FINAL - Morphemes 1

Intensifier

"-ass" = affix o Ex: this is a big-ass burrito o This suffix has subltle properties that native speakers know

plural -s (has three different allomorphs)

-s, -z, -Iz -all have diff envionement -very predictable

Look at Word Trees on Powerpoint (week 7,2)

...now

Adjective

An item that can appear in the position following seem/seems or if -er or -est can be added to the end of a word

Universal Rule for Noun

a word that can follow a definet article, indefinet article, numeral, which phrase, or a possessor (genitive) 1. the book (definite determiner) 2. six books

Verb

a word that conminde with the tense suffixes (-s, -ing, -ed,) 1. He swiped his card to get on the bus.

Bound Derivational Morphemes (Kinds of Morphemes)

are not purley grammatical-somehow change the usage of the word often involves changing meaning and part of speech for a word • ex: -ly -ish pre- post- inter- trans- -tion re- de- • usually less productive than inflectional affixes -can attach to less o Derviational if changes the category (ex: noun to adj) *******shift from adjective to noun -un, -ism o changes the syntactic category of the word they attach to but not always • lov-able: verb + able = adj • scarc-ity: adj + ity = noun • black-ish: adj + -ish = adj

Suffixing

attaching something after the root

Prefixing

attaching something before the root

Infixing

attaching something inside the root Explictitive infixation: in-f***in'-credible • -Iz infixation Circumfixing: surrounds the root both initially and finally o Ex: ge +lieb +t

Free morphemes (Kinds of Morphemes)

can stand alone as a complete word

Allomorphs

different verions of same mental idea we have a prefix that has two realizations (im-, in-): you can't switch these around o what envionement do you get im-? • Im- allomorph shows up before bilabials...in shows up elsewhere • Im- has more restricted distribution

discreetness of language

each morpheme is a discrete unit of meaning which we can manipulate • We know how to combine morphemes to build new words o Lock + able = 2 morphemes

Reduplication

forming new words by duplicate part or whole or existing word • ex: kain = eat kakain =will eat • "I'll make the tuna salad, you make the salad-salad." : salad-salad = normal salad • Shm-Reduplication: "Books, shmooks..." =dismissive

Bound Inflectional Morphemes (Kinds of Morphemes)

grammatical in that they affect the grammar of the word they are attached to -do not change the category of a word • you can actually add them onto most words of a particular category they affix to • they refine the meaning of the word but don't change the meaning of the word productive—purley grammatical mark tense, number, gender, case **********-ing, -s o never change the syntactic category of the root word they attach to—purley grammatical o 8 inflectional morphemes:

Content/lexical morphemes (Free morphemes) (Kinds of Morphemes)

have a lexical meaning -most nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs are content words •Lexical morphemes are an open class: they are open to adding new members—we can create new content all the time : apple o forms an open class = new words can enter easily

Bound morphemes (Kinds of Morphemes)

have to be attached to a free morpheme •-ed -ing -s re- pre- = bound morphemes

Adverbs

item derived from an adjective by adding -ly // can also modifiy verbs and adjectives

Affixation

one process we use to build new words—

Functional Morphemes (Free morphemes) (Kinds of Morphemes)

serve some grammatical purpose (pronouns, articles, and conjunctions) • Ex: the, for, as, but, if, to, our, mine •Closed classes: rare and difficult to add new members o Is the lexical vs. functional distinction purely academic? of, on, (prepositions), pronouns, conjunctions, determiners o forms a closed class = on new items in this class

Morphology

study of words-their sturture, funct and distribution

morpheme

the smallest linguistic unit that has meaning-discrete units of meaning • MORPHEME DOES NOT = WORD • But all words consist of at least one morpheme

8 types of Bound Inflectional Morphemes (must know)

• -s 3rd person singuar present • -s plural • -s possessive • -ed past tense • -ing progressive • -en/ed past participle • -er comparative • -est superlative

Mental Dictionary/ Lexicon Sim and diff

• Printed dict don't include many words that speakers actually use o Ginormous, mankini • Dictionary may contain words that we don't know All languages have linguistic creativity • "you cant out-Texas Texas"