corresponding environmental scenario. You are currently in a labeling module. Turn off browse mode or quick nav, Tab to items, Space or Enter to pick up, Tab to move, Space or Enter to drop. In 2014, the city of Flint, Michigan switched their watersupply to the Flint River. The city failed to properly treat thedrinking water, exposing citizens to elevated levels of lead.During the summer of 2010, the Deepwater Horizon oil rigexploded, dumping millions of barrels of oil into the Gulfof Mexico. This oil spill is the largest in U.S. history.The Yucca Mountain Project was a proposed site for afederal nuclear waste repository. Politicians discontinuedfunding for the project, leaving the U.S. with no plan forthe disposal of high‑level radioactive waste.Bisphenol A (BPA) is a component found in most plastics.Recent concerns over the safety of this chemical has lead tohealth‑effect studies and stricter regulations.The Florida panther (Puma concolor coryi) recoveryefforts have been relatively successful over the last 20 yearsdue to habitat conservation and community education.After the discovery of the hole in the ozone layer, scientistsdetermined that chloroflurocarbons (CFCs) were the primarycause of depletion. CFCs were used as a refrigerant and anaerosol propellant, but have been mostly phased out due toenvironmental concerns.Safe Drinking Water ActClean Water ActNuclear Waste Policy ActToxic Substance Control ActEndangered Species ActClean Air ActAnswer Bank

flint - safe drinking water deepwater horizon - clean water yucca mountain - nuclear waste policy bisphenoal BPA - toxic substance Flordia pantehr - endagnered species hole in ozone - clean air act

Robert Costanza and colleagues estimated the value of ecosystem services of many of Earth's major ecosystems, as well as the area each one covered on the planet, for the year 2011. The graph and data table summarize their results. In total dollars, what is the annual value of lakes and rivers per hectare?$4.30$860$4,300$200

$4,300

When a population consumes more resources than can be replenished in its ecosystem, it is not sustainable. An ecological footprint is a metric that assesses the human population's degree of sustainable living. In calculating an ecological footprint, scientists quantify the amount of biologically productive land a population uses to support its standard of living. This calculation includes all the land, sea, and natural resources that a human population uses or consumes for housing, business, and waste disposal. An ecological footprint can also be quantified by the number of Earths required to sustain Earth's population, with 1 Earth representing the total amount of biologically productive land available. What is the current ecological footprint of the Earth's population?1 Earth1.5 Earths5 Earths0.97 Earths

1.5

The linear economic model assumes a unidirectional product lifespan of product creation, usage, and disposal. The circular economic model assumes a circular product lifespan that takes into account product waste. Business practices differ in resource and waste management depending on which model is followed. Identify the statements that encompass the values of the circular economic model.Product designers do not incorporate biodegradable or recyclable materials into products.Businesses prioritize the use of recycled or renewable resources.Environmentally friendly businesses reclaim waste for energy production.Product designers incorporate product waste into new product designs.Manufacturers create products only from recently harvested or extracted resources.Producers ensure that any nonreusable waste easily assimilates back into the environment.

Businesses prioritize the use of recycled or renewable resources. Environmentally friendly businesses reclaim waste for energy production. Product designers incorporate product waste into new product designs. Producers ensure that any nonreusable waste easily assimilates back into the environment.

How do chlorofluorcarbons (CFCs) cause ozone depletion within the stratosphere? CFCs prevent the natural formation of ozone within the stratosphere. CFCs bond to the ozone molecule, changing its chemical structure and function. CFCs increase the temperature in the stratosphere, causing ozone molecules to breakdown. CFCs catalyze the breakdown of ozone, which then exceeds natural ozone formation.

CFCs catalyze the breakdown of ozone, which then exceeds natural ozone formation.

Robert Costanza and colleagues estimated the value of ecosystem services of many of Earth's major ecosystems, as well as the area each one covered on the planet, for the year 2011. The graph and data table summarize their results. Which ecosystem type has the highest value per hectare per year? Which has the lowest?Grasslands have the highest value and coral reefs have the lowest value.Tidal marshes have the highest value and lakes/rivers have the lowest value.Open ocean has the highest value and coral reefs have the lowest value.Coral reefs have the highest value and open ocean has the lowest value.

Coral reefs have the highest value and open ocean has the lowest value.

Trees are a renewable natural resource used to make a wide variety of products, including paper and houses. However, trees need time to grow and mature before they can be harvested. Please complete the following statements about timber resource management and natural capital. If humans harvest the same amount of new trees that are added to the population each year, the number of usable trees remains stable and this natural capital is sustainable. If humans take far fewer trees than the total that reach maturity, the number of usable trees increases and this natural capital grows. If humans take more trees than the total that reach maturity, the number of usable trees decreases and this natural capital declines.

If humans harvest the same amount of new trees that are added to the population each year, the number of usable trees remains stable and this natural capital is sustainable. If humans take far fewer trees than the total that reach maturity, the number of usable trees increases and this natural capital grows. If humans take more trees than the total that reach maturity, the number of usable trees decreases and this natural capital declines.

Policy‑making tools use new or existing legislation to achieve an environmental, financial, or legal goal. Command‑and‑control regulation is a policy‑making tool used to regulate environmentally harmful practices. What are the advantages of command‑and‑control regulation? It is useful when the potential is high for severe impact to public health or the environment. Policy makers achieve goals quickly. It directly changes the behavior of the regulated industry. Corporations profit from newly legislated environmentally friendly practices. Regulations inspire innovation in the private sector.

It is useful when the potential is high for severe impact to public health or the environment. Policy makers achieve goals quickly. It directly changes the behavior of the regulated industry.

Environmental policy decision making is a complex and messy process because policy makers are often overwhelmed with opinions from a variety of stakeholders including the press, scientists, congressional committees, and private citizens. How does professional lobbying negatively affect the environmental policy making process?Lobbyists provide policy makers false information and data to influence them to vote in their favor on issues.Lobbyists sometimes blackmail policy makers to vote a certain way on special interests of the lobbyists.Lobbyists often distract and occupy policy makers' time to prevent scientists and citizens from voicing their opinion.Lobbyists with more money have a larger influence on policy makers, which drowns out the voices of individual citizens.

Lobbyists with more money have a larger influence on policy makers, which drowns out the voices of individual citizens.

Select the reasons why ozone depletion is considered a transboundary issue. Pollutants released from one region can affect the ozone layer in far away regions. Localized damage to the ozone layer can be linked to the nearest pollution source. Earth's atmosphere, including the ozone layer in the stratosphere, is a shared resource. An international community of scientists discovered the causation of ozone depletion.

Pollutants released from one region can affect the ozone layer in far away regions. Earth's atmosphere, including the ozone layer in the stratosphere, is a shared resource.

Environmental policy is a course of action adopted by a government intended to protect citizens and the environment. There are typically four ways in which these goals are achieved, such as protecting public health, restoring damaged environments, protecting natural resources, and managing commonly held or public resources. Match each action to its corresponding environmental policy goal category.

Protect public health - proper disposal of radioactive waste - control of Zika outbreaks Restore damaged environments - restoration of wetlands - cleanup of oil spills Protect natural resources - enforcement of wildlife hunting seasons - establishment of US national parks - regulations on greenhouse gas emissions - enforcement of Endangered species act Manage commonly held or public resources - NONE

Environmental economics focuses on the sustainability of natural resources, whereas the mainstream economics model is profit‑driven. There are several assumptions of mainstream economics that conflict with assumptions of environmental economics. What are some assumptions of mainstream economics that are challenged by environmental economics? Corporations make durable and recyclable products a priority. Corporations consider consumer satisfaction foremost. The current value of a resource is greater than its future value. Renewable energy sources are the best investments. The availability of resources is unlimited. Economic growth continues indefinitely.

The current value of a resource is greater than its future value. The availability of resources is unlimited. Economic growth continues indefinitely.

In an effort to adopt more sustainable practices, the owners of Interface Carpets made many changes to how they run their business. As part of these changes, they switched from a manufacturing economic model to a service‑based economic model. Which actions demonstrate that the owners of Interface Carpet are participating in a service economy? They automatically upgrade carpets as styles and trends change. They replace carpet tiles on an as‑needed basis. They lease carpet instead of selling it. They only replace an entire carpet if the customer requests it. They have added hardwood floor sales to their services offered.

They replace carpet tiles on an as‑needed basis. They lease carpet instead of selling it. They only replace an entire carpet if the customer requests it.

Life on Earth depends upon energy in the form of radiation from the Sun, but some of this radiation can also be harmful. The stratospheric ozone layer blocks most harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation, but allows some longer wavelength radiation to reach the surface. Classify the characteristics of UV‑A, UV‑B, and UV‑C rays.

UV-A - causes least harm - about 50% reaches earth UV-B - about 10 percent reaches - split chlorofluorocarbons - causes most of skin cancers UV-C -potential to cause most harm - about 0% reaches earth - shortest wavelength

The graph shows the actual and projected change over time for total global emissions of ozone‑depleting substances (ODSs) with and without the Montréal Protocol and its amendments. Adjustments to the phase‑out schedule of various ODSs in the form of amendments represent the success of adaptive management in dealing with complex environmental issues.

What is the percent reduction in stratospheric ODSs between the No protocol and the London Amendment projections for year 2040? ANSWER: 73%

The government uses economic incentives as a policy‑making tool to encourage adherence to environmental regulations and laws. Economic incentives reward environmentally friendly business practices in the private sector, and these incentives are an agent for market‑driven change. Both government and private businesses benefit from these financial movitators. Which of the following statements are examples of economic incentives? When a recycling company first applied for a business license, the Small Business Administration granted a low‑interest loan to the company because its business model incorporated the recycling of industrial materials. When a manufacturing company wanted to change from coal‑powered energy to wind energy for all of its factories, the government assisted the company through the federal Energy Star program and provided tax credits for reducing pollution. Because an energy company decreased their sulfur dioxide emissions, the company was able to sell its unused pollution credits to other companies needing higher pollution allowances. A mining company follows regulations that limit heavy metals in waste products because violating federal limits can result in hefty fines or potential legal battles, costing the company thousands of dollars. A plastic bottle manufacturer halted production until it reformulated plastic to conform to new, regulated standards after the government banned the use of bisphenol‑A (BPA) in plastics.

When a recycling company first applied for a business license, the Small Business Administration granted a low‑interest loan to the company because its business model incorporated the recycling of industrial materials. When a manufacturing company wanted to change from coal‑powered energy to wind energy for all of its factories, the government assisted the company through the federal Energy Star program and provided tax credits for reducing pollution. Because an energy company decreased their sulfur dioxide emissions, the company was able to sell its unused pollution credits to other companies needing higher pollution allowances.

dentify the methods that signatory parties use to encourage compliance with international environmental agreements. incentives, such as economic aid or trade agreements public shaming, such as journalistic criticism or denunciation threats of conflict, such as war or occupation by signatory parties disincentives, such as sanctions or increased surveillance dispute settlement mechanisms, such as conciliation or negotiations

incentives, such as economic aid or trade agreements disincentives, such as sanctions or increased surveillance dispute settlement mechanisms, such as conciliation or negotiations

Classify each example of technology as either increasing or reducing environmental impact.

increase - cell phones -laptop - high speed internet - hydragulic feactiruinmg technology reduce - solar panels -LED - hybrid vehicles - fuel cells

Think about the true cost of electricity generation to provide the electricity used by society each day. Categorize each cost as either internal or external costs of electricity generation.

interal - coal labor equipment fuel exteneral air pollution deforest flooding water pollutioon

Place the steps of a product's life cycle under cradle-to-cradle management in order from first to last.

producers made consumers buy comsumers use consumers return products dissablemed products part reused or processed

Which factors, when increased, also increase the ecological footprint of a city? natural capital resource consumption physical land requirements waste generation and disposal carrying capacity

resource consumption physical land requirements waste generation and disposal

What are some examples of green consumerism? voting for candidates who support environmental causes supporting green businesses despite the increased cost avoiding businesses that use greenwashing techniques using online shopping instead of in‑store shopping buying certified, sustainably produced fair trade items

supporting green businesses despite the increased cost avoiding businesses that use greenwashing techniques buying certified, sustainably produced fair trade items