Foundations II FINAL EXAM REPO
other female reproductive tests
-endometrial (aspiration) biopsy -dilation and curettage -laparoscopy -hysteroscopy -endometrial ablation
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
-enlargement of the prostate gland that obstructs the flow of urine Cause: unknown Pharm treatment: alpha-adrenergic blockers and 5-alpha reductase inhibitors
Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
-50% of sexually active individuals get HPV at some point -can cause cervical cancer and or genital warts
orchitis
An inflammation of the testes
Menopause marks the end of a woman's reproductive capacity. Which of the following is a common complaint that may be due to a cystocele?
Dyspareunia
A 48-year-old man has presented to the outpatient radiology department for a scheduled transrectal ultrasound (TRUS). The nurse in this department should be aware that this patient has likely had:
Elevated prostate-specific antigen (PSA)
A nurse is teaching a group of college-aged men about the risks of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. A participant has implied that men do not need to be particularly concerned about these diseases since the health consequences for men are comparatively minor. The nurse counters that men may in fact become infertile because these diseases can cause:
Epididymitis
A client who comes to the clinic complaining of perineal pain, dysuria, and fever is diagnosed with prostatitis. The nurse understands that which of the following organisms would be the most likely cause?
Escherichia coli
cause of condylomata (genital warts)
HPV
A nurse is reviewing the history of a client who is experiencing difficulty sustaining an erection. Which of the following might the nurse suspect as a possible contributing factor?
HTN
Which statement is true regarding hormonal contraception?
It increases the risk for venous thromboembolism.
A client has a history of dysmenorrhea. During monthly menses, the client experiences incapacitating cramping and passes large clots. The client's primary care physician initiates conservative treatment. What interventions would the physician to recommend?
NSAIDs
Candidiasis
yeast infection -caused by C. albicans -treated with antifungals Risk factors: broad spectrum antibiotics, exogenous hormones, and corticosteroids
atypia
Structural abnormality in a cell
A client who wishes to preserve childbearing asks the nurse to explain how taking oral contraceptives will work in the management of endometriosis. Which is the best response by the nurse?
Symptoms of endometriosis are increased during normal menstrual cycle.
A patient has been diagnosed with a Trichomoniasis vaginal infection. The nurse would expect which color of discharge?
yellow-green
A 24-year-old client births a healthy female infant. This client was given diethylstilbestrol (DES) during her pregnancy. It is important that the nurse stresses frequent gynecologic examinations of the client's daughter when she reaches a certain age because of which concern?
To prevent the onset of vaginal carcinoma in the client's daughter
vault prolapse
Top of the vagina prolapses after a hysterectomy
surgeries for BPH and prostate cancer
Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) Suprapubic prostatectomy Perineal prostatectomy Retropubic prostatectomy Transurethral incision of the prostate (TOIP) Robotic or laparoscopic prostatectomy
During an internal vaginal examination, the nurse practitioner notes a frothy and malodorous discharge. The nurse suspects the odor is caused by which bacteria?
Trichomonas
priapism
persistent and painful erection *a urologic emergency -anticoagulant or shunt placement
organic causes of erectile dysfunction are treated with
phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE-5) inhibitors
endometriosis
presence of endometrial like tissue that proliferates outside of the uterine cavity -chronic pelvic pain -NSAIDs and oral contraceptives
bacterial vaginosis (BV)
a condition in women in which there is an abnormal overgrowth of certain bacteria in the vagina -may be asymptomatic -may cause foul vaginal discharge -usually treated with metronidazole
amenorrhea
absence of menses -may be primary or secondary -treated with hormones
An older female client reports pain during intercourse, disrupting the intimacy that she and her husband are accustomed to sharing. What might be the cause of her pain?
atrophy of Bartholin glands
uterine fibroids
benign tumors of the uterus
Mastalgia
breast pain
A nurse is caring for a client in the clinic. Which sign or symptom may indicate that the client has gonorrhea?
burning on urination
syphilis
caused by: Treponema pallidum -single dose of penecillin intramuscular injection -bacterial infection caused by sexual contact
Systemic breast cancer therapies
chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, biologic therapy
Cancer of the cervix
common among women between the ages of 30 and 50. Risk factors include frequent cervical inflammation, sexually transmitted diseases, multiple pregnancies, and many sexual partners. HPV may cause the disease pap tests most preventative measure
endometrial ablation
procedure to destroy or remove the endometrium by use of laser, electrical, or thermal energy; used to treat abnormal uterine bleeding
Which cancer ranks second as the cause of death in American men?
prostate
A patient experiences hypotension, lethargy, and muscle spasms while receiving bladder irrigations after a transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP). What is the first action the nurse should take?
discontinue the irrigations
varicocele
enlarged veins of the spermatic cord
A client is preparing for an annual prostate digital examination, and asks the nurse to explain the role of the prostate gland. What is the function of the prostatic fluid?
ensuring sperm survival
Which structure collects the spermatocytes and nourishes them until they are able to move about spontaneously?
epididymis
A 61-year-old man's elevated prostate screening antigen (PSA) levels and abnormal digital rectal examination (DRE) results prompted his care provider to refer him for treatment. The patient has subsequently been diagnosed with prostate cancer and is scheduled for surgery. The nurse should recognize that this patient's plan of nursing care should include interventions to address what potential long-term complication of prostate surgery?
erectile dysfunction
menstrual cycle results from variations in
estrogen, progesterone, FSH, and LSH
Which of the following patient populations have the highest risk for developing testicular cancer?
european american
when should females get mammograms?
every year after age of 40
A patient is told that she has a common form of breast cancer where the tumor arises from the duct system and invades the surrounding tissues, often forming a solid irregular mass. What type of cancer does the nurse prepare to discuss with the patient?
infiltrating ductal carcinoma
pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
inflammation and infection of organs in the pelvic region; salpingitis, oophoritis, endometritis, endocervicitis Treatment: bed rest, IV fluids, IV antibiotics
Epididymitis
inflammation of the epididymis that is frequently caused by the spread of infection from the urethra or the bladder
prostatitis
inflammation of the prostate gland S/S: perineal discomfort, dysuria, urgency frequency, pain w/ or after ejaculation Management: antibiotics, comfort measures, analgesic agents, sitz baths
Which statement is accurate regarding sildenafil?
its side effects including flushing, headache and dizziness
Surgical management of breast cancer
lumpectomy, simple mastectomy, modified radical mastectomy, radical mastectomy, sentinel lymph node biopsy
Postop assessment for prostate surgery
maintenance of fluid volume balance, relief of pain and discomfort, ability to perform self care activities
Breast surgery care
monitor for complications such as lymphedema, hematoma, seroma, infection
nursing care around chemo addresses
n/v, bone marrow suppression, taste changes, alopecia, mucositis, skin changes, fatigue
A client is having prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing done. Which result would the nurse identify as abnormal?
normal levels are <4.0
Symptoms of pelvic infection usually begin with which of the following?
pain
dyspareunia
painful intercourse
dysmenorrhea
painful menstruation Primary- crampy abdominal and/or lower back pain before onset of bleeding Secondary- associated with underlying patho Treatment: NSAIDs and hormonal contraceptives
dysuria
painful urination
Perimenopause
period of transition from normal periods to the complete cessation of menses for 1 year
Priapism
persistent and painful erection
Cystocele
protrusion of the bladder in vagina
Breast reconstructive surgeries
reduction mammoplasty, augmentation mammoplasty and mastopexy
hydrocele
sac of clear fluid in the scrotum
Which structure is involved in keeping the testes at the necessary temperature to ensure sperm production?
scrotum
A group of students are reviewing information related to the male reproductive system structures. The students demonstrate understanding of the information when they identify which structure as an accessory organ?
seminal vesicles
A client who is to have a pelvic examination has a disability that interferes with her ability to place her feet on the foot rests of the examination table. The nurse would assist the client to assume which position?
sim
radiation therapy nursing care emphasis
skin care and fatigue management
cancer of the endometrium or uterus
standard treatment is a total abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (removal of fallopian tubes and ovaries )
Hysterectomy
surgical removal of the female reproductive organs -used to treat uterine bleeding, benign or malignant masses, pelvic organ prolapse, pelvic pain, endometriosis, trauma -total abdominal hysterectomies (TAH) and total vaginal hysterectomies (TVH)
After having transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP), a client returns to the unit with a three-way indwelling urinary catheter and continuous closed bladder irrigation. Which finding suggests that the client's catheter is occluded?
the client reports bladder spasms and the urge to void
uterine prolapse
the condition in which the uterus slides from its normal position in the pelvic cavity and sags into the vagina
A female client is diagnosed with carcinoma in situ of the endometrium. The nurse interprets this as which of the following?
the malignancy is localized
A nurse is providing preoperative teaching to a client with prostate cancer who is scheduled to undergo a radical prostatectomy. When describing the surgery, the nurse would identify which structures as being removed? Select all that apply.
tips of the vas deferns and seminal vesicles
hematoma
tumor of blood
Cancer of the prostate
-asymptomatic in early stages -digital rectal exam (DRE) and prostate- specific antigen (PSA) -surgery, radiation, hormone treatment
assessment of the male reproductive system
-health history -penis and scrotum examination -digital rectal exam -assessment of male breast
Chlamydia and gonorrhea
-most common STIs -usually don't cause symptoms in women -complications in women: pelvic inflammatory disease, ectopic pregnancy, endometriosis, infertility -complications in men: epididymitis which can lead to infertility
testicular cancer
-most common, treatable and curable S/S: gradually with a mass or lump on the testicles and painless enlargement of the testis -orchiectomy (testis removal) or radiation
male diagnostic evaluations
-prostate specific antigen test -prostate fluid or tissue analysis -ultrasonography
breast imaging
-used to detect breast abnormalities and diseases -mammography is the most common -imaging allows for the staging of cancer -ultrasound, MRI, fine needle aspiration, biopsies
Atypical hyperplasia increases a women's risk for breast cancer about how many times compared with that of the general population?
4
menorrhagia
excessive menstrual bleeding
radical prostatectomy
excision of the prostate gland with its capsule, seminal vesicles, vas deferens, and sometimes pelvic lymph nodes
rectocele
extrusion of rectum into the posterior vagina
fibroadenomas
fibrous or solid tissue masses that are usually benign
trochomoniasis
flagellated protozoan that causes commonly sexually transmitted vaginitis -foul vaginal discharge in women -urethritis in men -metronidazole or tinidazole
breast cysts
fluid filled sacs within the breast tissue
phimosis
foreskin cannot be retracted
The nurse is assessing a client in the emergency department who grimaces and reports swelling of the testicles, burning on urination and a green discharge from the penis. The nurse suspects the client will be diagnosed with which infection?
gonorrhea
Prostate surgery complications
hemorrhage infections, catheter obstruction, DVT, sexual dysfunction
Which of the following is an immediate danger after a prostate surgery?
hemorrhagic shock and bleeding
The nurse is preparing a presentation for a local community group about prostate cancer and possible dietary risk factors. Which of the following would the nurse most likely include?
high fat diet
hysteroscopy
visual examination of the uterus
Health history for female reproductive assessment
-STDs -female genital mutilation -incest and sexual abuse -rape and sexual assault -domestic violence
Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS)
-abnormal cells found in the lobules of the breast -increases the future risk of invasive carcinoma in both breasts.
Papanicolaou (Pap) test
-an effective tool used to screen for cervical cancer -secretions are gently removed from the cervix and cervical os
orchitis
inflammation of the testes
Which is the primary assessment finding in identifying the possible cause of repeated episodes of vaginitis in a female client?
type 2 diabetes
laparoscopy
visual examination of the abdomen