Exam 1 Personality Psych

In the context of person-situation interaction, behavior, or B: Question options: = f(P × S). = f(P + S). = f(P). = f(S).

= f(P × S).

Which of the following is a way for an individual to express with numbers the degree to which a particular trait describes him or her? Question options: A Likert rating scale The California Psychological Inventory Dominance scale A forced-choice questionnaire The Self-Deceptive Enhancement subscale

A Likert rating scale

Which of the following is a feature of the theoretical approach? Question options: A theory is used to determine variables that are important. A theory is used to view all important traits as captured by the natural language. A theory is used to reduce a large array of diverse personality traits into a cluster of traits that covary. A theory is primarily used to classify acts into trait categories.

A theory is used to determine variables that are important.

Which of the following procedures helps researchers to identify hundreds of acts belonging to various trait categories? Question options: Act performance Act likelihood Act nomination Act effectiveness

Act nomination

________ is the process of adding up, or averaging, several single observations, resulting in a better (i.e., more reliable) measure of a personality trait than a single observation of behavior. Question options: Aggregation Situational selection Manipulation Evocation

Aggregation

In the context of observer-report data (O-data), which of the following statements is true about professional personality assessors? Question options: They are in a better position to observe an individual's natural behavior. They are in a better position to assess multiple social personalities of individuals. They observe each participant in a public context rather than a private context. All of the above are true.

All of the above are true.

Which of the following statements is true of the lexical approach? Question options: Personality-descriptive nouns are extraordinarily important in social communication. The importance of a trait term is independent of the number of its synonyms found within any one language. All traits listed and defined in the dictionary form the basis of describing differences among people. The trait terms that exist in only one or a few languages serve as a potential candidate for a universal taxonomy of personality traits.

All traits listed and defined in the dictionary form the basis of describing differences among people.

In the context of person-situation interaction, which of the following refers to the idea that certain personality traits may elicit specific responses from the environment? Question options: Aggregation Evocation Manipulation Situational selection

Evocation

Which of the following basic research designs in the field of personality psychology is typically used to determine causality? Question options: Case study methods Experimental methods Historical methods Correlational methods

Experimental methods

In Hans Eysenck's formulation, which of the following traits is supposed to be linked with central nervous system arousal or reactivity? Question options: Extraversion Dominance Psychoticism Neuroticism

Extraversion

Which of the following taxonomies was developed based on the traits that were believed to be highly heritable and had a likely psychophysiological foundation? Question options: Cattell's taxonomy The five-factor model Eysenck's personality taxonomy The Wiggins circumplex model

Eysenck's personality taxonomy

________ is a statistical approach that identifies groups of items that are similar to each other. Question options: The lexical hypothesis Factor analysis Rational scale construction The act frequency approach

Factor analysis

Which of the following is defined as the degree to which a measure retains its validity across various contexts? Question options: Generalizability Construct validity Social desirability Reliability

Generalizability

In the context of the combinations of Big Five variables, a person who engages in risky sexual behavior would have which of the following combinations of five-factor traits? Question options: High extraversion, high openness to experience, and low conscientiousness High extraversion, high neuroticism, low conscientious, and low agreeableness High extraversion, low conscientiousness, and moderate emotional stability High neuroticism, low intellect, and low extraversion

High extraversion, high neuroticism, low conscientious, and low agreeableness

Which of the following is the most obvious reason for using self-report? Question options: Observer bias is very difficult to remove from collected data. Individuals have access to a wealth of information about themselves that is inaccessible to anyone else. There is a negligible amount of bias in self-report data. The desire to portray oneself in a positive light is highly prevalent.

Individuals have access to a wealth of information about themselves that is inaccessible to anyone else.

In the context of the circumplex taxonomies of personality, which of the following refers to what people do to and with each other? Question options: Bipolar traits Interpersonal traits Factor loadings Adjacent traits

Interpersonal traits

In the context of validity, which of the following refers to whether a test foretells criteria external to the test? Question options: Face validity Convergent validity Discriminant validity Predictive validity

Predictive validity

In the context of the act frequency approach, which of the following involves identifying the acts that are most central to each trait category? Question options: Prototypicality judgment Cross-cultural universality Synonym frequency Act nomination

Prototypicality judgment

Which of the following scenarios best exemplifies situational specificity? Question options: Peter, who is usually sociable, is excited to meet his old friends during an alumni meet. Sandra, who usually has a heightened need for adventure, is excited to go on a trek with her family. Rochelle, who is usually confident, becomes extremely nervous during her first job interview. Simon, who usually suffers from panic attacks, evokes nervousness in his teammates before an important client presentation.

Rochelle, who is usually confident, becomes extremely nervous during her first job interview.

Which of the following sources of personality data refers to the information people reveal about themselves? Question options: Test data (T-data) Life-outcome data (L-data) Self-report data (S-data) Observer-report data (O-data)

Self-report data (S-data)

Which of the following scenarios best exemplifies situationism? Question options: Sheba is a quiet and submissive child at school and a dominating sibling at home. Roger loves to organize events at school and plan how to celebrate special occasions at home. Kiara is an intelligent college student and even got good grades at school. Keith is known for his dressing style both at his workplace and in informal situations.

Sheba is a quiet and submissive child at school and a dominating sibling at home.

Which of the following traits is NOT associated with successful police performance? Question options: Self-confidence Need for adventure Need to influence others Sociability

Sociability

Which of the following is an example of nomothetic research? Question options: Statistically comparing freshmen and seniors on a personality inventory Analyzing the correspondence of Chris Rock Attempting to identify the genes related to impulsivity Preparing a case study of Sigmund Freud

Statistically comparing freshmen and seniors on a personality inventory

Which of the following is NOT an area of research within the biological domain of knowledge about human nature? Question options: Psychophysiology Evolution Genetics Subjective experience

Subjective experience

Which of the following sources of personality data places participants in a standardized testing situation to obtain personality-relevant information? Question options: Life-outcome data (L-data) Observer-report data (O-data) Test data (T-data) Self-report data (S-data)

Test data (T-data)

Which of the following might NOT explain why a person often acts in a friendly manner? Question options: The person has the trait of friendliness. The person chooses to go to many parties and social events. The person is often found in social situations. The person thinks of himself or herself as being friendly.

The person thinks of himself or herself as being friendly.

Which of the following domains of knowledge is based on the assumption that personality is not something that merely resides within the heads, nervous systems, and genes of individuals, but it affects, and is affected by, external factors? Question options: The biological domain The intrapsychic domain The dispositional domain The social and cultural domain

The social and cultural domain

________ are tested by systematic observations that can be repeated by others and that yield similar conclusions, whereas ________ are based on faith, not on reliable facts and systematic observations. Question options: Beliefs; theories Theories; beliefs Domains; approaches Approaches; domains

Theories; beliefs

Which of the following statements is true about case studies, one of the basic research designs in the field of personality psychology? Question options: They are ideally suited for establishing causal relationships among variables. They are ideally suited for generating hypotheses that can be tested subsequently using other research designs. They are typically used for identifying patterns of covariation across individuals as they occur in nature. They can be easily generalized to anyone beyond the single individual being studied.

They are ideally suited for generating hypotheses that can be tested subsequently using other research designs.

Identify a true statement about personality traits. Question options: They influence how individuals think and feel. They are a random collection of elements for a given person. They change radically from one situation to another. They cannot help predict differences among people.

They influence how individuals think and feel.

Who among the following was one of the most prominent advocates of circular representations of personality and formalized the circular model with modern statistical techniques? Question options: Timothy Leary Hans Eysenck Raymond Cattell Fiske

Timothy Leary

Which of the following terms refers to the extent to which a test measures what it claims to measure? Question options: Reliability Internal consistency Correlation coefficient Validity

Validity

________ challenged the idea that traits are stable across situations. Question options: Raymond Cattell Hans Eysenck Randy Larson Walter Mischel

Walter Mischel

Which of the following is an example of idiographic research? Question options: Developing a questionnaire that measures sociability Writing a case study of Albert Einstein's personality Conducting a field study of helping behaviors Comparing men and women on emotionality

Writing a case study of Albert Einstein's personality

Researchers in a given domain of personality share all of these EXCEPT: Question options: common methods for asking questions. a common laboratory space. a foundation of known facts. theoretical explanations.

a common laboratory space.

Marvin, a psychologist, conducts a study in which participants are required to answer 50 questions pertaining to their general likes and dislikes. Roger, a boxer, loves watching cartoon movies and responds accordingly in the questionnaire. Marvin assumes that Roger pretends to like such movies and excludes Roger's data from his analysis. This scenario best exemplifies: Question options: inter-rater reliability. a false negative. discriminant validity. the third variable problem.

a false negative.

When seeking to distinguish between genuine and faked responses, a psychologist decides that a person who was faking was actually telling the truth resulting in ________. Question options: situational selection a false positive carelessness a factor analysis

a false positive

The process of combining the three primary colors on a color wheel is analogous to the process in which: Question options: the use of color therapy over an extended period of time changes the amount of a trait in an individual. individuals' uniqueness and diversity depend on the range of a color spectrum. the range of a color spectrum varies with different human emotions. a few basic and primary traits are combined to recreate the unique qualities of every individual.

a few basic and primary traits are combined to recreate the unique qualities of every individual.

Lillian is interested in understanding how borderline personality disorder affects everyday behavior in a clinical population. She most likely will use the methods and the models of the ________ domain of knowledge about human nature in conducting her research. Question options: biological dispositional adjustment intrapsychic

adjustment

According to Norman's markers for the Big Five, a person who is good-natured and cooperative would score high on the trait of: Question options: emotional stability. surgency. agreeableness. conscientiousness.

agreeableness.

Most personality psychologists hypothesize that traits: Question options: are perhaps enduring over time. are inconsistent over situations. are similar in all people. are reasonably unstable over time.

are perhaps enduring over time.

A researcher who compares identical twins to fraternal twins most likely conducts his or her research within the ________ domain. Question options: biological cognitive-experiential adjustment intrapsychic

biological

The item "Whenever I walk up stairs, I always do so on my hands" on a questionnaire assesses: Question options: carelessness. extraversion. seriousness. faking.

carelessness.

Correlation cannot provide any information about: Question options: directionality. generalizability. significance. causality.

causality.

Kevin, a personality researcher, is writing an article on human emotions. He explores aspects like whether an individual expresses his or her emotions easily. Also, he evaluates factors that make an individual emote in a particular manner. In this scenario, Kevin is most likely studying the ________ of knowledge about human nature. Question options: cognitive-experiential domain social and cultural domain dispositional domain adjustment domain

cognitive-experiential domain

Most personality and social psychologists agree that actual behavior is based on: Question options: stable behavior that is observed across a multitude of situations. a need to disagree. constant interactions between an individual's personality and different situations. extremely strong situations that constantly change one's behavior.

constant interactions between an individual's personality and different situations.

The shoe size of an individual is positively correlated with his or her height and hand size but is not correlated with his or her intelligence. Thus, shoe size has ________ validity with height and hand size has ________ validity with intelligence. Question options: face; predictive convergent; discriminant predictive; face discriminant; convergent

convergent; discriminant

If a researcher wants to know whether people who score high on extraversion also score high on activity level, the researcher should use the ________ method. Question options: ANOVA experimental correlational case study

correlational

Reliability refers to the: Question options: degree to which an obtained measure represents the true level of the trait being measured. degree to which a personality test can measure other personality traits effectively. ability to measure what a personality test purports to measure. ability to assign a personality test score to a person.

degree to which an obtained measure represents the true level of the trait being measured.

Trait psychologists are primarily interested in: Question options: determining the ways in which human nature works. understanding the general laws of human behavior. determining the ways in which people are different from each other. understanding the uniqueness of each individual.

determining the ways in which people are different from each other.

Edwin Megargee's (1969) study of manifestations of dominance found that: Question options: dominant men became submissive under certain experimental conditions. dominant women expressed their dominance in a different manner than men in a mixed-gender condition. women did not want to be followers as they generally lacked mechanical ability. there were no significant differences in dominance between men and women.

dominant women expressed their dominance in a different manner than men in a mixed-gender condition.

In the context of dynamic person-situation interaction, the main difference between evocation and manipulation is that: Question options: manipulation is not intentional but evocation is. evocation is not intentional but manipulation is. evocation is an outcome of personality but manipulation is not. manipulation is an outcome of personality but evocation is not.

evocation is not intentional but manipulation is.

Every time Sid walks into a room, everyone laughs. However, he does not intend to make them laugh. This scenario demonstrates: Question options: emaciation. evocation. exultation. elocution.

evocation.

Dr. Larsen conducts a study in which participants are given pagers. Every time the participants are paged, they complete a short questionnaire. Participants are paged three times a day for eight days. This type of research is called: Question options: experiential research. life sampling. observer query. experience sampling.

experience sampling.

When personality questionnaires are used to make important decisions about people's lives, then there is always a possibility of ________. Question options: acquiescence carelessness restriction of range faking

faking

At a psychological level, the physical environment may lead to the development of: Question options: shivering mechanisms when people feel cold. friction mechanisms to prevent calluses on skin. hunger pangs to motivate people to seek food. fear mechanisms to help people avoid environmental threats.

fear mechanisms to help people avoid environmental threats.

A measure of extraversion that has construct validity for samples in the United States also has construct validity for samples of participants assessed for extraversion in Japan. This demonstrates: Question options: test-retest reliability. cross-cultural validity. convergent validity. generalizability.

generalizability.

Walter Mischel has pointed out that personality psychologists are NOT very good at predicting: Question options: the effect of personality test scores on an individual. how personality traits direct individuals to specific situations. how an individual will behave in particular situations. the effect of important situations on most individuals.

how an individual will behave in particular situations.

A key issue in measuring traits is determining: Question options: the ways in which traits change over time. how many traits exist. what causes traits. how much of a particular trait a person possesses.

how much of a particular trait a person possesses.

The trait of courageousness is an especially good example of: Question options: an adaptive trait. how traits are consistent. how traits change over time. how traits are activated only under particular conditions.

how traits are activated only under particular conditions.

As a standard for evaluating personality theories, compatibility and integration across domains and levels ascertains whether a personality theory: Question options: in one domain violates well-established principles in another domain. is heavily based on premises and assumptions established in another domain. provides precise predictions that can be tested empirically. does a good job of explaining all of the facts and observations within its domain.

in one domain violates well-established principles in another domain.

The history of integrity testing has included all of the following EXCEPT: Question options: rice powder. interrogation. questionnaires. polygraphs.

interrogation.

In the context of the distinct domains of knowledge about human nature, the ________ domain is most closely linked with the psychoanalytic theory of Sigmund Freud. Question options: dispositional biological social and cultural intrapsychic

intrapsychic

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI): Question options: is extremely useful for eliciting eyeblink responses when individuals are startled. is used to identify the areas of the brain that "light up" when performing certain tasks. can be used to assess an individual's activity level. is used to discover individuals with "magnetic" personalities.

is used to identify the areas of the brain that "light up" when performing certain tasks.

A problem with the lexical approach is that: Question options: it is unable to identify universally important traits in human affairs. its success is limited by an existing theory that it uses to determine important variables. it lays undue emphasis on a hierarchical structure of heritable traits. it inadequately explores personality nouns.

it inadequately explores personality nouns.

An advantage of using a mechanical device, such as an actometer, is that: Question options: it can assess a wide range of overt and covert behaviors. it is easier than questionnaires to use with children. it permits a researcher to be free to measure other things in his or her study. it is unhampered by the biases associated with a human observer.

it is unhampered by the biases associated with a human observer.

The approach that uses the natural language as its logical starting point is the ________ approach. Question options: statistical theoretical act frequency lexical

lexical

The five-factor model was originally based on a combination of the ________ approaches. Question options: act frequency and statistical lexical and statistical theoretical and statistical theoretical and act frequency

lexical and statistical

Roger, who works for a major insurance company, conducts a study on safe drivers. He collects data from a sample of 1,000 drivers and examines their driving records over a 10-year period. This study most likely uses: Question options: observer-report data (O-data). self-report data (S-data). life-outcome data (L-data). test-report data (T-data).

life-outcome data (L-data).

The human nature level of personality analysis addresses how every human being is, in certain respects, ________. Question options: somewhat like other mammals like no others like all others like some others

like all others

The individual uniqueness level of personality analysis addresses how every human is, in certain respects, ________. Question options: like no others like some others like all others somewhat like other mammals

like no others

The individual and group differences level of personality analysis addresses how every human being is, in certain respects, ________. Question options: like all others somewhat like other mammals like some others like no others

like some others

In order to show that variable A has an influence on variable B, you need to ________ variable A. Question options: counterbalance randomly assign manipulate control

manipulate

In the context of person-situation interaction, individuals who use a charm tactic in order to influence others are most likely demonstrating the concept of: Question options: manipulation. situational selection. evocation. aggregation.

manipulation.

In the context of the HEXACO model, individuals low on honesty-humility are: Question options: more likely to boast about their personal accomplishments. more likely to forgive their former romantic partners on being rejected. less likely to violate social contracts. less likely to sabotage others in their work environment.

more likely to boast about their personal accomplishments.

Aggregation usually results in a: Question options: measure that does a good job of predicting individual behavior. more reliable measure than a single observation of behavior. measure that predicts group behaviors. less reliable measure than a single observation of behavior.

more reliable measure than a single observation of behavior.

Fiona is an excessive worrier. She always seems tense and has trouble sleeping. Her friends report that she has very low self-esteem and is usually moody. According to Hans Eysenck's personality taxonomy, Fiona would most likely score high on the trait of: Question options: psychoticism. quarrelsomeness. neuroticism. introversion.

neuroticism.

Robert conducts research to study the trait of empathy using the act frequency approach. Each participant is asked to list the specific acts or behaviors that they are most likely to associate with highly empathetic people. Robert collects a pool of 251 empathetic acts. This scenario exemplifies the act ________ procedure of the act frequency approach. Question options: nomothetic nomenclature nominalization nomination

nomination

According to the lexical approach, if a trait term exists in only one or a few languages, then it may be ________. Question options: important to a universal personality taxonomy of only local relevance known only to personality psychologists imported by other languages

of only local relevance

Evocations are produced when: Question options: one intentionally attempts to make other people act in a certain way. individuals select environments to match their traits. different people see the same situation differently. one's characteristics unintentionally cause other people to act in a certain way.

one's characteristics unintentionally cause other people to act in a certain way.

In the context of the Wiggins circumplex model, ________ specifies that traits that are perpendicular to each other on the model are entirely unrelated to each other. Question options: polarity bipolarity orthogonality adjacency

orthogonality

If dominance correlates positively with ego strength, then: Question options: ego strength causes dominance. people who score high on dominance tend to score high on ego strength. people who score high on dominance tend to score low on ego strength. dominance causes ego strength.

people who score high on dominance tend to score high on ego strength.

The U.S. federal government's Office of Technology Assessment discourages the use of polygraph tests in employment settings because: Question options: polygraph tests cannot be faked. polygraph tests may unfairly affect federally protected groups. polygraph tests often lead to employment discrimination. integrity tests are an invasion of privacy.

polygraph tests often lead to employment discrimination.

David is presented with a set of inkblots and asked to describe what he sees—for example, what is in the inkblot. This scenario most likely exemplifies a(n): Question options: ambiguous test. visual span test. projective technique. psychoanalytic technique.

projective technique.

In the context of the act frequency approach, a robin is more ________ of the bird category than a penguin. Question options: orthodontic elemental prototypical aerodynamical

prototypical

Juanita likes to spend more time alone. She prefers to lead a predictable and well-organized life. According to Hans Eysenck's personality taxonomy, Juanita would most likely score high on the trait of: Question options: psychoticism. introversion. agency. conscientiousness.

psychoticism.

Kevin, a 20-year-old college student, loves to party and participate in adventure sports. He is extremely talkative and can liven up any dull moment. He is sociable and loves being the center of attention in every gathering. In the context of the three important assumptions that form the basic foundation for trait psychology, when Kevin becomes a senior citizen, he is most likely to: Question options: remain socially active. prefer spending more time alone. become extremely shy and moody. get involved in antisocial acts.

remain socially active.

The various views of researchers in personality stem from the fact that: Question options: personality psychologists ignore others' theories. researchers study different domains of knowledge. one of the views is probably more accurate than others. most views about personality psychology are incorrect.

researchers study different domains of knowledge.

In the context of the empirical correlates of the Big Five factors, individuals high in openness: Question options: have a tunnel vision and are able to easily ignore competing stimuli. are highly unlikely to engage in cross-sex friendships on social networks. show higher levels of musical sophistication. are highly likely to hold negative racial stereotypes.

show higher levels of musical sophistication.

According to Walter Mischel, ________ are the strongest determinants of behavior. Question options: attitudes intellectual abilities traits situations

situations

The dimensions of ________ and love define the two major axes of the Wiggins circumplex. Question options: interpersonal behavior status hate neuroticism

status

In the context of evaluation of personality measures, when two tests are highly correlated, yielding similar scores for most people, the resulting measure is said to have high: Question options: predictive validity. inter-rater reliability. test-retest reliability. discriminant validity.

test-retest reliability.

In the past few decades, the taxonomy of personality traits that has received the most attention and support from personality researchers has been ________. Question options: the five-factor model Cattell's taxonomy of 16 personality traits the PEN model the Wiggins circumplex

the five-factor model

As a general rule, the testability of a theory rests with: Question options: its comprehensiveness. the generalizability of its predictions. its compatibility with other theories. the precision of its predictions.

the precision of its predictions.

The dispositional domain deals centrally with: Question options: the outer nature of dispositions. the biological nature of dispositions. the ways in which individuals differ from one another. the emotional consequences of dispositions.

the ways in which individuals differ from one another.

Features of personality that make people different from one another and that can be used to describe their characteristics are called ________. Question options: trait-descriptive adjectives differential pronouns action-descriptive verbs trait-differentiating adverbs

trait-descriptive adjectives

Grand theories of personality are usually centered on statements about the: Question options: major individual differences. differences between the genders. universal core of human nature. individual uniqueness of all humans.

universal core of human nature.

Naturalistic observation occurs: Question options: only when a person does not know that he or she is being observed. only when humans provide personality ratings. when people are observed in the normal course of their daily lives. when people are observed in a natural setting like a forest, a beach, or a desert.

when people are observed in the normal course of their daily lives.

Personality has its strongest influence on behavior ________. Question options: when behaviors are aggregated in strong situations when situations are weak or ambiguous when people grow old

when situations are weak or ambiguous

Intrapsychic means "________." Question options: organized enduring over time intentional influence within the mind

within the mind