Final Exam Review Ch 1-7 Western Civilization, Spielvogel, 9th Edition

Trojan War

A war, fought around 1200 B.C., in which an army led by Mycenaean kings(like Agamemnon) attacked the independent trading city of Troy in Anatolia

Corinthian

Along with Doric and Ionian, distinct style of Hellenistic architecture; the most ornate of the three styles.

Who does Caesar conquer in France?

Gauls

Who sacked Rome in C390...it was then rebuilt in 290

Gauls / Celts

Constantinople

Located in modern Turkey Largest city in Europe Trade center Hagia Sophia is here Hippodrome- ampitheater for chariot races

Cannae

Location of battle where Carthaginian soldiers - led by Hannibal - crushed Roman soldiers (40,000 soldiers killed)

Name 3 enemies Romans defeated from 197 BCE -.188 BCE

Macedonia; Sparta; And Seleucid Kingdom (mesopotomia)

Philip 2

Macedonian King,he was a brillliant military leader who defeated the Greeks folowing the weakening after the Pelopennesian War. Alexander the Great was his son.

Galen

Greek anatomist whose theories formed the basis of European medicine until the Renaissance (circa 130-200)

Stilicho

Half German(vandal) and half Roman; was Master of the Soldiers; was executed by the guards of Emperor Honorius

Favorite maxim /phrase of Augustus

Make haste slowly

Trajan

Roman emperor and adoptive son of Nerva, Adopted by Nerva (previous emperor); One of the "Good Emperors"; Professional soldier from Spain; 1st non-Italian emperor; Brought Rome to it's height in size (about size of US)

Diocletian

Roman emperor who divided the empire into a West and an East section.

Pompey

Roman general and statesman; enemy of Caesar and fled to Egypt where he was murdered (106-48 BC); head on a plate

Tacitus

Roman historian

The 12 Tables

Roman laws, written law code, patricians engraved on bronze tablets and put them in the Forum, became the basis for all future Roman laws, established the principle that all free citizens had a right to the law's protection

Clovis

*defeated Visigoths in 507 *Frankish king who gained support by converting to Christianity *Catholic Christian German King *Responsible for establishing Frankish Kingdom

Patrician

*families descended from original senators during the period of the Kings *high class governing class - hold all positions of power, make all laws (much like aristocracy in Greece)

praetorian guard

*guarded the princeps *"nine cohorts of elite troops" - about 9,000 men responsible for guarding princeps *recruited from Roman citizens *served for 16 years

Bede

*monk from the monestary of Jarrow in England *wrote the Ecclesiastical history of the English nation = conversion of England to Christianity

equestrians

*one of the richest classes in the Roman army, *those who could afford to maintain a horse or once served in cavalry *By the late Republic, their role expanded into banking and commerce. * go on horseback to collect taxes

Hannibal

*son of Carthage leader, Hamilcar Barca *took over for father in second punic war *eventually killed himself saying "Let us free Rome of her dread of one old man"

Tiberius

*succession choice of Augustus *stepson ofAugustus *great military leader *regulated business to prevent fraud *kept Rome's economy stable *ESTABLISED JULIO-CLAUDIAN DYNASTY - next 4 rulers related to him (or wife, LIVIA)

aediles

*supervised public games *watched over grain supply

Scipio Africanus (Scipio the Elder; Publius Cornelius Scipio)

*was general with Hannibal, but switched sides to work with Rome *defeated Hannibal at Battle of Zuma to end the war

Roman Life background concepts

- Woman could inherit property; Used as dowry - most married -Greek philosophy and literature important -Slavery exists but not racial slavery -Polytheistic Jupiter& Hera = Zeus and Hera -Influenced by Greeks -Speak Latin and Greek (IndoEuropean) -Many Greek works copied into Latin as they become more wealth..they increase leisure time: -Roman baths were cocial places of gatherong; function as bars; legal matters often decided there

Fabian Strategy

A method by which Quintus Fabius Maximus, a Roman General, who during the 2nd Punic Wars exhausted Hannibal and his troops. Instead of engaging Hannibal in battle, Fabius would retreat from him and send out parties to burn everything in his wake. This would leave Hannibal without supplies or shelter for his men.

Claudius

Became emperor after Tiberius' death(appointed by praetorian guard), and conquered Britain. Married Agrippina, and adopted her son Nero. She poisoned Claudius with mushrooms so that Nero could be emperor.Built new harbor at Ostia and new aqueduct for Rome, was said to be deformed and mentally handicapped.

Hannibal

Carthaginian military commander who, in the Second Punic War, attempted a surprise attack on Rome, crossing the Alps with a large group of soldiers, horses, and elephants. He lost to Scipio africanus at the battle of Zama.

Who continually said, "And I think Carthage should be destroyed" and advocated for more war AFTER second Punic War

Cato

ascetics/ monks

Christians who believed self deprivation or seclusion was a way to spiritual enlightenment

Hagia Sophia

Church of the Holy Wisdom Designed by a Greek architect

Constantinople

City founded as the second capital of the Roman Empire; later became the capital of the Byzantine Empire

Carthage

City located in present-day Tunisia, founded by Phoenicians ca. 800 B.C.E. It became a major commercial center and naval power in the western Mediterranean until being completely destroyed by Rome in the third century B.C.E. following the 3 Punic Wars.

Alexandria

City on the Mediterranean coast of Egypt founded by Alexander. It became the capital of the Hellenistic kingdom of the Ptolemies. It contained the famous Library and the Museum-a center for leading scientific and literary figures. Its merchants engaged in trade with areas bordering the Mediterranean and the Indian Ocean

Caesar gets involved in the power struggle of who?

Cleopatra and her brother Ptolemy 13

Roman emperor issued the Edict of Milan

Constantine Constantine reversed Diocletian's persecution of Christians and issued the Edict of Milan.

censors

Control public information Candidates registered with censor inductees into the army registered w/censor

Ides of March

Day on the Roman calendar that corresponds with March 15; day Caesar was assasinated in 44 BCE

Pericles

Important leader and warrior in Athens during the Golden Age who strengthened democracy, made it possible for poor people to be in the government of Athens, and said there should be equal justice for all people. Was an aristocrat also. Died during the beginning of Pelopennesian War.

Athenasius

fought Arianism, bishop of Alexandria

imperialism

policy of establishing control over foreign lands and people

veto

power to block a government action

Iconoclast

the PERSON -a member of an eight-century Byzantine movement against the use of icons, which was condemned as idolatry.

veto

the action of blocking laws they felt harmful to plebeians

Constantine

(306-337) *completed the restoration of the Roman Empire and made Christianity a favored religion * legalized Christianity through Edict of Milan Controlled the west Shared imperial authority with Licinius Eventually became sole emperor in 324 Continued Diocletian's work and took away power from the senate Autocratic policies Enlarged army to 400,000

Mecca

*Holy city of Islam. *Birthplace of Prophet Muhammed

Abu Bakr

*The first caliph of Islam after the death of Muhammad. *He was Muhammed's father-in-law

imperium

*right to command; executive authority; absolute power *two consuls, praetor

Name key details of Italy's geography.

-Isolated from mainland like Greece -Mountains in West -Rivers not useful -No good harbors Better agriculture that greece

Oresteia

A Three play series based on the family of Agamemnon, the Mycenaean king who commanded the Greeks at in the Trojan War-written by Aeschylus, depicting a powerful family (the house of Atreus) torn apart by betrayal, murder and revenge

Alaric

A Visigoths general who sacked Rome; burned records and relics ( Visigoths are Germanic tribes)

Battle of Pharsalus

A battle in which Caesar faced Pompey's troops, even though they were half their size and Caesar still decisively won. It was short and Caesar had shown mercy, meanwhile, Pompey fled to Egypt.

census

A complete enumeration of a population.

Delian League

A confederation of Greek city-states under the leadership of Athens. The name is used to designate two distinct periods of alliance, the first 478-404 B.C., the second 378-338 B.C. The first alliance was made between Athens and a number of Ionian states (chiefly maritime) for the purpose of prosecuting the war against Persia. The 2nd was used against the Peloponnesian League( Sparta and its allies) during the Pelopennesian War.

republic

A form of government in which citizens choose their leaders by voting

inflation

A general and progressive increase in prices

Colosseum

A large amphitheater built in Rome around 70 AD The site contests and combats, games, entertainment Shows Roman architecture, concrete, arches

Petrine Doctrine

The Petrine doctrine is the belief that Saint Peter was given special authority by Christ that has since passed on to each Pope. In the Gospel narratives, Matthew 16:18-19, Christ states, "You are Peter [petrus], the Rock [petros], and on this rock I will build my church, and the gates of hell will not prevail against it.

Xerxes

A Persian king and Son of Darius, amassed an army that outnumbered the Greeks 2 to 1 in order to avenge the Persian loss at the battle of Marathon. Ended up razing and burning Athens to the ground. However his large navy was defeated in a narrow strait at Thermopylae and at the naval battle of Salamis, mainly because of Themistocles genius.

Saxons

A tribe or group of Germanic people who migrated to Britain and were Roman allies. They stayed there and so did the Angles (another group). This led to the creation of the Anglo-Saxon culture

Hadrian

The Roman Empire in AD 117-138. He ordered the construction of this wall. He traveled though his empire to strengthen it's frontiers and encourage learning and architecture. Was also born in Spain,built bridges, roads, and aqueducts, ruled during the height of the Pax Romana, adoptive son of Trajan

Fabius Maximus

Politician, consul, General ,and appointed dictator to save the country during the campaign of Hannibal (2nd Punic War). He followed Hannibal and laid wast to his own land to prevent supplies to Hannibal's army. However, his defenses were criticized and not aligned with the Roman imperialism idea, but his "Fabian Strategy" lead to victory

Caesar makes himself dictator after overthrowing ...

Pompei

Nicene Creed

Prayer or statement that unifies God in three persons "One, Holy, Catholic, and Apostolic Church" subsists. Literally, "universal," in the sense of "according to the whole." The Church is Catholic in the dual sense that is (a) possesses the fullness of the means of salvation and (b) has been sent by Christ to the whole human race.

Diocletian

Roman emperor who was faced with military problems, when that happened he decided to divide the empire between himself in the east and maximian in the west. he did the last persecution of the Christians

Constantine

Roman emperor. After reuniting the Roman Empire, he moved the capital to Constantinople and made Christianity a favored religion. "By the sign, Conquer"

Scipio

Roman general who commanded the invasion of Carthage in the second Punic War and defeated Hannibal at Zama (circa 237-183 BC) Fights back takes Spain and modernizes Legions

Scipio Africanus

Roman general who commanded the invasion of Carthage in the second Punic War and defeated Hannibal at Zama/Africa, leading to Carthages surrender.

Julius Caesar

Roman general, statesman, and historian who invaded Britain , crushed the army of his political enemy Pompey pursued other enemies to Egypt, where he installed Cleopatra as queen returned to Rome, and was given a mandate by the people to rule as dictator for life On March 15 of the following year he was murdered by a group of republicans led by Cassius and Brutus, who feared he intended to establish a monarchy ruled by himself. "Crossing the Rubicon"

principate

Roman government in the first three centuries, based on the ambiguous title princept ("first citizen") adopted by Augustus to conceal his military dictatorship

Livy

Roman historian who used primary sources to write about Rome's past.

Horace

Roman poet

Gaius Gracchus

Roman politician who wanted to control the Price of grain, build public works

Cicero

Rome's greatest public speaker; he argued against dictators and called for a representative government with limited powers, father of prose

Greco-Roman Civilization

Rome, Greek and Hellenistic civilization

Who founded Rome?

Romulus and Remus

Benedictine

Rules drawn up in 530 by Benedict, a monk, regulating monastic life. The Rule emphasizes obedience, poverty, and chastity and divides the day into periods of worship, work, and study.

Augustan society classes - name all 3 divisions

SENATORIAL EQUESTRIAN- LOWER classes - majority of population

Vulgate Bible

Saint Jerome's translation of the Bible into the vernacular Latin Saint Jerome's translation of the Old and New Testaments from Hebrew and Greek into Latin served as the official translation until the sixteenth century.

Surrounded City of Rome

Servian Wall

populares

favoring the people - type aristocrat in Rome

Twelve Tables

first codification of Roman Law

Augustus

first ruler of the Roman empire, defeated Antony

Mercenary

foreign soldiers serving for pay

Alaric

general who lead the take over of Rome and Italy

Hannibal

general who led his army of elephants and soldiers through the alps and 15 years of fighting

Pergamum

gives kingdom to Romans Rome first province in Asia

Solidus

gold coin issued by Constantine

trivium

grammar, rhetoric, and dialectic or logic; three of the seven liberal arts (the others make up the quadrivium) that were the basis of medieval and early modern education.

Edict of Milan

issued by Constantine, Christianity legalized

latifundia

wealth families brought up estates called

plebiscita

measures adopted by tribunes on the councl of the plebs - apply only to the plebs - not the patricians

Patricians

members of landholding upperclass

Edict of Milan

stopped persecution of Christians and allowed Christianity in Rome, anybody could practice whatever religion they wanted

nave

the main aisle of a church

Five Pillars of Islam

the major tenets of the Muslim faith: belief in Allah and Muhammad as his Prophet; standard prayer five times a day and public prayer on Friday; observance of the holy month of Ramadan by fasting from dawn to sunset; making a pilgrimage (the hajj) to Mecca in one's lifetime if possible; and giving alms to the poor.

infanticide

the murder of infants

Gospels

the record of Jesus' life and teaching in the first four books of the New Testament

caliph

the secular leader of the Islamic community.

liberal arts

the seven areas of study that formed the basis of education in medieval and early modern Europe. Following Boethius and other late Roman authors, they consisted of grammar, rhetoric, and dialectic or logic (the trivium) and arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, and music (the quadrivium).

clerestory

the third, or window, story of a church

Theodora

the wife of Justinian, she helped to improve the status of women in the Byzantinian Empire and encouraged her husband to stay in Constntinople and fight the Nike Revolt.

Irish monks

they lived in Ireland and preserved Roman learning and passed it on to people of Europe

Sulla

used the military to gain power ; created a model for others

Pompey

Was part of the Roman Triumvirate, and was lieutenant of Sulla. He took credit for repressing the slave revolts led by Spartacus, even though Crassus actually stopped them. His ultimate goal was to get land in the east for veterans. Quarreled with Caesar(his allies in the Senate ordered Caesar to give up his armies) and and was forced to flee with his army to Egypt (after the battle of Pharsalus) where he was murdered

Chief Magistrates

Were Consuls

Name of monetary value to be paid for personal injury

Wergeld Wergeld, which literally means "man-money" or "money to buy off the spear," was to be paid by the perpetrator to the victim or the victim's family.

Commentaries on the Gallic War

Written by Julius Caeser. It was an account of his conquest of Gaul. It was published to be a sort of presence of Caesar in Rome, even when he was not there.

Pliny the Elder

Wrote Naturalis Historia (Natural history) - refers to marine fishes and bivalves (shellfish, clams, and mussels), Killed during Vesuvius' explosion while trying to learn

Quran

also Koran Contains guidelines on how followers of Allah were supposed to live Contains Muhammad's revelations Recorded beliefs of Muslims and served as code of ethics and law

Mark Anthony

Was Caesar's chief assistant. He and Octavian successfully defeated the conspirators and began to rule Rome together (2nd Truimvarate). However he lost support of the people because of his affair with Cleopatra and Octavian defeated him and became Emperor.

transept

an aisle in a church perpendicular to the nave, where the clergy originally stood

Julius Caesar

an ambitious military commander dominated roman politics

Ptolemy

an astronomer mathematician who proposed his theory that the earth was the center of the universe

plebian

any member of the lower class

engineering

application of science and mathematics to develop structures and machines

quadrivium

arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, and music; four of the seven liberal arts (the other made up the trivium) that formed the basis of medieval and early modern education.

Legion

basic Roman army unit, 5,000 men

Punic Wars

Carthage vs. Rome, Rome won all three

Theodorius

Christianity was made official religion of the emperor because of Theodorius

Mark Antony

Julius Caesar's best friend and a chief general

First Triumvirate

Julius Caesar, Pompei, Crassus

episcopal

"From the bishop"

Octavian

Caesar Augustus

Battle of Milvian Bridge

Constantine vs maxentius

Homer

*Poet of Augustan Age *pointed out the "follies and vices of his age" *famous for his SATIRES

Virgil

*Poet of Augustan age *Write the AENEID

X

X

coloni

free tenant farmers

Battle of Zama

marked the end of the second Punic war

Tribune

official elected by plebeians, can veto laws

Cleopatra

*Queen of Egypt *Gets involved with Marc Antony *last pharaoh of Egypt *backed Caeser in his civil war *Octavian's enemy(49-45 BCE)

satirize

to make fun of roman society

Aetius

*Roman general during the decline of the Western Roman Empire * responsible for defeating Atilla the Hun at the Battle of the Catalunian Plains in 451

Republic

type of government in which some officials were chosen by the people

First Punic War

*Romans came between two Sicilian cities *overall Romans won *Carthage lost right to Sicily and had to pay endowments *Romans build Navy win battle and take Sicily

Second Punic War

*Rome against Carthage again; Rome wins *Rome takes Corsica and Sardinia *Hamilcar and Hannibal -leaders from Carthage

Corpus luris

"Body of Civil Law Codes Justinian's most lasting accomplishment

Medina

"City of the Prophet" -This is where Prophet Muhammad and his followers emigrated in 622 to escape persecution in Mecca.

Magna Graecia

"Great Greece," Latin name given to the Greeks by the Romans.

Battle of Zama

*Scipio (the Elder) beats Hannibal to end war *Spain becomes Roman province after peace treaty in 201 BCE

Favorite maxim, or saying, of Augustus

"Make haste slowly"

principate

*System of rule Augustus established *Attempted to convey co-rule between princeps and Senate (reality: princeps held most of power)

princeps

*Title Augustus wanted. *Latin for "first citizen" or chief among rulers *Used to distinguish Roman rulers form Hellenistic monarchs *Title has no real power; CONSUL has power of imperium or right of command. Princeps is for public perception

Romulus and Remus

*Twin brothers who found Rome *Raised by wolves *Battled one another - Romulus won (Rome)

Senate

*a select group of about 300 men who served for life *they advised magistrates

pagans

"country dweller" what Christians used to describe people who participated in traditional religious practices

Livvy

*Latin prose writer *Most famous of golden age

Jihad

"striving in the way of the Lord." In Islam, the attempt to achieve personal betterment, although it can also mean fair, defensive fighting to preserve one's life and one's faith.

Scipio Africanus the Younger (Scipio Aemilianus Africanus)

*Military leader *Led Roman forced into 3rd (and final) Punic War against Carthage (149-146 BCE)

quaestor

*assisted consuls and preators *responsible for public finances

Plebians

* "independent, unprivileged, poor, vulnerable men" *did not have the same rights as Patricians

Monasticism

* first developed in Egypt *initially based on the model of the solitary hermit who forsakes all civilized society to pursue sprituality Saint Anthony, Saint Simeon, St. Benedict

Sunnite

*1 of 2 main sects of Islam- split from group in 7th century * claimed the descendants of the Umayyads were the true caliphs *Muslims sect (branch, group) of Islam that adheres to the orthodox tradition

council of the plebs

*471 BCE *Tribunes hear grievances from plebs *protect plebs from magistrate arrest *convoct proposals (but they are only applied to plebians - NOT patricians)

Battle of Actium

*A battle between Marc Antony and Octavian *Octavian won in 31 B.C. *Octavian smashed the armies and navies of BOTH Cleopatra and Marc Antony *Took over Roman Empire *Ended civil wars

Franks

*Established Merovingian dynasty *gave their name to modern day France *German -established by Clovis Was separated into 3 different areas: -Neustria, in northern Gaul -Austrasia, consisting of ancient Frankish land on both sides of Rhine -3 former kingdoms of Burgundy

optimates

*Established leaders, held power in the senate, opposed reformers *the group of nobles in the republic (the political group who thought they should rule because they are better)

Cicero

*Father of Latin prose *Orator, statesman, lawyer, writer *Consul 63 BCE *believed in cooperation between equestrians and senators *Believed in 3 simple forms of government working together: monarchy, ar democracy *Wrote On the Laws and On the Republic *His works would later influence Italian Renaissance

Celibacy

*Human body was a source of beauty, joy and peace Complete abstinence from sexual activity *Many early Christians viewed celibacy as the surest way to holiness.

Ovid

*Last great poet of the Augustan Age *Writing include: Amores, Metamorphoses, The Art of Love *annoyed Augustus *accused in a scandal and banished

Name 3 stages of Roman empire

1. Conquest of Italy 2. Conflict with Carthage & expansion into western Mediterranean 3. Domination of Hellenistic kingdonms of eastern Mediterranean

Pax Romana

200 year period of peace in Rome.

Pax-Romana

200 year span of Roman peace and unity, started with Augustas and ended with Marcus Aurelius

Doric

Along with Ionian and Corinthian; distinct style of Hellenistic architecture; the least ornate of the three styles, a plain, sturdy column with a plain capital

Senate

300 members. Control funds. Veto power over Assembly Consuls were elected out of the senate. tie breaking vote between consuls

amount of senate members

300 patricians, serves for life

Age of Augustus years

31 BCE -14 CE

Name 4 legions of Roman Army in 4th century BCE

4 legions, but 3 lines in battle About 4,000 men in each legion; about 300 were cavalry -FRONT LINE: youngest soldiers -HASTATI - spearmen- carried heavy spears, short swords, large oval shields and shin guards -SECOND LINE: called PRINCIPES, or chief men. Arms and protection similar to front line -THIRD LINE: the third line men or TRIARI

Pythagoras

6th Century B.C., a Greek philosopher and mathematician, founder of a religous movement called Pythagoreanism

Hegira

=JOURNEY -Muhammad's emigration with his followers from Mecca to Medina in 622.

Eucharist

A Christian sacrament commemorating the Last Supper by consecrating bread and wine.

Angles

A Germanic tribe of invaders of England. They stayed there and so did the Saxons (another group). This led to the creation of the Anglo-Saxon culture

Ostrogoths

A Germanic tribe that attacked Rome in 476 AD. The Leader was Odoacar Odoacar kicked out the last Roman Emperor.

Zeno

A Greek philosopher who founded a school of philosophy called Stoicism that believed in a divine power that ruled the universe. He thought that people should live a virtuous life in harmony with natural law, promoted social unity.

Peloponnesian League

A League made to counter the Delian League. It was led by Sparta and other enemies of Athens formed the this League.

Zoroaster

A prophet who said that there were not many deities as the Persians thought, but only Ahura Mazda (good) and Ahriman (darkness) and that someday Ahura Mazda would beat Ahriman. Also sometimes called Zarathustra

Zoroastrianism

A religion originating in ancient Iran (classical era Persia) with the prophet Zoroaster. It centered on a single benevolent deity-Ahuramazda, Emphasizing truth-telling, purity, and reverence for nature, the religion demanded that humans choose sides between good and evil. Would influence other monthiestic religions. Faded in competition with Islam.

Cyrus the Great

A remarkable leader who managed to reunite the Persian Empire in a powerful kingdom. Under him Persia began building an empire larger than any yet seen in the world, became the successor state to many Mesopotamian empires. He was succeeded by Darius. KING OF FOUR CORNERS OF THE EARTH

dictator

A ruler who has complete power over a country

The Punic Wars

A series of 3 wars between Rome & Carthage. Rome won all 3

Punic Wars

A series of three wars between Rome and Carthage (264-146 B.C.); resulted in the destruction of Carthage and Rome's dominance over the western Mediterranean.

augustus

A title meaning vulnerable or greatly honored one Title for prefecture in late Roman empire

Pelopennesian War

A war lasting from 431 to 404 BC, was an ancient Greek war fought by Athens and its empire against the Peloponnesian League led by Sparta. Historians have traditionally divided the war into three phases. Lead to a Spartan Victory, but ultimately to the Greek downfall as Philip 2 of Macedon was able to conquer it.

Caligula

Adopted son of Tiberius; Had no political experience before becoming emperor; Suffered a nervous breakdown 6 months later; Became increasingly erratic and violent, "Let them hate me as long as they fear me."; Spent money on foolish projects, banished or killed many family members, claimed to be all the gods combined, made his horse a consul; Murdered by his own men after insulting the army, eventually murdered by my bodyguards. Was nicknamed "little boots".

Ptolemy

Alexandrian astronomer who proposed a geocentric system of astronomy that was undisputed until Copernicus

Plebians

Allowed a voice in politics but overshadowed by Patricians

Acropolis

An "upper city"; a common feature of ancient Greek cities; an elevated site for religious observances, Was also almost completely destroyed by the Persians when they burned Athens to the ground.

The Odyssey

An ancient Greek epic by Homer that recounts the adventures of Odysseus during his return from the war in Troy to his home in the Greek island of Ithaca.

Zeno

An ancient Greek philosopher who formulated paradoxes that defended the belief that motion and change are illusory. Actually knew Odovacer. Founded a school of philosophy called Stoicism; they believed in a divine power that ruled the universe; thought that people should live a virtuous life in harmony with natural law; promoted social unity and encouraged its followers to focus on things that they could control

Hittite Empire

An empire in Asia minor that had been in conflict with Egypt until a treaty was established, demonstrated an interesting ability to assimilated other cultures into their own, empire ended because of internal problems and attacked by the sea people in Gaza. Smaller states mainly prevailed in the area following it and Egypt's downfall.

tribunes

An officer of ancient Rome elected by the plebeians to protect their rights from arbitrary acts of the patrician magistrates.

Homer

Ancient Greek epic poet who is believed to have written the Iliad and the Odyssey (circa 850 BC)

Ka'aba

Ancient shrine that Muslims today believe was built by the prophet Abraham A black stone building in Mecca that is shaped like a cube and that is the most sacred Muslim pilgrim shrine

Cult of Antinous

Antinous was the last god of Roman culture, but emperors continued to honor him, people continues to worship him

Antony & Cleopatra

Antony left Octavia for Cleopatra which upset Octavian because he gave Cleopatra Roman land; A&C fled to Egypt and committed suicide.

What form of Christianity did such Germanic tribes as the Ostrogoths, Visigoths, Lombards, and Vandals initially accept?

Arian Christianity The Ostrogoths, Visigoths, Lombards, and Vandals were all originally Arian Christians, though over the course of the sixth and seventh centuries, the tribes would all convert to Roman Christianity, sometimes peacefully and sometimes as the result of conquest.

Themistocles

Athenian leader in years after Marathon, the man who persuaded Athens to use its windfall silver-mine profit to purchase ships and develop a navy to face the inevitable return of the Persians. He master-minded the naval battle of Salamis

First Roman Emperor...

Augustus (Augustus Caesar)

Tiberius

Augustus's stepson - princeps after him

Battle of lake trasimene

Battle in the Second Punic War. Hannibal vs. Roman general C. Flaminius. Strategic ambush(Hannibal waited for the mist) leads to Carthaginian Victory. Lead to Quintus Fabius Maximus being declared dictator and devising the Fabian strategy.

Arian Christianity

Belief that Jesus is special - but mortal

Bishop Ambrose of Milan

Bishop of Milan; excommunicated Theodosius I

Third Punic War

Carthage Destroyed; now a province called Africa

Consul

Chief executive officers of the Roman Republic who 1) possessed imperium (the right to command), 2)administered government 3) lead army in battle.

Justinian

Determined to reestablish the Roman Empire in the Mediterranean world Powerful army Empire included Italy, part of Spain, North Africa, Asia Minor, Palestine, and Syria

Gaius Marius

Develops army, generals rise to power

Byzantine Empire

Eastern Roman Empire after the split, named after Byzantine Both Greek and Christian state Religion was important - empire built with faith in Jesus Emperor was portrayed as chosen by God

Greek Orthodox

Eastern branch of Christianity centered in Constantinople In 1054, the Church split in two. There was Roman Catholicism and this branch.

Crassus

General who defeated Spartacus. Crucified 6,600 slaves on the Alpennine way. He later served in the First Triumvirate.

Dictator

Elected in times of emergency Absolute power for six months (reality - stayed on)

Diocletian

Emperor (284-305) *changed emperor's role from princeps to dominus (lord and master) *Restored Roman Empire strength *Prominent military leader *New administration system called Tetrarchy Ruled the east side while Maximum ruled the west

Natural History

Encyclopedia written by Pliny the Elder written in 79 A.D. One of the first books that analyzed the historical and contemporary art.

Gibbons

English historian who wrote the famours work "the decline and fall of the Roman Empire" explained that Chrisitianity made romans turn the other cheek, laid foundation for future discussions

Consul

Executive office, regulates civil and military activities. Two elected

Muhammad

Experienced visions that were inspired by Allah Teachings form the basis of the religion known as Islam Saw no separation between religious and political authority

Semitic

Family of related languages long spoken across parts of western Asia and northern Africa. In antiquity these languages included Hebrew, Aramaic, and Phoenician. The most widespread modern member of the this language family is Arabic.

plebeians

Farmers and workers who made up most of the Roman Population and had little influence

Aeschylus

Father of Greek tragedy, wrote Oresteia; proposed the idea of having two actors and using props and costumes

Augustus

First emperor of Rome, He restored order and prosperity to the Empire after nearly a century of turmoil

mercenaries

Foreign soldiers who fought for money

St. Benedict

Founder of Monastic house Established fundamental form of Monastic life Divided day into series of activities with prayers and labor Monastery was ruled by abbots, Father of Monastery

Sappho

From Lesbos, teacher of women, a poet, wrote about love (sometimes about sexual love (sometimes about women)) Called the 10th muse by her peers.

Federates

German troops enlisted in groups to fight as allies for the Romans.

Huns/ Attila the Hun

Germanic Tribe who invaded the Roman empire in 451 Attila was their leader

Odovacar

Germanic barbarian leader who ended the western Roman Empire in 476 and became the first barbarian ruler of Italy after the Senate decided not to elect a new one.

Herodotus

Greek historian whose writings, chiefly concerning the Persian Wars, are the earliest known examples of narrative history, and is thus called the "father of history" Came from Anatolia( modern day Turkey), also researched in Egypt and gave them the name"Gift of the Nile". He also did a lot of other things but I'm getting really lazy. Wrote "The Histories" (which is actually split into 9 parts)

Aristotle

Greek philosopher. A pupil of Plato, the tutor of Alexander the Great, and the author of works on logic, metaphysics, ethics, natural sciences, politics, and poetics, he profoundly influenced Western thought. In his philosophical system, which led him to criticize what he saw as Plato's metaphysical excesses, theory follows empirical observation and logic, based on the syllogism, is the essential method of rational inquiry. (Greek Classical Era)

Plato

Greek philosopher; believed that knowledge based on consideration of ideal forms outside the material world; proposed ideal form of government based on abstract principles in which philosophers ruled. Wrote "The Republic.

Christos

Greek term for "anointed one."

Sophocles

Greek writer of tragedies; author of Oedipus Rex and Antigone

Euclid

He is the father of geometry and wrote a book explaining geometry that was used as a text book till the 1900(The Elements)

Odoacer

He was a Visigoth leader and captured the city of Rome.

Sallust

Historian of LATE Roman Republic Wrote War with Jugurtha and War with Catiline Supported Caeser in civil war

Livy

Historian; one of chief sources of Roman history

Byzantine

Historians' name for the eastern portion of the Roman Empire from the fourth century until its downfall to the Ottomans in 1453. Famous for being a center of Orthodox Christianity and Greek-based culture.

Iliad

Homer's great epic that tells the story of the Trojan War

latifundia

Huge estates bought up by newly wealthy Roman citizens

Senate

In ancient Rome, the supreme governing body, originally made up only of 300 aristocrats.

Hadrians Wall

In present day Scotland, built to keep barbarian invaders from Roman Britain. Punctuated with forts, customs stops, signal posts and on either side, a 30 foot moat for added protection. Soldiers were posted on its top which functioned as a road.

Consuls

In the Roman republic, one of the two powerful officials elected each year to command the army and direct the government.

Etruscans

Initial power in Italy, traded with Greece

Dacia

Invaded by Trajan who broke Augustus's rule about Defensive Imperialism when he took it over. Locate in modern day Romania (thi is how Latin spread and got to be a Romance Language)

Hellenistic Culture

It began from Philips conquest of Greece to the beginning of the Roman Empire. During this time the laws, calendar, money, and language of Greece was used by millions of people. Homes and public buildings were very elaborate. , Greek culture blended with Egyptian, Persian and Indian ideas, as a result of Alexander the Great's Empire.

Jesus

Jew that founded Christianity

Praetor

Judge who administers justice, acts when Consul is away; Used actual cases to form law

Constantinople - strengths

Its location and fortifications The location of the city on the Bosporus helped protect the city, as did the emperors who kept the walls in good repair.

Marcus Aurelius

Last of the 5 "Good Emperors", at the end of "Pax Romana" Wrote "Meditations" personal reflections of his beliefs which solidified his stoic philosophy ,

Centuriate Assembly

Law making body of Roman Republic. 100 members

Spartacus

Lead slave revolt; Thracian gladiator who defeated several Roman armies; trapped and killed in 71 BCE

Patricians

Like Aristocracy in Greece; Hold all positions of importance, politcal power, and make all laws

Who commits suicide ending the Civil War in Rome?

Mark Anthony and Cleopatra

Pax Romana

Means Roman peace,' Was a sense of stability and prosperity that Roman rule brought to the lands of the Roman Empire in the first two centuries C.E(lasting from about lasting from 27 B.C. to A.D. 180). The movement of people and trade goods along Roman roads and safe seas allowed for the spread of cuture/ideas. Ended with the death of Marcus Aurelius.

auxiliaries

NON citizen army - light armed trops and cavalry. Served for 24 years - they earned citizenship for them and their family.

Julius Caesar

Nephew of Marius; Consul 59 BCE; gained fame and military experience in Gaul; dictator for 47 BCE; murdered on Ides of March

Olympic Games

One of the pan-Hellenic rituals observed by all Greek city-states; involved athletic competitions and ritual celebrations

Islam

Not just a set of laws, but a way of life Strict guidelines for the believers Marriages were arranged by parents

Second Triumpvirate

Octavian, Marc Anthony, Lepidus

In 476, which barbarian chieftain deposed Romulus Augustus, the last person with the title of Roman emperor, to rule Italy as its king?

Odoacer Odoacer called himself king of Italy, so this date marks the official end of the Roman Empire in the West.

Nero

One of the more perverse emperors, who began massive execution of Christians to deflect suspicions that he burned most of Rome's residential section, last of the Augustinian line. He had his mother killed, forced his advisers to commit suicide, and divorced his wife and had her killed, and committed suicide in 68 A.D

Pope Gregory I

One of the most important popes of the Early Middle Ages He is considered the last Latin Father of the Church

Constantine

emperor who proclaimed the Edict of Milan whcih implies he legalized christianity. He has a huge impact on Christianity

Oedipus Rex

Part of a triad of tragedies written by the classical Greek playwright Sophocles concerning the life and death of Oedipus and his daughter, Antigone., a tragic king of Thebes who unknowingly killed his father Laius and married his mother Jocasta

Darius

Persian ruler who brought order to the Persian Empire. He also built roads; established a postal system; and standardized weights, measures, and coinage. However no wide participation in politics. He followed Cyrus the great. After he died Xerxes took over the Persian empire.

He wrote The Lives of Noble Grecians and Romans

Plutarch

Tribune

Protected the rights of the lower classes. two elected at one time. Veto power. Could not be re-elected.

Bread and Circus

Provision used by the goverment of Rome, free food and entertainment(Circuses) designed to divert the masses, especially the poor, from engaging in political action, also , ancient Roman metaphor for people choosing food and fun over freedom; free food and entertainment

Res publica

Public thing

Pheidippides

Ran from Marathon to Athens to announce the Greek victory over Persia in the Battle of Marathon (490 BC) Told them Rejoice we conquer before dying. Since you probably don't need to know this I'll tell you the name starts with a P.

Franchise

Right to Vote

legionaires

Roman Army

Pax Romana

Roman Peace 200 year period of peace in Rome. The "Roman Peace", that is, the state of comparative concord prevailing within the boundaries of the Roman Empire from the reign of Augustus (27 B.C.E.-14 C.E.) to that of Marcus Aurelius (161-180 C.E.)

Who was Bridget of Kildare (ca. 450-528)?

She was the founder of an active order of nuns who helped in the process of Irish conversion. Bridget defied parental pressure to marry and, with a group of, nuns made vestments, taught children, and copied books.

nobiles

Small group of rich and powerful families of both patrician and plebeian class who controlled the highest offices in Rome

Name 5 Romance languages that come from Latin

Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, French, Romanian

Shi'its

Split in Islam - 2 groups Sh'iits and Sunnis Believe that their leaders should be a direct descendant of Muhammad

Gregory I

Strong Pope known as 'Gregory the Great' Made Rome administrative unit that is known as Papal States Provided a defense for Rome against the Lombards Established a government for Rome and fed the people

Censors

Supervised public morals, developed civil law; Rome

fasces

Symbol of power (scourge and execution) for emperer

Iconoclasm

The IDEA: movement against the use of icons (pictures of sacred figures) in the eight-century Byzantine Empire.

St. Augustine

The Latin Father of the Catholic Church Served as bishop of Hippo Wrote confessions and the city of God

Wergeld

The amount paid by a wrong doer to the family of the person who had been injured or killed "money for a man" Pay more for aristocrat than plebian

rhetoric

The art of persuasive speaking - borrowed from the Greeks; especially important to patricians to expose their kids to

Battle of Salamis

The battle that effectively ended the Persian war. The Greek fleet, although vastly outnumbered, defeated the Persian fleet. This helped end the Persian war, freeing Greece.The Greeks largely won because the Persian ships were big and bulky and got congested and the Greek ships were agile and didn't. Persian navy destroyed.

The Republic

The best-known dialogue of Plato, in which Socrates is shown outlining an ideal state, ruled by philosopher-kings.

Papacy

The central administration of the Roman Catholic Church, of which the pope is the head.

principle of Bishop Ambrose of Milan (339-397) in dispute with Emperor Theodosius

The church was supreme in spiritual matters and the state in secular matters. Bishop Ambrose refused to accede to the emperor's demand that he hand over control of his basilica, and the emperor relented. Ambrose's assertion of the church as superior in spiritual matters was to serve as the cornerstone of the Christian Church's position for centuries.

Pietas

The dutiful execution of one's obligations to one's fellow citizens, to the gods, and to the state.

476 C.E.

The end of the Roman Empire The German king Odoacer forces Romulus, Ausgustulus to "retire"

Patricans

The great landowners and aristrocrats, they formed the ruling class in the Roman Republic

Battle of Zama

The final decisive battle of II Punic War. Publius Cornelius Scipio defeated Hannibal. He made inside of the line weak while calvary flanks were strong and surrounded the Carthaginian army, led to surrender

Augustus Caesar

The first emperor of Rome, the adopted son of Julius Caesar, help Rome come into Pax Romana, or the Age of Roman Peace, name was given to him after he defeated Mark Anthony and Cleopatra( was called Octavian)

good emperor

The five emperors after Nero including Trajan and Hadrian who led Rome into a Golden Age- Pax Romana

Agamemnon

The king who lead the Greeks against Troy in the Trojan War

Romulus Augustulus

The last emperor of the Western Roman Empire; young son of Orestes., taken prisoner by German King Odovacar

What were the penitentials that emerged in late antiquity?

The manuals that listed the appropriate penance for various sins During the process of confession, the priest and the penitent were guided by manuals called penitentials.

Marathon

The site of the famous battle fought between the armies of Persia and the outnumbered Athenians. Athens was victorious and a messenger (Pheidippides) was sent to run the 26 miles back to the city with the news.

Battle of Cannae

The most decisive military defeat in Roman History, which occured in the the 2nd Punic War against Carthage/Hannibal Prompted more serious defections to the Carthaginian side. This was a turning point in the war. Rome responded by raising taxes and calling for more troops. This call was fabulously received and by the end of the year, the army was back to the size it was before Cannae. After the battle, Romans finally understood the brilliance of the Fabian strategy.

Pantheon

The most famous Roman temple, built by Hadrian

Plebeians

The poorer majority of the roman empire; the working class; couldnt be part of government; could vote but not hold office; couldnt be in army

Imperium (and maius imperium)

The right to command; the greatest right t command

Tetrarchy

The system of government created by Diocletian (284-305). The Roman Empire was divided into two parts, each ruled by an "Augustus" assisted by a "Caesar." The bottom had 12 diocese. The diocese were divided into 4 prefectures. Those were divided into 2 prefectures. Then a augustus was in charge of that set and everything under it. DIOCLETIAN in the east and Maximum in the west. Each had 1 prefecture over 2 prefectures over 3 diocese

patricians

The wealthy, hereditary aristocrats during the Roman era.

Praetorian guard

They evolved from the bodyguards that protected a general. Augustus established several units from his own troops and they became the later emperors' personal elite force

Outcome Celtic-speaking peoples in central Europe after they were conquered by the Romans

They often assimilated with Roman ways and adopted the Latin language. Although the Romans often suppressed Celtic chieftains, they also intermarried and encouraged the assimilation of the two cultures.

Diocletian, Constantine, and Roman emperors justify their rule

They ruled with divine favor as "the elect of god." Before Diocletian, Roman emperors claimed to be princeps, or first among equals, but this gave way to the emperor as absolute autocrat with divine favor.

Thermopylae

This was the battle at which the Greek forces lost. They were led by King Leonidas while Xerxes led the Persian forces. The 300 Spartans lost the battle but they fought to the last man. They ultimately lost the battle because a traitor showed them another way through the pass, means the Hot Gates

Reasons Saint Augustine of Hippo wrote City of God

To respond to the blame the pagans placed on Christians for the barbarian conquest of Rome In City of God, Augustine contrasts Christianity with the secular society that existed in Rome. According to Augustine, history is the account of God acting in time. Human history reveals that there are two kinds of people: those who live the life of the flesh, and those who live the life of the spirit in what Augustine called the City of God. According to Augustine, the former will endure eternal hellfire, and the latter will enjoy eternal bliss.

consuls

Two officials from the patrician class were appointed each year of the Roman Republic to supervise the government and command the armies

Battle of Adrianople

Valens attacked the Visigoths and lost the battle and his life and the Visigoths were able to freely roam Rome

Alaric was _____ (ethnicity)

Visigoth

Where was Hannibal defeated?

Zama outside Carthage

Hadrian

a "good emperor" who codified roman law and built a wall in Britain

Arianism

a Christian heresy that taught that Jesus was inferior to God. Though condemned by the Council of Nicaea in 325, Arianism was adopted by many of the Germanic people who entered the Roman Empire over the next few centuries.

Heresy

a beliefs that contrary of official Church teachings

Agora

a central area in Greek cities used both as a marketplace and as a meeting place

Cincinnatus

a chosen dictator for 57 BCE; defended Rome against the Aequi; temporary dictator that returned to the farm after 15 days

central plan

a church having a circular plan with the altar in the middle

axial plan

a church with a long nave whose focus is the apse, so-called because it is designed along an axis

lunette

a crescent-shaped space, sometimes over a doorway, that contains sculpture or painting

orant figure

a figure with its hands raised in prayer

Direct Democracy

a form of government in which citizens rule directly and not through representatives

legion

a large military force; any large group or number up to 5,000 men

Monk

a man who chooses to live a communal life divorced from the world in order to dedicate himself totally to the will of God.

ambulatory

a passageway around the apse or altar of a church

Messiah

a savior sent by God

Polis

a self-governing city-state; the basic political unit of the Greek world, comprised a city, with its acropolis and agora and the surrounding territory.

Apostles

all followers of Jesus, they would spread his words

Ionic

along with Doric and Corinthian, distinct style of Hellenistic architecture; more ornate than Doric but less than Corinthian, a taller, thinner column with scroll shapes on its capital

optimate

best man - type aristocrat in Rome

aqueducts

bridge like stone structures that carried water from the hills into roman cities

Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus

brother tribunes, gave land to poor farmers and made public funds to feed them

Valentinian I and Valens

brothers who ruled during the last Golden Age, one had a stroke and the other was killed at the battle of Adrianople

Philosophy of Cato the Elder

cheaper to work slaves to death and replace them than to treat them well

curiales

city councilors in Roman cities who played an important role in governing the vast Roman Empire.

job of senate

create and interpret laws

Visigoths/Alaric

crossed the Danube to Roman territory in 376 and established a kingdom in aquitane, gave Valentinian a heart attack, allowed to cross by Valens, battle of adrianople

Diocletian

defended and ruled the empire, established mobile imperial courts, so they could move when a crisis occurred

Odovacar

deposed Romulus and became king of italy

Pantheon

domed temple to all Roman gods

Council of Nicaea

established Arianism as a heresy, Nicene Creed First ecumenical council of the church In Nicaea in 325

Sect

group in a religion

Virgil

had a poem called "aenieed" that showed Romes past was a heroic as Greece

Paterfamilias

head of the family who insured that religious obligations were properly fulfilled (dominant male)

Neoplatonism/ Mithraism

heresies : descending from Plato that taught the existence of a single overall god and stressed morality and self discipline and a cult that worshipped the Persian sun god, popular with the roman army

The Visigothic king Alaric I is best known for

his sack of Rome in 410. Alaric and the Visigoths burned and looted the city for three days, which caused many Romans to wonder if God had deserted them.

coffer

in architecture, a sunken panel in a ceiling

spolia

in art history, the reuse of architectural or sculptural pieces in buildings generally different from their original contexts

Vandals

invaded roman empire in 406, destructiveness gave rise to the word vandalism

thugs

killed Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus

Huns

large nomadic group from northern Asia who invaded territories extending from China to Eastern Europe. They virtually lived on their horses, herding cattle, sheep, and horses as well as hunting.

Julian the Apostate

last non Christian emperor

Great Persecution

last official persecution of Christians beginning with Diocletian and ending with the edict of milan

Vulgate

latin version of the Bible

Laws of the Twelve Tables

laws that made it possible for plebeians to appeal a judgement handed down by a patrician judge

Romulus Augustulus

little Augustus, last Roman Emperor, twelve years old

Estruscans

lived mostly north of rome and were people who tRurneome from a village to a city, wore togas and short cloaks, as well as organization of army and art

Etruscans

lived north of Rome, ruled central Italy and Rome, before the Roman empire

Theodosius The Great

made Christianity the only legal region of the empire, excommunicated by Ambrose

Ides of March

middle of March which is unlucky, especially for Juluis Caesar which is when he was killed

Huns

migrated from central Asia, skilled riders thats had battles against Germanic's in their path

Codex

modern book format

senate

most powerful governing body in a republic

New Testament

new books of the Bible, teaches about Jesus

Consul

official from the Patrician class who supervised the government and commanded armies

locul

openings in the walls of catacombs to receive the dead

Senate

originally a council, advice turns to law

Odoacer

ousted the emperor of Rome, Germanic leader

Attila

people believed his attacks were punishment for the sins of humankind

Visiogoth

people who migrated from Rome, searching for safety

mosaics

pictures made from chips of colored stone

Julius Caesar

ruled Roman politics, took over Gaul, conquered Italy and Rome, Pompey told him to stop, but never did

Constantine

ruler who continued Diocletian's reforms and granted toleration to Christians

Dictator

ruler who has complete control over a government, elected for six month but normally stayed longer, didn't matter what social class

Christos

savior (Greek)

Law of Nations

second system of laws, all people under Roman rule

Paul

spread teaching 0f Jews beyond Jewish communities (non-Jews)

cubicula

small underground rooms in catacombs serving as mortuary chapels

Martyr

someone who dies for their belies

Inflation

sustained rise in the price level.

Attila was a leader for...

the Huns

major domus

the chief officer of the king's household in the Frankish kingdom.

narthex

the closest part of the atrium to the basilica, it serves as vestible, or lobby, of a church

Petrine supremacy

the doctrine that the bishop of Rome (the pope), as the successor of Saint Peter (traditionally considered the first bishop of Rome), should hold a preeminent position in the church.

apse

the endpoint of a church where the altar is located

gospels

the first four books of the New Testament that chronicle the life of Jesus

abbess

the head of a convent or monastery for women.

abbot

the head of a monastery.

heresy

the holding of religious doctrines different from the official teachings of the church.

Arianism vs Trinitarianism

the idea that the son is subordinate to the father as opposed to the doctrine that god is one in three persons who are all equal

Nuns

women who withdrew from the world and joined a religious community; the female equivalent of monks.

Marius

won Consul for 107 BCE; created new military system = power for individual generals + gave land to the poor who signed up for the military; "Win the war" was his slogan;

Virgil

wrote Aeneid, tried to show how Rome's past was just as heroic as Greece's

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