exam 4 chp 14

Which of the following may result in a positive feedback mechanism that would intensify climate change?

... NOT increase in cloud cover

On average, how much warmer were global temperatures in the year 2000 than temperatures predicted by the climate change model that incorporates only natural factors?

0.6C

According to the graph, how much warmer on average were global temperatures in the year 2000 than in the year 1900?

0.9°C

At the end of the 21st century, the IPCC predicts global temperatures will be ____________ higher than today's, depending on how well we control our emissions.

1.0-3.7° C

According to tide gauge data, what was the approximate increase in global average sea level between 1950 and 2000?

10 cm

How high did sea level rise during the 20th century?

20cm

The figure shows all current fluxes of CO2, with arrows sized according to mass. Green arrows are natural fluxes, and red arrows are anthropogenic fluxes. For every metric ton of carbon dioxide emitted as a result of changes in land use (e.g. deforestation), approximately how much is emitted from industry?

4 metric tons

Roughly ________% of U.S. citizens live in coastal counties and are thus vulnerable to rises in sea level.

50

What proportion of incoming solar radiation reaches Earth's surface?

54%

Over ________% of the fuel you pump into your automobile does something other than move your vehicle down the road.

85

The figure indicates a net accumulation of CO2 in the atmosphere of approximately 15 billion metric tons per year. Based on the figure, what is causing this?

Human activities are sending more CO2 into the atmosphere than is moving from the atmosphere to the surface.

Which government officials have taken action against the effects of climate change?

Local Florida city officials I THINK

What are the periodic variations in Earth's rotation and orbit around the sun that alter the way solar radiation is distributed over Earth's surface?

Milankovitch cycles

Which of the following statements regarding climate change is true?

Most climate scientists conclude that human activities over the past 100 years have had an effect on the planet's climate.

Transportation accounts for more than ______% of U.S. carbon dioxide emissions.

NOT 50 try 35

What was the first document that called for voluntary reductions of greenhouse gas emissions to 1990 levels by the year 2000?

The 1992 U.N Framework Convention on Climate Change

How does South Florida's geology cause problems for Miami?

The limestone bedrock allows water to move through.

what happens as ocean waters warm?

The oceans absorb less CO2.

What is the difference between weather and climate?

Weather occurs over hours and days, and climate occurs over seasons and years.

Which of the following is an adaptation response to climate change?

a Pacific island nation building higher seawalls

Which of the following has the potential to cause atmospheric cooling?

aerosols

All of the following are anthropogenic factors contributing to climate change EXCEPT:

breathing

Human sources of nitrous oxide in the atmosphere include all of the following EXCEPT:

burning fuel wood

What type of trading system harnesses the efficiency of market capitalism to reduce emissions?

cap-and-trade

Which of the following are market mechanisms for addressing climate change?

cap-and-trade and carbon offsets

In the wake of the U.S. failure to ratify the Kyoto Protocol ________.

cities and states are setting their own programs for reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

Scientist often use ______________ which are programs that combine what is known about atmospheric circulation, ocean circulation, atmosphere-ocean interactions, and feedback cycles to simulate climate dynamics

climate models

Which of the following is an alternative fuel that could decrease carbon dioxide emissions in the transportation sector?

compressed natural gas

In 1991, the massive eruption of Mt. Pinatubo caused global temperatures to __________. When we compare the catastrophic eruption in Sumatra 71,000 years ago and the 1991 eruption of Mt. Pinatubo, we find that __________. What are some of the risks involved in adding one million tons of sulfur 25 kilometers up into the atmosphere? Increasing sulfur levels in the upper atmosphere would have the same effect as __________.

drop, because sulfur in the stratosphere reflects solar radiation both eruptions caused a drop in the average temperatures across the Earth All of the listed choices describe the risks involved in adding sulfur to the atmosphere. decreasing the carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere

Scientists evaluate concentrations of gases and other atmospheric constituents from the distant past by examining which of the following?

gas bubbles trapped in ice

The Kyoto Protocol is to carbon dioxide as the Montreal Protocol is to ________.

halocarbons

Carbon-based fuels in the lithosphere ________.

have been slowly sequestered after many millions of years.

Which of the following technologies is currently allowing us to decrease carbon emissions from automobiles?

hydrogen fuel cells

The best fit between observed and model data is shown by the model that ________.

incorporates both natural and anthropogenic factors

As snow and ice melt, darker, less reflective surfaces (such as bare ground and pools of meltwater) are exposed causing ____________ in warming.

increase

Recent research indicates that the variation in solar output ________.

is less than any of the anthropogenic factors affecting climate change.

Small island nations such as the Maldives are in the international spotlight because they ________.

may be among the first nations to be completely flooded by rising sea levels

Use the above figure to answer the following question. Of the following greenhouse gases, ________ concentrations have increased by the greatest percentage since 1750.

methane

Which of the following greenhouse gases has/have experienced at least a 50% increase in atmospheric concentration since 1750?

methane only

Which greenhouse gas has a global warming potential that is approximately three times that of methane?

nitrous oxide

Rising sea levels result in all of the following EXCEPT:

ocean acidification

Which of these would NOT contribute to a global increase in temperature?

planting trees

Which lifestyle choice would cause the greatest reduction in greenhouse emissions?

riding a bike

Switching from fossil fuels to _____ energy would significantly decrease the release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.

solar, nuclear, and geothermal

What is one of the main reasons for sea level rise?

thermal expansion

Soot particles ("black carbon aerosols") generally cause ________ of Earth's atmosphere by ________ solar energy.

warming; absorbing