EXAM 4 psych

"Oh I know that I'll just be sad forever," Monique cries, after her first boyfriend broke up with her. "I'm never going to love again. My life is RUINED!" Given that she is unlikely to be sad forever, Monique is demonstrating the __________ bias. a. durability b. affective forecasting c. impact d. halo

A

Emotions have a. physiological and cognitive elements. b. cognitive but not physiological elements. c. physiological but not cognitive elements. d. neither physiological nor cognitive elements.

A

Hammond has just started working at a new job stacking items at the supermarket. He notices that most of his colleagues do stretching exercises before they begin their shift. To fit in with the others and to avoid any disapproval, Hammond also begins to do the stretching exercises. Which of the following concepts explains Hammond's behavior? A. normative influence B. operational influence C .obedience D. fixed action patterns

A

People who see someone who appears angry are likely to _____ the angry person. A. avoid B. feel reciprocal anger toward C. approach D. attempt to calm

A

The ____ function of emotion refers to the effect of one's person's emotions on other people or on the relationships between people. A. interpersonal B. social C. intrapersonal D. cultural

A

The ________ heuristic is one in which the frequency or likelihood of an event is evaluated based on how easily examples come to mind. a. availability b. representativeness c. means-end d. mental set

A

The line study conducted by Asch is a prime example of what process? a. Normative influence b. Informational influence c. Influential change d. Obedience

A

The need for ________ refers to the desire to come to a decision that will resolve and conclude an issue. a. closure b. resolution c. finality d. equipotentiality

A

The tendency to act like those around us and be influenced by what they do is called? a. Conformity b. Obedience c. Normative influence d. Informational influence

A

What are the three characteristics of a speaker that makes him/her more trustworthy when delivering a persuasive message? A. authority, honesty, likability B. authority, attractiveness, familiarity C. honesty, similarity, expertise D. likability, expertise, familiarity

A

What is a potential positive outcome of the planning fallacy? a. People might attempt projects that otherwise might have been avoided had the amount of effort or time needed been understood. b. It causes people to finish projects ahead of deadlines, which can make for happy customers and/or allow other projects to be initiated. c. It reduces the need for anticipatory planning and leads to more creative problem-solving approaches. d. It can help people to break free of the need to use various heuristics for problem-solving situations.

A

What is compared to a "recording" that always happens in the same way every time? a. Fixed action patterns b. Heuristics c. Persuasion d. Triad of Trustworthiness

A

When you drink spoiled milk or put a rancid piece of cheese in your mouth, you may spit it out before you have any cognitive awareness of why you are feeling disgusted. From an evolutionary perspective, this demonstrates which concept? a. Emotions help us act with minimally conscious awareness. b. Emotional reactions are hardwired into our autonomic nervous systems and cannot be resisted or overcome. c. Emotions are linked to our survival in all situations. d. The ability to experience an emotion is always preceded by an external stimulus.

A

Which of the following is a possible outcome when individuals' implicit and explicit attitudes do not match? a. They are unaware they hold an actual bias, such as a bias towards an ethnic minority. b. They are quicker at evaluating or categorizing attitude objects. c. Their direct, self-reports will best predict behavior such as their choice to purchase designer jeans. d. They will show resistance when being primed about a topic.

A

Why do some salespeople try to start a new interaction by asking for something small from a potential customer? (e.g., "Just answer one quick question") A. They know getting small acts of cooperation may lead to larger actions in the same direction. B. They believe that being friendly will influence someone to consider buying their merchandise. C. They are utilizing what is well known in persuasion research as "inoculation". D. They are hoping one person's cooperation will convince others nearby to follow the lead.

A

______ is the tendency to change one's attitude or behavior to match a perceived social norm. A. Conformity B. Social monitoring C. Groupthink D. Obedience

A

Cynthia smiles when her friend tells her a joke. She also smiles when her boss gives her criticism. Even though Cynthia might not actually be feeling happy, she knows the ________ rules of her work environment. In other words, she knows when emotions are appropriate to show. a. Mood b. Display c. Acting d. Politeness

B

People naturally use mental "shortcuts" to simplify their social world. These shortcuts are known as: a. impact bias b. heuristics c. attitudes d. priming

B

Persuasion is most effective when individuals are: A. Intensely emotionally aroused B. given strong messages to conform C. not given the freedom to make a choice D. not feeling that their freedom to make a choice is threatened

D

Randy has joined a new social club on campus. Is it likely that Randy will: a. carefully form the impressions he makes of these club members only after repeated meetings b. form the impressions he makes of these club members after only one meeting c. not form impressions of these club members on physical characteristics d. form the most positive impressions of those with whom he interacted least

B

The Implicit Association Task (IAT) used in research, which records participants' reaction times to categorizing objects, is measuring what type of attitude? A. explicit attitude B. implicit attitude C. controlled attitude D. ambiguous attitude

B

The _____ functions of emotions refers to the roles that emotions play within each of us individually. They can include physical changes in our bodies or psychological changes in our minds. a. nomothetic b. intrapersonal c. hedonic d. interpersonal

B

When a bartender offers you a free taste, you feel obligated to purchase the drink. This is an example of: a. the sunk cost trap b. reciprocity c. and that's not all d. social proof

B

Which of the following is a possible outcome when individuals' implicit and explicit attitudes do not match? A. Their direct, self-reports will best predict behavior such as their choice to purchase designer jeans. B. They are unaware they hold an actual bias, such as a bias towards an ethnic minority. C. They will show resistance when being primed about a topic. D. They are quicker at evaluating or categorizing attitude objects.

B

Cultural ____ rules are norms regarding the management and modification of emotional expressions based on cultural standards. a. externalizing b. facial c. display d. expressive

C

If a researcher is studying how people react to a command of an authority figure, then he/she are most likely studying what? a. Conformity b. Ethical standards c. Obedience d. Persuasion

C

In Asch's line study roughly _______ of participants gave at least one wrong answer. a. 26% b. 51% c. 76% d. 100%

C

Javari is teaching a psychology class and tells his students, "Kenna is 31, single, outspoken, and bright. She majored in philosophy in college. As a student, Kenna was deeply concerned with discrimination and other social issues." When Javari asked his class if it was more likely that Kenna was A) a bank teller or B) a bank teller AND a feminist, most people in his class chose option B. Javari explained that their answer was incorrect because their _____________ heuristic led them astray. a. fluency b. availability c. representativeness d. shortcut

C

Kari visited the doctor recently who told her she needed to start eating better or she is at risk for a heart attack within the next few years. Kari is very motivated to view herself in a positive light and doesn't like the news the doctor gave her. She wonders if the doctor's tests could have been inaccurate. Kari's uncertainty over her health results from the doctor is an example of what? a. planning fallacy b. affective forecasting c. motivated skepticism d. mood-congruent memory

C

People are usually motivated in some way when making social judgments and decisions. What often occurs as a result of having directional goals? a. People may ignore base-rates when judging representativeness. b. People may overestimate the intensity of future feelings. c. People may be skeptical about evidence that goes against their directional goal. d. People may wait to make a decision on where to eat if they have a need for closure.

C

The ________ heuristic is one in which the frequency or likelihood of an event is evaluated based on how easily examples come to mind. A. mental set B. representativeness C. availability D. means-end

C

The effects that one's emotions have on other people refer to the ____ functions of emotions. a. existential b. phenomenological c. interpersonal d. intrapersonal

C

When people are worried about what others think of them and decide to go along with the crowd is known as what? a. Descriptive norms b. Informational influence c. Normative influence d. Conformity

C

Which of the following is NOT a basic emotion? a. Anger b. Fear c. Guilt d. Happiness

C

Which of the following is NOT part of the proposed Triad of Trustworthiness? a. Honesty b. Likability c. Attractiveness d. Authority

C

A(n) __________ is a psychological tendency that is expressed by evaluating a target with a degree of favor or disfavor A. assessment B. opinion C. attribution D. attitude

D

Kelly is at a college party and notices everyone is drinking. She concludes that the majority of students on campus must also drink alcohol frequently. What would we call Kelly's perception of what most people are doing? a. Informational influence b. Obedience c. Conformity observation d. Descriptive norm

D

Milgram's obedience study demonstrated what factor in participants willing to shock others to an extreme level? a. Previous participants did the study and they wanted to fit in b. Generally people are bad c. Inability to understand the research study d. Following orders from an authority figure

D

Tracy enters a car dealership interested in buying a new car. Immediately she is greeted by a salesman offering her water or soda and a cookie. The salesman is likely relying on what social norm to help persuade Tracy to buy a car? A. social proof B. door in the face C. reactance D. reciprocity

D

What do we rely on in situations in which there are no clear societal norms? a. Interpersonal relations b. Influence c. Peer pressure d. Descriptive norms

D

Which factor decreased the rates of obedience in studies conducted by Milgram? a. Seeing other participants refusing to press the shock levers b. When the instructions to continue came from another participant c. When the person being shocked was in the same room as the participant d. All are correct

D

Which of the following is an example of the planning fallacy? a. Corrine finished a group project and during peer evaluations stated that she did most of the work and deserves the highest grade. She is surprised when her group members do not agree. b. Herald is graduating next week and believes the happiness he will feel will last for the next year. Herald is surprised when his happiness returns to normal level only a day after graduation. c. Faith is shopping at a hardware store and asks for help. The sales clerk suggests several tools that, if used correctly, will shorten her project time by two hours. d. Gerard believes he can complete a term paper within a one-week time frame. He is surprised when he cannot complete the project as quickly as he anticipated.

D

Which of the following is an implicit attitude task: the task presents images of faces of men and women and then measures the time it takes the research participant to label the photo as good or bad? a. chameleon effect task b. mood-congruent memory task c. automaticity attitude task d. evaluative priming task

D

Which technique of persuasion uses a satisfied customer expressing how a particular product "changed their life!"? a. Social proof b. The maven c. Word of mouth d. Testimonials

D