Fundamentals of Sectional anatomy LAZO chapter 2
basal ganglion
(pl. ? basal ganglia) ? one of four masses of gray matter located deep in the cerebral hemispheres, including the caudate, lentiform, amygdaloid nucleus, and the claustrum; syn. ? cerebral nucleus
cerebral nucleus
(pl. ? basal ganglia) ? one of four masses of gray matter located deep in the cerebral hemispheres, including the caudate, lentiform, amygdaloid nucleus, and the claustrum; syn. ? cerebral nucleus
foramen of Luschka
(pl. ? foramina of Luschka) ? the bilateral opening from the fourth ventricle connecting it with the subarachnoid space; syn. ? lateral aperture.
lateral aperture
(pl. ? foramina of Luschka) ? the bilateral opening from the fourth ventricle connecting it with the subarachnoid space; syn. ? lateral aperture.
A) Anterior Communicating Artery
A
A) Caudate Nucleus
A
A) Cerebral Peduncles
A
A) Clivis
A
A) Interpeduncular Cistern
A
A) Lateral Fissure
A
A) Longitudinal Fissure
A
A) Sigmoid Sinus
A
A) Straight Sinus
A
A) Thalamus
A
A) Transverse Sinus
A
A1) Cerebrum-Frontal lobe
A1
A2) Cerebrum-Parietal lobe
A2
A3) Cerebrum-Occipital lobe
A3
B) 3rd Ventricle
B
B) Anterior Cerebral Arteries
B
B) Basilar Artery
B
B) Cerebellum
B
B) External Capsule
B
B) Falx Cerebri
B
B) Genu of Corpus Callosum
B
B) Interpeduncular Cistern
B
B) Medulla
B
B) Midbrain
B
B) Sigmoid Sinus
B
B) Vermis
B
C) Caudate Nucleus
C
C) Cerebellum
C
C) Internal Carotids
C
C) Lateral Ventricles
C
C) Midbrain
C
C) Pons
C
C) Superior Sagittal Sinus
C
C) Tentorium Cerebelli
C
C) Vermis
C
C) Vertebral Arteries
C
D) Centrum Semiovale
D
D) Cerebellar Tonsils
D
D) Cerebral Aqueduct
D
D) Confluence of Sinuses
D
D) Fourth Ventricle
D
D) Internal Capsule
D
D) Pons
D
D) Posterior Communicating Arteries
D
D) Septum Pellucidum
D
D) Straight Sinus
D
DEF) Brainstem
DEF
E) Centrum Semiovale
E
E) Cisterna Magna
E
E) Confluence of Sinuses
E
E) Insula
E
E) Midbrain
E
E) Posterior Cerebral Arteries
E
E) Tectum
E
E) Transverse Sinus
E
F) Basilar Artery
F
F) Lentiform Nucleus (Putamen/Globulus Pallidus)
F
F) Splenium of Corpus Callosum
F
F) Superior Cistern
F
F)Medulla
F
G) Vermis
G
G) Vertebral Arteries
G
G1) Corpus Callosum-Rostrum
G1
G2) Corpus Callosum-Genu
G2
G3) Corpus Callosum-Body
G3
G4) Corpus Callosum-Splenium
G4
H) Anterior Communicating Arteries
H
H) Tentorium Cerebelli
H
H) Thalamus
H
I) Ambient Cistern
I
I) Hypothalamus
I
I) Internal Carotids
I
J) Gyrus/Gyri
J
J) Posterior Cerebral Arteries
J
K) Sulcus/Sulci
K
K) Vertebral Arteries
K
L) Anterior Cerebral Arteries
L
L) Lateral Ventricles
L
M) Fourth Ventricle
M
M)Middle Cerebral Arteries
M
N) Cisterna Magna
N
N) Posterior Communicating Arteries
N
O) Basilar Artery
O
O) Superior Sagittal Sinus
O
P) Cerebral Aqueduct
P
Q) Confluence of Sinuses
Q
R) Straight Sinus
R
S) Tentorium Cerebelli
S
T) Tectum
T
U) Clivis
U
peduncle
a band of fibers connecting parts of the brain.
posterior cerebral artery
a bilateral branch off the basilar artery, supplying the right and left posterior portion of the brain with blood.
vertebral artery
a bilateral branch off the right and left subclavian arteries; the right and left vertebral arteries merge to form the basilar artery, and eventually supply the posterior portion of brain with blood.
pterygoid process
a bilateral medial and lateral process extending inferiorly from the sphenoid bone.
posterior communicating artery
a bilateral vessel that joins the posterior cerebral arteries with the internal carotid arteries; involved in forming the circle of Willis.
sella turcica
a bony saddle found on the floor of the cranium in the sphenoid bone, which accommodates the pituitary gland.
right common carotid artery
a branch off the brachiocephalic artery providing blood to the right side of the neck and head.
right subclavian artery
a branch off the brachiocephalic artery supplying blood to the left arm.
middle cerebral artery
a branch off the internal carotid artery supplying blood to the lateral portion of the brain.
vermis
a bridge connecting the right and left hemispheres of the cerebellum.
intermediate mass
a bridge of gray matter passing through the third ventricle connecting the thalamus.
mediastinum
a cavity found between the right and left lungs containing the heart, its great vessels, the trachea, the esophagus, the thymus, the lymph nodes, and connective tissue.
ventricle
a cavity; a cavity in the brain filled with cerebrospinal fluid: either one of the two lateral ventricles, the third ventricle or fourth ventricle; a chamber on either side of the lower heart acting as a pumping chamber of blood.
cistern pontine
a cistern in the brain which is found anterior and inferior to the pons.
decussation of pyramids of medulla
a crossing of fibers in the anterior inferior aspect of medulla resulting in the right half of the brain controlling the left half of the body, and vice versa.
longitudinal fissure
a deep groove or furrow in the brain separating the cerebral hemispheres; a fissure seen along the posterior liver separating the right and left lobes.
transverse fissure
a deep groove or furrow in the brain separating the cerebrum and cerebellum.
temporomandibular fossa
a depression found along the inferior edge of the temporal bone, articulating with the condyloid process of the mandible to form the temporomandibular joint.
falx cerebri
a dip of dura mater into the longitudinal fissure separating the two hemispheres of the cerebrum.
diaphragm
a dome-shaped muscle separating the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity; it originates anteriorly along the circumference of the thoracic cavity and posteriorly on either side of the lumbar vertebrae and inserts into a single tendon anterior to the inferior vena cava.
lateral fissure
a fissure or sulcus separating the frontal and parietal lobes from the temporal lobe of the cerebrum; syn. ? Sylvian fissure.
sylvian fissure
a fissure or sulcus separating the frontal and parietal lobes from the temporal lobe of the cerebrum; syn. ? Sylvian fissure.
falx cerebelli
a fold of the dura mater that forms a vertical partition between hemispheres of the cerebellum.
infundibulum
a funnel-shaped structure or passageway; a stalk connecting the hypothalamus with the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland; the lateral end of the uterine or fallopian tube.
sulcus
a furrow or groove; especially on the brain surface.
anterior horn of lateral ventricle
a hornlike projection of the lateral ventricle found in the frontal lobe of the cerebrum; syn. ? anterior horn.
frontal horn
a hornlike projection of the lateral ventricle found in the frontal lobe of the cerebrum; syn. ? anterior horn.
occipital horn
a hornlike projection of the lateral ventricle found in the occipital lobe of the cerebrum; syn. ? posterior horn.
posterior horn of lateral ventricle
a hornlike projection of the lateral ventricle found in the occipital lobe of the cerebrum; syn. ? posterior horn.
inferior horn
a hornlike projection of the lateral ventricle found in the temporal lobe of the cerebrum; syn. ? inferior horn.
temporal horn
a hornlike projection of the lateral ventricle found in the temporal lobe of the cerebrum; syn. ? inferior horn.
colliculus
a little eminence; an example in the body would be one of the four mounds that form the posterior part of the midbrain.
centrum semiovale
a mass of white matter at the center of each cerebral hemisphere.
sylvian aqueduct
a narrow canal between the third and fourth ventricle of the brain; syn. ? cerebral aqueduct.
afferent neuron
a nerve cell carrying impulses from a receptor to the central nervous system; syn. ? sensory neuron.
sensory neuron
a nerve cell carrying impulses from a receptor to the central nervous system; syn. ? sensory neuron.
efferent neuron
a nerve cell conveying impulses away from the central nervous system.
motor neuron
a nerve cell conveying impulses from the central nervous system to initiate muscular contraction; a type of efferent neuron.
neuron
a nerve cell; the basic structural and functional unit of the nervous system.
diaphragma sella
a partition formed by the meningeal layer of the dura mater, attaching anteriorly and posteriorly to the anterior and posterior clinoids of the sphenoid bone, respectively, forming a covering for the pituitary gland sitting in the sella turcica.
foramen of Monro
a point of communication between the lateral ventricles and the third ventricle; syn. ? foramen of Monro.
interventricular foramen
a point of communication between the lateral ventricles and the third ventricle; syn. ? foramen of Monro.
cistern
a reservoir for storing fluid.
septum pellucidum
a sheet of nervous tissue separating the two lateral ventricles of the cerebrum.
basilar artery
a vessel formed by the merger of the two vertebral arteries; it eventually supplies the posterior portion of the brain with blood.
anterior communicating artery
a vessel joining the anterior cerebral arteries; it is involved in forming the circle of Willis.
cerebrospinal fluid
a watery solution secreted by the choroid plexus; it is found in the ventricles, cisterns, subarachnoid spaces of the brain, and the central canal of the spinal cord.
optic chiasma
an X-shaped crossing of some optic nerve fibers in the brain.
hydrocephalus
an abnormal increased accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles of the brain.
fornix
an archlike structure; white matter lying below the splenium of the corpus callosum of the cerebrum and constructing the inferior margin of the septum pellucidum; recess where the cervix meets the vagina.
circle of Willis
an arterial anastomosis formed by the internal carotid arteries, posterior cerebral arteries, anterior cerebral arteries, posterior communicating arteries, and anterior communicating artery.
pineal gland
an endocrine gland located in the brain superior to the cerebellum and beneath the splenium of the corpus callosum; it frequently calcifies early.
pituitary gland
an endocrine gland secreting a number of hormones, some of which are tropic, stimulating the other endocrine glands to secrete their hormones; it is considered the ?master gland of the body? because of the importance and number of hormones that it secretes; it is divided into two lobes, anterior and posterior, with the posterior lobe connected to the hypothalamus via the infundibulum.
quadrigeminal cistern
an enlarged area posterior to the quadrigeminal plate storing cerebrospinal fluid.
tentorium cerebelli
an extension of the dura mater between the cerebrum and cerebellum.
frontal plane
an imaginary plane running vertically or longitudinally from right to left, parallel to the midcoronal or midaxillary plane dividing the body into anterior and posterior parts; syn. ? coronal plane.
cortex
an outer layer of a body organ or structure.
lateral
away from the midline of the body.
corpus striatum
basal ganglia composed of caudate and lentiform nuclei, which are separated by the internal capsule.
trunk
body.
brain stem
composed of the medulla, pons, and midbrain, it connects the spinal cord with the cerebrum.
spinal cord
continuation of the medulla oblongata below the level of the foramen magnum; all ascending and descending nerve tracts travel through the spinal cord to enter and exit the brain.
hemisphere
either half of the cerebrum or the cerebellum.
convolution
fold; an example would be a fold on the surface of the cerebrum. syn. ? gyrus.
gyrus
fold; an example would be a fold on the surface of the cerebrum. syn. ? gyrus.
amygdaloid nucleus
found at the tail end of the caudate nucleus, it is one of four basal ganglia located in the cerebrum; the others are the caudate and lentiform nuclei and the claustrum.
tropic
having an influence on.
oramen magnum
literally means ?large opening?; located on the inferior portion of the occipital bone.
innominate artery
nameless; syn. ? brachiocephalic artery.
internal
nearer the inside or core of the body or an organ.
external
nearer the outside of the body or an organ.
gray matter
nervous tissue composed mainly of cell bodies rather than neurons with myelinated processes.
white matter
nervous tissue composed principally of nerve fibers with myelinated axons.
temporal bone
one of a pair of bones included in the eight cranial bones; forms the inferior lateral skull. The other cranial bones are the frontal, parietal, occipital, ethmoid, and sphenoid.
parietal bone
one of a pair of bones included in the eight cranial bones; forms the roof and sides of the skull. The other cranial bones are the frontal, occipital, temporal, ethmoid, and sphenoid.
cranial bone
one of eight bones of the skull encasing the brain, consisting of one frontal, two parietal, one occipital, two temporal, one ethmoid, and one sphenoid bone.
ethmoid bone
one of eight cranial bones; containing the ethmoidal sinuses, it is located between the eyes; the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone forms the superior part of the bony nasal septum. The other cranial bones are the frontal, parietal, occipital temporal, and sphenoid.
occipital bone
one of eight cranial bones; forms the posteroinferior portion of the skull. The other cranial bones are the frontal, parietal, temporal, ethmoid, and sphenoid.
claustrum
one of four basal ganglia located in the cerebrum; the others include the caudate, lentiform, and amygdaloid nuclei; the claustrum is separated from the lentiform nucleus by the external capsule.
frontal bone
one of the eight cranial bones; forms the forehead and contains the frontal sinuses. The other cranial bones are the parietal, occipital, temporal, ethmoid, and sphenoid.
sphenoid bone
one of the eight cranial bones; serves as the anchor for the remaining cranial bones and is found on the floor of the skull; contains the sphenoid sinuses. The other cranial bones are the frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, and ethmoid.
meninx
one of three membranes covering the brain and spinal cord, including the dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater.
lentiform nucleus
one of two bilateral basal ganglia making up the corpus striatum; found lateral to the thalamus and consisting of the globus pallidus (the medial aspect) and the putamen (the lateral aspect).
caudate nucleus
one of two bilateral basal ganglia that are part of the corpus striatum; conforms to the shape of the lateral ventricle.
thalamus
one of two primary sections of the diencephalon, the other being the hypothalamus; the thalamus forms the wall of the third ventricle.
hypothalamus
one of two primary sections of the diencephalon, the other being the thalamus; the hypothalamus, found inferior to the thalamus, is connected to the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland by way of the infundibulum and comprises the ventral wall of the third ventricle.
putamen
one part of the lentiform nucleus, the other being the globus pallidus; they are both found lateral to the thalamus, with the putamen being most lateral.
globus pallidus
one part of the lentiform nucleus, the other being the putamen; they are both found lateral to the thalamus, with the globus pallidus being most medial.
diencephalon
part of the forebrain; composed primarily of the thalamus and hypothalamus; it forms the lateral and ventral walls of the third ventricle.
squamous
platelike; examples would be the squamous portions of the frontal and occipital bones.
clinoid (anterior, posterior)
processes of the sphenoid bone found at the base of the skull; they form the anterior and posterior borders of the sella turcica.
diploe
spongy bone found between two layers of compact bone in the skull.
collateral trigone
the angle where the posterior and inferior horns of the ventricles meet; the site of heavy concentration of the choroid plexus.
anterior cerebellar notch
the anterior notch of the cerebellum accommodating the fourth Ventricle.
frontal lobe
the anterior portion of each cerebral hemisphere lying beneath the frontal bone.
forebrain
the anterior portion of the brain in embryo, evolving into the cerebrum and diencephalon.
blood-brain barrier
the barrier between the blood, brain, and ventricles, which selectively prohibits certain substances from entering the brain and cerebrospinal fluid.
internal carotid artery
the branch of the common carotid artery that primarily supplies blood to the anterior, medial, and lateral aspects of the brain.
external carotid artery
the branch off the common carotid artery that supplies blood to the face, the scalp, and most of the neck and throat, bilaterally.
anterior cerebral artery
the branch off the internal carotid artery, supplying blood to the anterior and medial aspect of the cerebral hemispheres, bilaterally.
choroid plexus
the capillary network in the four ventricles of the brain, producing cerebrospinal fluid by filtration and secretion.
dural sinus
the channel located between the two layers of the dura mater that drains blood and cerebrospinal fluid.
arch of aorta
the curved part of the aorta from which the brachiocephalic, left common carotid, and left subclavian arteries arise.
central fissure
the deep groove or furrow in the brain that separates the frontal lobe of the cerebrum from the parietal lobe.
central lobe
the division of each cerebral hemisphere found medial to the lateral sulcus or central fissure; syn. ? central lobe.
insula
the division of each cerebral hemisphere found medial to the lateral sulcus or central fissure; syn. ? central lobe.
temporal lobe
the division of each cerebral hemisphere lying beneath each temporal bone.
hindbrain
the division of the brain composed of the pons, medulla oblongata, and the cerebellum.
parietal lobe
the division of the right and left cerebral hemisphere lying beneath each parietal bone.
corpora quadrigemina
the dorsal portion of the midbrain consisting of two superior and two inferior colliculi; syn. ? tectum or corpora quadrigemina.
quadrigeminal plate
the dorsal portion of the midbrain consisting of two superior and two inferior colliculi; syn. ? tectum or corpora quadrigemina.
tectum
the dorsal portion of the midbrain consisting of two superior and two inferior colliculi; syn. ? tectum or corpora quadrigemina.
brachiocephalic artery
the first of three major vessels arising off the arch of the aorta; provides the right side of the head, neck, and right arm with blood; syn. ? innominate artery.
medulla
the inner or central portion of an organ; an abbreviated term for medulla oblongata.
pia mater
the innermost meninx of the brain and spinal cord.
genu
the knee or any angular structure resembling the flexed knee; the anterior portion of the corpus callosum.
cisterna magna
the largest cistern in the brain; it is located between the medulla oblongata, inferior aspect of cerebellar hemispheres, and occipital bone.
cerebellum
the largest part of the hindbrain; composed of right and left hemispheres connected by the vermis; it communicates with the other parts of the brain via the superior, middle, and inferior peduncles.
cell body
the main part of a cell.
foramen of Magendie
the median opening of the fourth ventricle, draining the cerebrospinal fluid into the central canal of the spinal cord and subarachnoid space; syn. ? median aperture.
median aperture
the median opening of the fourth ventricle, draining the cerebrospinal fluid into the central canal of the spinal cord and subarachnoid space; syn. ? median aperture.
arachnoid
the middle or intermediate meninx covering the brain and spinal cord.
midbrain
the middle portion of the embryonic brain that evolves into the cerebral peduncles and the corpora quadrigemina; the cerebral aqueduct passes through the midbrain.
medulla oblongata
the most inferior part of the brain stem and hindbrain, which continues as the spinal cord below the level of the foramen magnum and contains many vital reflex centers.
cerebrum
the most superior and largest part of the brain; it is divided into two hemispheres separated by the longitudinal fissure and connected by the corpus callosum.
optic nerve
the nerve exiting the back of the orbit, carrying the sensory information received by the retina to the brain.
cerebral aqueduct
the passageway connecting the third and fourth ventricles of the brain; syn. ? sylvian aqueduct.
corpus callosum
the portion of brain composed of white matter connecting the two cerebral hemispheres.
posterior cerebellar notch
the posterior notch of the cerebellum accommodating the falx cerebelli.
occipital lobe
the posterior region of the right and left cerebral hemisphere lying beneath the occipital bone.
dorsum sellae
the posterior surface of the sella turcica.
body
the principal mass of any structure.
dendrite
the process of a neuron conducting impulses toward the cell body.
axon
the process of a neuron that conducts impulses away from the cell body.
pons
the rounded superior anterior part of the hindbrain.
left common carotid artery
the second of three major vessels arising off the arch of the aorta; provides the left side of the neck and head with oxygenated blood.
subarachnoid space
the space between the arachnoid and the pia mater.
subdural space
the space between the dura mater and arachnoid.
epidural space
the space outside the dura mater of the brain and spinal cord.
splenium
the thickened posterior portion of the corpus callosum.
left subclavian artery
the third and last vessel to arise off the arch of the aorta; supplies oxygenated blood to the left arm and the posterior aspect of the head.
dura mater
the tough outermost meninx of the brain and spinal cord, consisting of an outer endosteal and inner meningeal layer.
parietal
the wall of a cavity.