exam 2 test questions
Which of the following proposed controls would be most appropriate for the experiment when, late in the season, scientists painted some of the red flowers white?
A necessary control would be to put red paint on some of the red flowers in order to control for the effects of paint.
Which of the following structures directly produces the fruit of angiosperms?
female sporophyte
In onions (Allium), cells of the sporophyte have 16 chromosomes within each nucleus. How many chromosomes should be in an endosperm nucleus?
24
Immature seed cones of conifers are usually green before pollination, and flowers of grasses are inconspicuously colored. What does this indicate about how they are pollinated?
Correct Answer They are probably wind pollinated.
hich of the following claims about moss gametophytes is most consistent with the observation that they lack a cuticle and are 1-2 cells thick?
Correct Answer They can easily lose water to, and absorb water from, the atmosphere.
Which of the following statements is correct regarding stomata?
Correct Answer They open to allow gas exchange and close to decrease water loss.
Which of the following is a common feature among liverworts, hornworts, and mosses?
Correct Answer They require standing water for reproduction.
two small, poorly drained lakes lie close to each other in a northern forest. The basins of both lakes are composed of the same geologic substratum. One lake is surrounded by a dense Sphagnum mat; the other is not. Compared to the pond with Sphagnum, the pond lacking the moss mat most likely has ________.
Correct Answer a higher pH
The phylum Gnetophyta includes organisms that are very diverse in appearance and live in many different parts of the Earth. These organisms are grouped into the same phylum because they ________.
Correct Answer are similar on a molecular level
A sample of mosses and ferns is comprised of which of the following?
Correct Answer both sporophyte and gametophyte generations
Which of the following functions is an advantage of seeds compared to spores?
Correct Answer containing a nutrient store for a developing sporophyte
Which adaptations of land plants are likely to cause human health problems?
Correct Answer defenses against being eaten and adaptations related to wind dispersal of pollen
suppose that the cells of seed plants, like the cells of human skin, produce a pigment upon increased exposure to ultraviolet radiation. Which of the following types of plant cells is most likely to produce this pigment?
Correct Answer epidermal cells of sporophyte megaphylls
Which of the following generations in the conifer life cycle directly produces the megasporangium of pine ovules?
Correct Answer female sporophyte
Which of the following generations in the conifer life cycle most directly produces the integument of a pine seed?
Correct Answer female sporophyte
Suppose an efficient conducting system evolved in a moss that could transport water and other materials as high as a tall tree. Which of the following statements about "trees" of such a species would be true?
Correct Answer females could produce only one archegonium
The internal parts of the pollen grains of seed-producing plants are most similar to which of the following structures in seedless plants?
Correct Answer fern gametophyte bearing only antheridia
What feature of both true mosses and ferns makes it most surprising that they can survive for many generations in dry deserts?
Correct Answer flagellated sperm
Which of the following structures carries out sexual reproduction in ascomycetes?
ascocarps
Which of the following structures in an ascomycete is haploid?
ascospore
The closest relatives of fungi are thought to be the ________.
animals
Which of the following structures is most likely missing in a bacterium that regenerates from an endospore lacking any of the plasmids from the original cell?
antibiotic-resistant genes
You observe the gametes of a fungal species under the microscope and realize that they resemble animal sperm. To which of the following groups does the fungus belong?
chytrids
Which of the following is a characteristic of all angiosperms?
double internal fertilization
Assuming that each of these prokaryotes possesses a cell wall, which ones are expected to be most strongly resistant to significant water loss in hypertonic environments?
extreme halophiles
The internal fertilization that occurs in egg-laying animals prior to shell deposition is similar to what process in angiosperms?
growth of pollen tube and delivery of sperm nuclei
In plants, which of the following are produced by meiosis?
haploid spores
Which of the following is a key feature of seed plants facilitating life on land?
homospory
The G. destructans mat most likely consists of which of the following structures?
hyphae
The evolution of a vascular system in plants allowed which of the following characteristics and process to occur?
increased height, improved competition for light, and increased spore dispersal distances
Some companies advertise and sell mycorrhizae to home gardeners and commercial farms, claiming that the presence of mycorrhizae improves plant growth and survival. If the company conducted experiments on plants with and without mycorrhizae, which of the following results would support their claim?
increased production of corn ears in plants with mycorrhizae than in plants without mycorrhizae
Which of the following statements correctly describes a portion of the pine life cycle?
Female gametophytes use mitosis to produce eggs
Which of the following statements correctly describes F- cells and F+ cells?
F+ cells function as DNA donors during conjugation and F- cells function as DNA recipients during conjugation
Which of the following best describes the physical relationship of the partners involved in lichens?
Photosynthetic cells are surrounded by fungal hyphae.
Anabaena is a cyanobacterium with two types of cells. One type of cell can carry out photosynthesis and the other type can carry out nitrogen fixation. However, the oxygen produced by photosynthesis inhibits the enzymes for nitrogen fixation. Which structural characteristic allows the nitrogen-fixing cells to continue to function
specialized cells called heterocysts, which have cell walls that restrict the entry of oxygen
The Brazil nut tree, Bertholletia excels, is native to tropical rain forests of South America. The agouti (Dasyprocta spp.), a cat-sized rodent, is the only animal with teeth strong enough to crack the hard wall of Brazil nut fruits. It typically eats some of the seeds, buries others, and leaves still others inside the fruit into which moisture can then enter and allow the remaining seeds to germinate. The agouti is most directly involved in dispersal of which of the following structures?
sporophyte embryos
Which of the following answers arranges the structures found on male pine trees from the largest structure to the smallest?
sporophyte, pollen cone, microsporangia, microspores, pollen nuclei
in seed plants, which of the following is part of a pollen grain and has a function most like that of the seed coat?
sporopollenin
Which of the following describes a bacterium that lives in the human intestine and causes disease?
symbiotic pathogen
The thermoacidophile Sulfolobus acidocaldarius is an archaean organism that can tolerate environments that are high in temperature and low in pH. It lacks peptidoglycan, but still possesses a cell wall. Which of the following statements is likely to be an accurate description of this species
t could inhabit hydrothermal springs.
Which of the following is an accurate statement about the genus Sphagnum?
t represents a large repository of CO2 that is likely to be released with global warming.
Compared to nonvascular plants, the ancient relatives of vascular plants ________.
the ancient relatives produced sporophyte generations independent of, not dependent on, gametophyte generations
Which of the following statements accurately describes our current understanding of the phylogeny of fungi as represented in the figure?
the chytrids are a basal taxon
As global temperatures continue to rise, the water levels of some peatlands are expected to drop, exposing the peat to the air and causing it to decompose. Which of the following is most likely to result from this change in water levels?
the decomposition would cause the release of more carbon dioxide into the air, further contributing to global warming
Which of the following statements describes the relationship between a fungus and a photosynthetic microorganism in a lichen?
the fungus provides the photosynthetic microorganism a suitable environment for growth
In angiosperms, which of the following is correctly paired with its chromosome count?
zygote-n
What type of plant has this student most likely discovered?
lycophyte sporophyt
In onions (Allium), cells of the sporophyte have 16 chromosomes within each nucleus. How many chromosomes should be in a megasporangium nucleus?
16
In onions (Allium), cells of the sporophyte have 16 chromosomes within each nucleus. How many chromosomes should be in an embryo nucleus after fertilization?
16
Diploid nuclei of the ascomycete Neurospora crassa contain 14 chromosomes. A single diploid cell in an ascus will undergo one round of meiosis, followed in each of the daughter cells by one round of mitosis, producing a total of eight ascospores. How many chromosomes would a single ascospore nucleus of this species contain?
7 chromosomes
In onions (Allium), cells of the sporophyte have 16 chromosomes within each nucleus. How many chromosomes should be in a generative cell nucleus?
8
In onions (Allium), cells of the sporophyte have 16 chromosomes within each nucleus. How many chromosomes should be in a tube cell nucleus?
8
Trypanosome infections evade attacks by host immune systems through which of the following mechanisms? production of new cell-surface proteins with a different molecular structure by each new generation production of toxins that kill lymphocytes insertion of its DNA into the nuclear DNA of host cells infection of lymphocytes leading to a decline in the host's ability to fight infection
A
Which location is nearest to basidiocarps?
A
Which of the following characteristics do dinoflagellates exhibit? They possess two flagella. They are all autotrophic. They lack mitochondria. They include species that cause malaria
A
Which of the following pairs of protists and their ecological roles are correctly matched? apicomplexans-parasites of animals euglenozoans-primarily mixotrophic dinoflagellates-parasites of plants entamoebas-free-living soil organisms
A
Which two genera have members that can evade the human immune system by frequently changing their surface proteins? Plasmodium and Trypanosoma Trichomonas and Paramecium Trichomonas and Trypanosoma Trypanosoma and Entamoeba
A
closed circulatory system
A circulatory system in which the oxygen-carrying blood cells never leave the blood vessels
Recently, a microbe that is able to digest cellulose was discovered in a hot spring with an average temperature of 95°C. This microbe most likely belongs to which of the following groups?
Archaea
Which of the following conclusions are most consistent with the data?
Açai production changes the character of the forest when farmers manipulate their plots
When a mosquito infected with Plasmodium first bites a human, what is the first process carried out by the Plasmodium? the gametes fuse, forming an oocyst the cells infect the human liver cells the cells cause lysing of the human red blood cells the oocyst undergoes meiosis
B
Which of the following statements correctly compares prokaryotic and eukaryotic flagella? They have the same evolutionary origin. They have different structures. They require different sources of energy. They contain their own DNA
B
Which of the following statements is true A)Archaea and bacteria have identical membrane lipids. B)The cell walls of archaea lack peptidoglycan. C)Prokaryotes have low levels of genetic diversity. D)No archaea are capable of using CO2 to oxidize H2 releasing methane.
B
Which of the following describes a similarity between fungi and arthropods?
Both groups use chitin for support
Consider the following data: ∙ Most ancient eukaryotes are unicellular. ∙ All eukaryotes alive today have a nucleus and cytoskeleton. ∙ Most ancient eukaryotes lack a cell wall. Which of the following conclusions about the first eukaryotes is most consistent with the data presented? They were very similar to a plant cell. They were anaerobic. They were capable of phagocytosis They were photosynthetic
C
Which of the following mitigation strategies would be most likely to cause evolution of a drug-resistant strain of Plasmodium? widespread, frequent spraying to kill mosquitoes use of a cocktail of three drugs in patients suffering from malaria widespread, frequent use of a single drug in patients suffering from malaria widespread use of anti-mosquito bed nets
C
Which of the following statements compares the mitosomes of diplomonads and mitochondria of other types of eukaryotes? The mitosomes in diplomonads and other eukaryotes are identical. Mitosomes in diplomonads have a functional electron transport chain and other eukaryotes do not. Mitosomes in diplomonads lack a functional electron transport chain and other eukaryotes possess one. Mitosomes in diplomonads use oxygen for cellular respiration and other eukaryotes do not
C
you are given an unknown organism to identify. It is unicellular and heterotrophic. It is motile, using many short extensions of the cytoplasm, each featuring the 9 + 2 filament pattern. It has well-developed organelles and two nuclei, one large and one small. To which of the following groups does this organism likely belong? foraminiferan radiolarian Answer ciliate kinetoplastid
C
Which of the following statements correctly describes both phototrophs and chemotrophs?
Chemotrophs obtain energy from chemicals and phototrophs obtain energy from light
Which of the following statements about the pine life cycle is correct?
Conifer pollen grains contain male gametophytes.
What is the major difference between Bromus erectus (graph f) and the other plant species (graphs a-d) included in the study?
Correct Answer Bromus erectus is unaffected by AMF diversity.
Based on graphs e and f, which is the most well-supported prediction for the effect on total plant biomass in relation to AMF diversity?
Correct Answer Bromus erectus produces the most biomass.
which of the following features of fertilization in plants are the same as in some of their algal ancestors?
Correct Answer Flagellated sperm swim to the eggs in a water drop.
Which of the following is a similarity between bryophytes and seedless vascular plants?
Correct Answer In both groups, sperm swim from antheridia to archegonia.
Many types of plants produce fruit which is eaten by animals. The seeds of these plants are typically undigestible. Which of the following is an advantage for plants having undigestible seeds?
Correct Answer It allows the seeds to be dispersed into other areas.
which of the following characteristics would best support your assertion that a particular plant is an angiosperm?
Correct Answer It lacks gametangia.
The Brazil nut tree, Bertholletia excels, is native to tropical rain forests of South America and produces large nuts. The large white part of a Brazil nut that people eat serves which of the following functions in nature?
Correct Answer It provides energy and nutrition to a germinating seedling.
Which of the following is an accurate statement about plant reproduction?
Correct Answer Male and female bryophytes each produce a type of gametangia.
Which of the following statements about the zygotes of plants is most likely to be accurate?
Correct Answer Protection of the zygote from the drying effects of air was important.
Correct Answer in both roots and shoots
Correct Answer Stomata allow gases to diffuse into and out of the plant.
the observation that both charophytes and green plants contain chlorophylls a and b is more consistent with which of the following claims?
Correct Answer The common ancestor of these two groups contained chlorophylls a and b.
One day, you go outside and see that the cars on the street are covered in a yellow "dust." Which of the following statements can be correctly applied to this "dust"
Correct Answer The dust is pine pollen and is so abundant because the pines are wind-pollinated.
What would you expect to happen to the geographic range of S. fuscum as the average temperatures on Earth rise?
Correct Answer The geographic range of S. fuscum will extend northward.
Which of the following characteristics is (are) possessed in common by true mosses, ferns, and spike mosses, and therefore becomes useless at helping to determine to which of these groups "flower of stone" belongs?
Correct Answer flagellated sperm and alternation of generations
Which of the following plant forms is best adapted to live in a forest with a temperate climate?
Correct Answer gametophyte of a moss
assuming that they all belong to the same plant, which of the following lists the structures from largest to smallest?
Correct Answer gametophytes, antheridia, gametes
Which of the following organisms are the closest relatives of pine and spruce trees?
Correct Answer gnetophytes, cycads, and ginkgos
In which of the following structures of a plant are apical meristems found?
Correct Answer in both roots and shoots
upon closer inspection of the leaves of "flower of stone," one can observe tiny, cone-like structures. Each cone-like structure emits spores of two different sizes. Further investigation also reveals that the roots of "flower of stone" branch only at the growing tip of the root, forming a Y-shaped structure. Consequently, "flower of stone" should be expected to possess which other characteristics?
Correct Answer lignified vascular tissues and microphylls
Microphylls are found in which plant group?
Correct Answer lycophytes
Which of the following characteristics is functionally important in gametophyte cells of both angiosperms and gymnosperms?
Correct Answer mitochondria
Which of the following is a characteristic that distinguishes gymnosperms and angiosperms from other plants?
Correct Answer ovulesv
Which of the following statements best describes an advantage of the reduced gametophytes in seed plants?
Correct Answer protection from drying out
Which of the following statements describes a difference between seed plants and ferns?
Correct Answer seed plants produce two kinds of spores
Which of the following statements correctly describes the daughter cells that result from cytokinesis in budding yeasts?
Correct Answer similar nucleus and less cytoplasm than the mother cell
Which of the following structures is present in a bryophyte at some point in their life cycles?
Correct Answer sporangia
Which of the following statements is correct regarding the structure of a fern?
Correct Answer sporangia are found on the sporophylls
Which of these structures produce spores?
Correct Answer sporophyte (capsule) of a moss
A biology student hiking in a forest discovers a 15-centimeter-tall plant that bears microphylls and a strobili at its tallest point. When disturbed, the cone emits a dense cloud of brownish dust. A pocket magnifying glass reveals the dust to be composed of tiny spheres with a high oil content. Which of the following chemicals are most likely to be detected in substantial amounts upon chemical analysis of these small spheres?
Correct Answer sporopollenins
Which of the following features is most important for true mosses and ferns to reproduce in the desert?
Correct Answer that their gametophytes grow closely together
The evolution of vascular tissue in plants facilitated which of the following changes?
Correct Answer the ability to grow taller
The graph summarizes the results of Richard Bowden's study showing the effect that the presence or absence of moss had on the amount of nitrogen in soil. Which of the following claims would be best supported using the data
Correct Answer the absence of moss increases the amount of nitrogen in soil
Dawsonia is a moss that can grow to 1 meter in height, which is not common among mosses. Which of the following structures is likely to be found in Dawsonia but not in most other mosses?
Correct Answer the presence of water-conducting tissues
Which of the following statements is correct regarding the life cycle of a fern?
Correct Answer the sporophyte generation produces spores
Which of the following is a major trend in land plant evolution over the past 200 million years?
Correct Answer the trend toward a sporophyte-dominated life cycle
Which of the following statements correctly describes a characteristic of archegonia?
Correct Answer they may contain sporophyte embryos
Some plants continued to produce only dark (red) flowers whereas others produced lighter colored flowers later in the season. Which plants do you expect produced more fruit over the entire season?
Correct Answer those that changed their color to a lighter shade
Which of the following characteristics is found in heterosporous plants?
Correct Answer two types of sporophylls
Which of the following strategies would be most useful in the long term in reducing pressures faced by cacao farmers?
Crossbreed cacao strains that produce high-quality cacao beans and ones resistant to a disease.
Photosynthesis that releases o2 occurs in
Cyanobacteria
Which of the following characteristics would be most helpful in distinguishing among different species of fungi?
DNA sequence
If you wanted to use fungi to improve the environment, which of the following research goals would make the most sense?
Discover the lignin-digesting enzymes of fungi, and use them to digest plant tissues left over from food-crop residues to reduce landfill waste
Some nematode worms consume plant juices from the roots of plants and are economically important agricultural pests. Some fungi are usually decomposers of plant material, but some trap and kill nematodes at times. Arthrobotrys traps and kills nematodes, especially when they lack nitrogen sources. These two facts suggest that farmers could find Arthrobotrys an important tool in combating nematode infestations. Which of the following research questions would make a good starting point for developing such a defense against nematode pests?
Does nitrogen fertilization of crops affect the likelihood that Arthrobotrys will trap and kill nematodes?
Which of the following best explains how mycorrhizal fungi are more efficient than plants at acquiring mineral nutrition from the soil?
Fungi secrete extracellular enzymes that can break down large molecules.
Which statement about the domain Archaea is accurate
Genetic prospecting has recently revealed the existence of many previously unknown archaean species
Imagine that you wanted to know if speciation is more rapid in plant groups pollinated by bees or hummingbirds. To do this, you identified 20 genera of angiosperms that contained species pollinated by both types of animals. There were substantially more species in the groups that were pollinated by bees. Which of the following conclusions are most consistent with your data?
Hummingbirds promoted speciation less than did bees
If bryophytes do not have vascular tissue, how can some mosses reach 60 centimeters tall
If bryophytes do not have vascular tissue, how can some mosses reach 60 centimeters tall
Chloramphenicol is an antibiotic that targets prokaryotic ribosomes, but not eukaryotic ribosomes. Based on an understanding of eukaryotic origins, which of these questions might be a target for research on chloramphenicol from this observation?
If chloramphenicol inhibits prokaryotic ribosomes, should it not also inhibit mitochondrial ribosomes?
Suppose an efficient conducting system evolved in a moss that could transport water and other materials as high as a tall tree. Which of the following statements about "trees" of such a species would be accurate?
Individuals would probably compete more effectively for access to light
A bacterium has the following characteristics: ∙ It adheres to the human intestinal lining using a feature that protects it from phagocytes, bacteriophages, and dehydration ∙ It can survive being boiled ∙ It contains no plasmids and relatively little peptidoglycan Which of the following statements best describe the cell wall of this bacterium
It has an outer membrane of lipopolysaccharide
What line of evidence would support a hypothesis that a newly discovered bacterium is a cyanobacterium?
It is able to form colonies and produce oxygen
Which of the following statements is most likely true of the cuticle in plant species lacking pores?
It is thinner than in species with pores.
In most fungi, karyogamy does not immediately follow plasmogamy. Which conclusion is most consistent with this information?
It results in heterokaryotic or dikaryotic cells
Which of the following statements are correct with regard to what physicians and pharmacists need to know about plants?
Land plants produce poisons and medicines
Among plants known as legumes (beans, peas, alfalfa, clover, for example) the seeds are contained in a fruit that is itself called a legume, better known as a pod. Upon opening such pods, it is commonly observed that some ovules have become mature seeds, whereas other ovules have not. Which of the following statements best explains this observation?
Pollen tubes did not enter all of the ovules in such pods, and fruit can develop even if all ovules within have not been fertilized
It has been hypothesized that fungi and plants have a mutualistic relationship because plants make sugars available for the fungi's use. What is the best evidence in support of this hypothesis?
Radioactively labeled sugars produced by plants eventually show up in the fungi with which they are associated.
Late in the season, when only hawk moths were present, researchers painted the red flowers white. Which of the following results is most likely in this situation?
Red flowers painted white would produce more fruits than red flowers would.
In an investigation of Sphagnum growth, researchers measured the growth of four different S. fuscum species (labeled a, ab, bc, and c in the figure) at four temperatures. The results of the investigation are represented in the graph
S. fuscum species are best adapted to live in warm climates
Assuming equal spore production rates, what is a likely consequence in a bryophyte with both asexual and sexual reproduction versus one with only sexual reproduction?
Species with both types of reproduction have higher population growth rates than species with only sexual reproduction
When adult amphibian skin harbors populations of the bacterium Janthinobacterium lividum, chytrid infection seems to be inhibited. Which of the following is the best experimental design to test whether this inhibition is actually due to the presence of J. lividum?
Take infected amphibians and assign them to two populations. Leave one population alone; inoculate the other with J. lividum. Measure the rate at which infection proceeds in both populations
A bacterium has the following characteristics: ∙ It adheres to the human intestinal lining using a feature that protects it from phagocytes, bacteriophages, and dehydration. ∙ It can survive being boiled. ∙ It contains no plasmids and relatively little peptidoglycan. ∙ The bacterium is not susceptible to the penicillin family of antibiotics. ∙ The cell also lacks F factors and F plasmids. Which of the following statements about the bacteria is most probably accurate?
The bacterium is unable donate DNA through conjugation with another cell
Fungi produce many compounds that humans use medicinally. Which of the following statements best describes the evolution of these compounds in fungi?
The compounds probably provide a benefit to the fungi
Entrepreneurs attempted, but failed, to harvest nuts from plantations grown in Southeast Asia. Attempts to grow Brazil nut trees in South American plantations also failed. In both cases, the trees grew vigorously, produced healthy flowers in profusion, but set no fruit. Which of the following statements best explains the failure to cultivate Brazil nut trees in these other locations?
The flowers were not pollinated due to the absence of female orchid bees
Mistletoe is a plant that lives on trees and gains nutrition from them (that is, it is a parasite). The fruit of the mistletoe is a one-seeded berry and is consumed by birds. In members of the mistletoe genus Viscum, the outside of the seed is sticky, which permits the seed to adhere to surfaces such as the branches of host plants or the beaks of birds. What should be expected of the fruit if the stickiness of Viscum seeds is primarily an adaptation for dispersal rather than an adaptation for infecting host plant tissues?
The fruit is nutritious to the dispersing organisms.
Given that a successful infection by S. schenkii damages lymph nodes themselves, which of the following is most probable?
The fungal conversion from yeast to hyphal morphology allows such fast growth that the body's defenses are at least temporarily overwhelmed
Fungi have an extremely high surface-to-volume ratio. What is the advantage of this characteristic to an organism that gets most of its nutrition through absorption?
The high ratio allows for more material to be acquired from the surroundings and transported through the cell membrane
A researcher has developed two stains to use for visualizing different tissues of seed plants. One stains sporophyte tissue blue; the other stains gametophyte tissue red. If the researcher exposes pollen grains to both stains, and then rinses away the excess stain, what will he/she/they most likely observe?
The pollen grains will have red interiors and blue exteriors
Which of the following statements about flagella provides the best support for the claim that the flagella from eukaryotes and bacteria evolved independently?
The protein structure and the mechanism of movement in eukaryotes flagella are different from those of bacteria flagella
Which of the following is the most beneficial adaptation of the seed coats in angiosperm species whose seeds are dispersed by fruit-eating animals, as opposed to angiosperm species whose seeds are dispersed by other means?
The seed coat should be resistant to the animal's digestive enzymes
Which of the following statements about the transition from ocean to land by plants is most likely to be accurate?
The transition to land was likely gradual, with plants evolving traits that let them survive ever-drier conditions
Which feature of cycads makes them similar to many angiosperms?
They are pollinated by animals
Which of the following statements correctly describes the haploid gametophytes of bryophytes?
They are usually multicellular, but lack vascular tissue
Which feature of cycads distinguishes them from most other gymnosperms?
They are wind pollinated
Truffles are the fruiting bodies of certain fungi whose mycelium grows below ground. The truffle is also underground and can be detected by many mammals, which eat the truffle and expel the spores with their feces. Which of the following statements is likely accurate with respect to this interaction?
Truffles produce an odor that mammals can detect and find attractive.
According to the endosymbiotic theory, it was adaptive for the larger host cell to keep the engulfed cell alive, rather than digesting it as food because ________. a) the engulfed cell provided the host cell with adenosine triphosphate (ATP) b)the engulfed cell provided the host cell with carbon dioxide c)the engulfed cell allowed the host cell to metabolize glucose d)the host cell was able to survive anaerobic conditions with the engulfed cell aliv
a
The chloroplasts of land plants are thought to have been derived according to which evolutionary sequence? a)cyanobacteria → green algae → land plants b)cyanobacteria → green algae → fungi → land plants c)red algae → brown algae → green algae → land plants d)cyanobacteria → red algae → green algae → land plants
a
Fungi interact with many organisms in mutualistic ways. Which of the following involves a fungus that is mutualistic with another organism?
a fungus that is raised by ants on leaves that the ants collect from trees and shrubs
Which of the following extremophiles is the best model for the earliest organisms on Earth?
a prokaryote found near hydrothermal vents
Which of the following symbiotic relationships would most likely allow bryophytes to live successfully in a bare, moist area?
a symbiosis with nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria
Use of synthetic fertilizers often leads to the contamination of groundwater with nitrates. Nitrate pollution is also a suspected cause of anoxic "dead zones" in the ocean. Which of the following processes is most likely to help reduce nitrate pollution?
adding denitrifying bacteria to the soil
Which of the following characteristics of plants is absent in their closest relatives, the charophyte algae?
alternation of multicellular generations
The most important adaptive advantage associated with the filamentous nature of fungal mycelia is ________.
an extensive surface area well suited for invasive growth and absorptive nutrition
Which of the following statements describes an adaptive advantage associated with the filamentous nature of fungal mycelia?
an extensive surface area well suited for invasive growth and absorptive nutrition
A bacterium that lives in the human intestine derives its nutrition by digesting the contents of the intestine. Which mode of nutrition best describes this bacterium?
anaerobic chemoheterotroph
Use the following information to answer the question. Paulinella chromatophora is one of the few cercozoans that is autotrophic, carrying out aerobic photosynthesis with its two specialized structures called "chromatophores." The chromatophores are contained within vesicles of the host cell, and each is derived from a cyanobacterium, though not the same type of cyanobacterium that gave rise to the chloroplasts of algae and plants. The closest living relative to P. chromatophora is the heterotroph P. ovalis. P. ovalis uses threadlike pseudopods to capture its prey, which it digests internally. Which of the following characteristics, if observed, would be the best reason for reclassifying P. chromatophora as a mixotroph instead of an autotroph? a pigmented central vacuole, surrounded by a nucleomorph a vacuole with food inside a secretory vesicle a contractile vacuole
b
Which of the following characteristics is common among all protists? unicellular eukaryotic symbionts mixotrophic
b
Which of the following structures in chlorarachniophytes provides evidence that they evolved through the endosymbiosis of a green alga by a heterotrophic eukaryote? food vacuole nucleomorph mitosomes flagella
b
Which of the following types of pathogenic prokaryotes cause cholera
bacteria that release an exotoxin
Which of the following statements accurately describes our current understanding of the phylogeny of fungi as represented in the figure?
basidiomycetes are more closely related to ascomycetes than they are to zygomycete
Which of the following involves metabolic cooperation among prokaryotic cells?
biofilms
Orchid seeds are tiny, with virtually no endosperm and with miniscule cotyledons. If orchid seeds are deposited in a dark, moist environment, then which of the following represents the most likely means by which fungi might assist in seed germination?
by providing the embryos with some of the organic nutrients the fungi have absorbed
After studying a particular species of protist, you suspect that it has obtained a chloroplast via secondary endosymbiosis. Which of the following information would confirm your hypothesis? a)have nuclear and cyanobacterial genes b)are exceptionally small c)have three or four membranes d)have only a single pigment
c
An individual mixotroph loses its plastids, yet continues to survive. Which of the following statements best explains this organism's continued survival? It relies on photosystems that float freely in its cytosol. It must have gained extra mitochondria when it lost its plastids. It engulfs organic material by phagocytosis or by absorption. It has an endospore.
c
Many parasitic members of the excavates lack plastids and have highly reduced mitochondria. Which of the following statements explains these observations? a)These parasites typically live in low-oxygen conditions, and therefore it was adaptive to move all plastid and mitochondrial genes to the nucleus. b)The original, eukaryotic ancestors of these parasites did not engulf prokaryotes. c)These parasites typically live in low-oxygen conditions and therefore loss of genes for plastids and mitochondria did not result in lower fitness. d)In the future, natural selection will favor descendants that acquire new plastid genes from today's prokaryotes.
c
Use the following information to answer the question. Giardia intestinalis is an intestinal parasite of humans and other mammals that causes intestinal ailments in most people who ingest the cysts. The cysts are dormant forms of this protist that are expelled in the feces of organisms that ingest them. Which of the following structures to the cysts of Giardia function most like? mitochondria of ancestral diplomonads nuclei of archaeans endospores of bacteria capsids of viruses
c
The predatory bacterium Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus is able to penetrate a gram-negative bacterium that has a slimy cell covering. What is the correct sequence of structures penetrated by B. bacteriovorus on its way to the prey's cytoplasm?
capsule, lipopolysaccharide membrane, peptidoglycan, phospholipid membrane
Which of the following arranges the structures from largest to smallest, assuming that they belong to two generations of the same angiosperm?
carpel, ovary, ovule, embryo sac, egg
A fish that has been salt-cured subsequently develops a reddish color. You suspect that the fish has been contaminated by the extreme halophile Halobacterium. Which of these features of cells removed from the surface of the fish would support your suspicion
cell walls that lack peptidoglycan and are isotonic to conditions on the surface of the fish
Most ecosystems on Earth rely on sunlight as the primary energy source for the synthesis of organic compounds that living organisms need. Sunlight does not penetrate deep enough in the ocean to provide energy for organisms living near hydrothermal vents. How can these densely populated communities survive without energy from the sun
chemoautotrophic bacteria harvest chemical energy from hydrogen sulfide and then provide the basis of food for the vent communitie
Which of the following types of fungi often live in the digestive tracts of sheep and cattle?
chytrids
In spruces and pines, which of the following is an advantage of having needlelike leaves?
decreased surface area, reducing water loss
Fungi and plants evolved during the same time period. What combination of environmental and morphological change is similar in the evolution of both fungi and plants?
colonization of land and loss of flagellated cells
Which of the following cells or structures are associated with asexual reproduction in fungi?
conidiophores
Which of the following statements correctly describes a process by which bacteria become resistant to antibiotics?
conjugation spreads antibiotic resistance genes rapidly in a population.
A fungal spore germinates, giving rise to a mycelium that grows outward into the soil surrounding the site where the spore originally landed. Which of the following accounts for the outward growth of the mycelium?
cytoplasmic streaming in hyphae
Chitin is a long-chain polymer derived from glucose. It strengthens cell walls of fungi and the outer covering (exoskeleton) of arthropods (including crabs, shrimps, and insects). The presence of chitin in these groups is likely the result of which of the following processes?
convergent evolution
Which of the following describes the evolution of multicellularity in fungi and animals?
convergent evolution
Which of the following protists have chloroplasts (or structures since evolved from chloroplasts) thought to be derived from ancestral green algae? stramenopiles apicomplexans dinoflagellates chlorarachniophytes
d
Broad-spectrum antibiotics inhibit the growth of most intestinal bacteria. Consequently, assuming that nothing is done to counter the reduction of intestinal bacteria, a hospital patient who is receiving broad-spectrum antibiotics is most likely to exhibit which of the following characteristics?
deficiency in certain vitamins and nutrients
For the past several decades, amphibian species worldwide have been in decline. A significant proportion of the decline seems to be due to the spread of the chytrid fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis. Chytrid sporangia reside within the epidermal cells of infected animals, animals that consequently show areas of sloughed skin. Sexual reproduction has not been observed in B. dendrobatidis. If its morphology and genetics did not identify it as a chytridiomycete, then to which fungal group would B. dendrobatidis be assigned?
deuteromycetes
The yolk of an animal egg is similar to which of the following structures in angiosperms?
endosperm
Which of the following structures in an angiosperm is triploid?
endosperm
Mitochondria are thought to be the descendants of certain alpha proteobacteria. They are, however, no longer able to lead independent lives because most genes originally present in their genome have moved to the nuclear genome. Which phenomenon accounts for the movement of these genes
endosymbiosis
Which of the following statements correctly describes exotoxins and endotoxins produced by various bacteria
exotoxins are secreted into the environment while the bacteria is still alive
botanist discovers a new species of plant in a tropical rain forest. Investigation of its anatomy and life cycle shows the following characteristics: flagellated sperm, xylem with tracheids, separate gametophyte, sporophyte generations with the sporophyte dominant, and no seeds. To which of the following groups does this plant most likely belong?
ferns
A bacterium has the following characteristics: ∙ It adheres to the human intestinal lining using a feature that protects it from phagocytes, bacteriophages, and dehydration ∙ It can survive being boiled ∙ It contains no plasmids and relatively little peptidoglycan Which of the following characteristics allows this bacterium to adhere to the intestinal lining
fimbriae
Apart from direct amphibian-to-amphibian contact, which of the following is responsible for the movement of zoospores from one free-living amphibian to another?
flagella
Which feature seen in chytrids supports the hypothesis that they diverged early in fungal evolution?
flagellated spores
Which of the following observations would best support the hypothesis that the ability to form mycorrhizal associations arose very early in plant evolution?
formation of mycorrhizae by a flowering plant that expresses a gene from a liverwort
When a mycelium infiltrates a recently killed mouse carcass, which of the following is most likely to appear within the tissues of the mouse soon thereafter?
fungal enzymes
When pathogenic fungi are found growing on the roots of grape vines, grape farmers sometimes respond by covering the ground around their vines with plastic sheeting and pumping a gaseous fungicide into the soil. Which of the following results might be a concern for the grape farmers who engage in this practice?
fungicide might also kill mycorrhizae
Which answer arranges the characteristics of plants in the order in which they evolved, from most ancient to most recent?
gametophyte dominance, sporophyte dependence; sporophyte dominance, gametophyte independence; sporophyte dominance, gametophyte dependence
bacterium has the following characteristics: ∙ It adheres to the human intestinal lining using a feature that protects it from phagocytes, bacteriophages, and dehydration. ∙ It can survive being boiled. ∙ It contains no plasmids and relatively little peptidoglycan. Which of the following characteristics allows this bacterium to survive in a human who is taking penicillin pills?
gram-negative cell wall
Plasmogamy can directly result in which of the following types of cells?
heterokaryotic cells or dikaryotic cells
All fungi are ________.
heterotrophic
hich of the following statements correctly describes a characteristic of bryophytes (nonvascular plants)?
hey share a more recent common ancestor with vascular plants than they do with green algae
The CRISPR-Cas system helps some prokaryotes defend against infection by viruses. Which of the following statements correctly describes how this system works?
it cuts DNA at specific sequences to which it is directed
Which of the following traits do archaeans and bacteria have in common
lack of a nuclear envelope and presence of circular chromosome
Mycorrhizae are often found associated with the roots of vascular plants. Where are fungal endophytes typically found in vascular plants?
leaf mesophyll
A billionaire buys a sterile volcanic island that recently emerged from the sea. Seeding the island with which of the following would most likely accelerate the development of conditions that would support plant growth?
lichens
Photoautotrophs use ________.
light as an energy source and CO2 as a carbon source
Where would you expect to find the oldest portion of this mycelium?
location C
Which of the following plant structures most directly produces the pollen tube of angiosperms?
male gametophyt
Which of the following experimental designs would allow a researcher to determine the effect of mycorrhizae on plant growth?
measure and compare the growth of two different plants, one of which has had antifungal substances added to it and one that has not
Within a gymnosperm megasporangium, which of the following develops before the others after fertilization occurs?
megaspore
A process that cannot produce genetic variation in bacterial populations is ________.
meiosis
What type of cell division does the generative of a male angiosperm gametophyte cell undergo to produce sperm cells?
mitosis
Stamens, sepals, petals, carpels, and pinecone scales are types of which of the following structures?
modified leaves
Which of the following characteristics is most likely found in plaque on human teeth if plaque is a biofilm?
multiple species of bacteria, production of chemicals that attract other bacteria, and production of chemicals that allow the bacteria to adhere to enamel
multiple species of bacteria, production of chemicals that attract other bacteria, and production of chemicals that allow the bacteria to adhere to enamel
multiple species of bacteria, production of chemicals that attract other bacteria, and production of chemicals that allow the bacteria to adhere to enamel
A type of bacteria colonizes on the surface of a leaf, where it obtains nutrition from the leaf's nonliving, waxy covering without harming the plant, and inhibits the growth of other microbes that are plant pathogens. If this bacteria gains access to the inside of a leaf, however, it causes a fatal disease in the plant. Once the plant dies, the bacterium and its offspring decompose the plant. What is the correct sequence of ecological roles played by the bacterium in the situation described here?
mutualist, pathogen, nutrient recycler
Some fungal species live in plants and can kill herbivores that feed on the plant. What type of relationship does this fungus have with its host?
mutualistic
What are the filamentous mats formed by most fungi called?
mycelia
Which answer arranges the following structures in order from largest to smallest, assuming that they all come from the same fungus
mycelium, basidiocarp, gill, basidium, basidiospore
In which part of a bacterium is the complete chromosome found?
nucleoid
Which of the following are present in angiosperms but not in gymnosperms?
ovaries
Researchers grew two plants of different species (plant 1 and plant 2) and added the same mychorrhizal species to the soil. They then measured the growth of each plant after one month. Plant 1 grew significantly more than plant 2. Which of the following conclusions is most consistent with these results?
plant 1 formed a mutualistic relationship with the mycorrhizal fungi and plant 2 did not
Some bacteria possess antibiotic resistance, as well as the ability to survive through adverse conditions. Where in this type of bacteria is the DNA located
plasmids, nucleoid, and endospore
At which stage of a basidiomycete's life cycle would reproduction be halted if an enzyme that prevented the fusion of hyphae was introduced?
plasmogamy
In addition to seeds, which of the following characteristics is unique to seed-producing plants?
pollen
The Brazil nut tree, Bertholletia excels, is native to tropical rain forests of South America. Scientists have discovered that the pale yellow flowers of Brazil nut trees cannot fertilize themselves and admit only female orchid bees as pollinators. If a female orchid bee has just left a Brazil nut tree with nectar in her stomach, and if she visits another flower on a different Brazil nut tree, what is the sequence in which the following events should occur?
pollen transfer, pollen tube emerges from pollen grain, pollen tube enters micropyle, double fertilization
Which of the following could best be investigated by measuring fruit production in plants?
pollination success
Which of the following traits do archaeans and eukaryotes have in common?
presence of intron
Which of the following describes a difference between wind-pollinated angiosperms compared with animal pollinated plants? Wind pollenated plants ________
produce much more pollen because winds disperse pollen randomly
If all fungi in an environment were to suddenly die, then which group of organisms is most likely to benefit, due to the fact that its fungal competitors have been removed?
prokaryotes
Many types of plants increase the number of stomata per unit surface area of a leaf when atmospheric carbon dioxide levels decline. Which of the following is an analogous response in humans?
putting more red blood cells into circulation when oxygen availability declines at high elevations
Which of the following problems will likely increase if the human population continues to increase?
reduction in plant and animal diversity
Bacteria perform a number of ecological roles. Which role typically involves symbiosis?
skin commensalist
In which of the following human mycoses should one expect to find a growth pattern most similar to that of the mycelium that produces a fairy ring?
skin mycoses
Three of the following are evidence that charophytes are the closest algal relatives of plants. Select the exception.
the presence of chloroplasts
Which of the following statements is the most likely result of conjugation involving a bacterium that contains a copy of a plasmid containing a gene for tetracycline resistance with one that does not?
the rapid spread of tetracycline resistance to other bacteria in the population
If all prokaryotes on Earth suddenly vanished, which of the following would be the most likely and most direct result?
the recycling of nutrients would be greatly reduced
Living organisms can be divided into two groups: autotrophs and heterotrophs. How do these two groups differ?
their sources of carbon
Which of the following statements correctly describes deuteromycetes?
they are the group of fungi that have, at present, no known sexual stage
Which of the following describes a reproductive strategy in yeast?
they pinch off "bud cells" that are smaller than the parent cell
Jams, jellies, preserves, honey, and other foods with high sugar content hardly ever become contaminated by bacteria, even when the food containers are left open at room temperature. Which of the following statements best explains the inability of bacteria to survive in such an environment?
they undergo death as a result of water loss from the cell
Which of the following characteristics describe most existing bacteria?
tiny, ubiquitous, metabolically diverse
What is one of the primary benefits of bioremediation?
to clean up areas polluted with toxic compounds by using bacteria
Many mammals have skins and mucous membranes that are sensitive to secretions of plants like poison oak. These secondary compounds are primarily adaptations that function in which of the following ways?
to inhibit herbivory
Which of the following processes leads to genetic recombination by the introduction of viral DNA into a bacterium?
transduction
You are hiking in a forest and come upon a mysterious plant, which you determine is either a lycophyte sporophyte or a monilophyte sporophyte. Which of the following characteristics would be most helpful in determining the correct classification of the plant?
whether it has microphylls or megaphylls
Where in an angiosperm would you find a megasporangium?
within an ovule contained within an ovary of a flower
