General Psychology Final Exam Review (Columbia College: McMahon)

18. Brandon is a psychologist who is studying the relationship between heredity and mood disorders. He strongly believes that behavior and mental processes have a connection with the brain, hormones, heredity, and evolution. Brandon's beliefs are most consistent with the _____ perspective.

Biological

24. __________such as pathogens, injuries, age, gender, and a family history of disease may strike us as the most obvious causes of illness.

Biological factors

19. Which of the following is Hans Selye's term for stress that is healthful?

Eustress

21. In language development, over inclusion of instances in a category is labeled overregularization.

False

21. In the context of humanistic therapies, client-centered therapy is directive in nature.

False

21. When problems assault us, irrational beliefs help diminish their effect.

False

21. Women who smoke show increased bone density.

False

22. Biofeedback training (BFT) increases stress, tension, and anxiety in people.

False

22. Type B people are highly driven, competitive, impatient, hostile, and aggressive—so much so that they are prone to getting into auto accidents.

False

23. According to Jeffrey Arnett, the age of self-focus is characterized by adults experimenting with careers and romantic possibilities.

False

23. According to research, intelligence quotient (IQ) scores tend to increase during the summer vacation.

False

23. Inflammation decreases blood circulation to parts of the body that are injured.

False

24. Like psychoanalysis, Gestalt therapy focuses on the here and now.

False

25. A feature of crystallized intelligence is that it does not increase throughout the life span.

False

25. Alfred Adler believed that people are motivated by the collective unconscious.

False

25. Dreams are most likely to be vivid during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, whereas images are vaguer and more fleeting during rapid eye movement sleep (REM) sleep.

False

3. In the context of classical conditioning, extinguished conditioned responses cannot be recovered.

False

4. The organ of Corti is a membrane that lies coiled within the cochlea.

False

5. According to structuralists, maladaptive behavior patterns tend to drop out, and only the fittest behavior patterns survive.

False

5. Genetic components do not contribute to an individual's sensitivity to basic tastes.

False

6. Norepinephrine is manufactured exclusively by the adrenal glands.

False

6. Psychoanalysis is the name of the theory of personality developed by Sigmund Freud but not the method of psychotherapy he had developed.

False

6. The loss of memory in a person with dissociative amnesia can be attributed to organic problems such as a blow to the head or alcoholic intoxication.

False

7. People who develop illness anxiety disorder are not sensitive to bodily sensations and tend to disregard them.

False

7. The rods and cones in the eye respond to light with chemical changes that create neural impulses that are picked up by the unipolar cells.

False

8. In generalized dissociative amnesia, people forget particular traumatic instances of their lives but not their entire lives.

False

8. Stimulus motives provide an evolutionary disadvantage.

False

9. According to Melissa Hines and her colleagues, human female embryos and fetuses who have been exposed prenatally to higher-than-typical concentrations of male sex hormones show reduced tendencies to display physically aggressive behavior.

False

9. Elevated blood pressure is a psychological symptom of anxiety disorders.

False

9. The somatic nervous system controls activities such as heartbeat, respiration, digestion, and dilation of the pupils.

False

19. According to Freud, which of the following is true of the ego?

It begins to develop during the first year of life.

12. Which of the following is true of estrogen production in females?

It stimulates the growth of tissue in the hips.

2. The __________ is an oblong area of the hindbrain involved in regulation of heartbeat, blood pressure, movement, and respiration.

Medulla

5. Peggy Blake and her colleagues constructed a scale of "life-change units" to measure the impact of life changes among college students. Surveys with students revealed that:

Some of them considered academic success to be stressful

7. _____ specialize in basic processes such as the nervous system, sensation and perception, learning and memory, thought, motivation, and emotion.

experimental psychologists

23. Which of the following Freudian psychic structures is present in a person at birth?

The ID

7. Which of the following statements is true of a neural impulse?

The process by which a neural impulse travels is electrochemical.

11. Identify a true statement about social-cognitive theorists.

They note that people engage in intentional learning by observing others.

2. Which of the following is a defining characteristic of biologically oriented psychologists?

They study the role of heredity in behavior and mental processes such as psychological disorders, criminal behavior, and thinking.

1. Active touching means continuously moving your hand along the surface of an object so that you continue to receive sensory input from the object.

True

1. As opposed to a dependent variable, an independent variable is manipulated by the experimenters so that its effects may be determined.

True

1. In the context of stressors, Albert Ellis referred to situations such as losing a job as an activating event.

True

1. Sacs called synaptic vesicles in the axon terminals contain neurotransmitters.

True

10. The Hering-Helmholtz illusion is a visual illusion.

True

11. Physicians frequently prescribe stimulants in an effort to help hyperactive children control their behavior.

True

13. People with borderline personality disorder show instability in their relationships, self-image, and mood and a lack of control over impulses.

True

14. Social-cognitive theorists grant cognition a key role in studying and explaining behavior.

True

15. Correcting power imbalances in a relationship increases happiness and can decrease the incidence of domestic violence.

True

16. Explicit memory is memory for specific information.

True

16.Psychotherapy is based on research in areas such as personality, learning, motivation, and emotion.

True

17. Experimentation is the gold standard for research in psychology.

True

17. Freud believed that children encounter conflict during each stage of psychosexual development.

True

18. Self-esteem is connected with patterns of acculturation among immigrants.

True

18. Sigmund Freud believed that the content of dreams is determined by unconscious processes as well as by the events of the day.

True

2. In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, achievement, prestige, and status are included under esteem needs.

True

20. While conducting studies about the immune system's response to the Epstein-Barr virus during the stress of exams, it was found that students who were lonely showed greater suppression of the immune system than students who had more social support.

True

22. Carl Rogers believed that we all have unique frames of reference.

True

22. In biofeedback training, therapists attach clients to devices that measure bodily functions such as heart rate.

True

23. Gestalt therapy assumes that people disown parts of themselves that might meet with social disapproval or rejection.

True

24. People with frequent nightmares are more likely than others to have anxiety, depression, and other psychological problems.

True

24. The preconscious mind contains ideas that are out of awareness but can be made conscious by focusing on them.

True

3.According to the biological views on the origins of psychological disorders, humans are genetically predisposed to fear stimuli that may have posed a threat to their ancestors.

True

4. Hippocrates suggested that psychological disorders are caused by brain abnormalities.

True

4. Left-brained people are primarily logical and intellectual.

True

5. Jenna has not eaten in eight hours. She experiences hunger. According to the drive-reduction theory, Jenna is experiencing a primary drive.

True

5. When children reared by adoptive parents are more similar to their natural parents in a particular trait, strong evidence exists for a genetic role in the development of that trait.

True

5.Anxiety is an appropriate response to a real threat, but it can be abnormal when it is excessive.

True

6. Humans can detect the odor of 1 one-millionth of a milligram of vanilla in a liter of air.

True

7. Positive events such as learning that the person we love also loves us can raise our level of happiness at a particular moment.

True

7. The evolutionary perspective suggests that animals are biologically prepared to develop taste aversions that are adaptive in their environments.

True

8. Direct artificial stimulation of the occipital lobe produces visual sensations.

True

8. In the context of psychological researches, debriefing is the process of explaining the purposes and methods of a completed procedure to a participant.

True

8. Odors trigger firing of receptor neurons in the olfactory membrane high in each nostril.

True

9. Cochlear implants contain microphones that sense sounds and electronic equipment that transmits sounds past damaged hair cells to stimulate the auditory nerve.

True

23. _____ was a founder of the school of functionalism.

William James

4. A(n)__________rat is characterized by excessive eating.

hyperphagic

15. Shawna is in her mid-fifties. Her college-going son lives in a separate apartment in the same city while her parents live with her. She cooks meals for her son regularly and does his laundry. At the same time, she looks after her parents, who are dependent on her. Shawna is facing the difficulties _____.

of the sandwich generation

10. According to Selye's theory, if the alarm reaction mobilizes the body and the related stressor is not removed, we enter the __________ stage of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS). This stage precedes the last stage of the GAS.

resistance

13. Stress elevates blood levels of cortisol and adrenaline (epinephrine) and heightens the probability that a dormant Epstein-Barr virus will be reactivated.

true

14. On average, gay males tend to be somewhat feminine and lesbians to be somewhat masculine.

true

14. Stress and pathogens interact to influence the immune system.

true

15. Hassles and life changes can predict physical health problems such as heart disease and cancer, and even athletic injuries.

true

17. Psychological states such as anxiety and depression can impair the functioning of the immune system.

true

20. The reliability of a test refers to the stability of one's test results from one testing to another.

true

1. Jane is working overtime to exceed her sales targets so that she gets a higher income. The higher income, in this scenario, is an intrinsic reward.

false

11. Unhealthy stress is referred to as eustress.

false

12. People who have higher self-efficacy expectations are more prone to be disturbed by adverse events.

false

12. Psychological needs are always based on states of deprivation.

false

12. Short-term memory is also known as semantic memory.

false

12. Structuralists emphasized the tendency to organize perceptions into wholes and to integrate separate stimuli into meaningful patterns.

false

13. In retrograde amnesia, there are memory lapses for the period following a trauma such as a blow to the head, an electric shock, or an operation.

false

15. The James-Lange theory suggests that emotions cause our behavioral responses to events.

false

15. The method of savings was devised by Ebbinghaus in order to study the efficiency of recall.

false

16. According to Freud, moderate gratification in any stage could lead to fixation in that stage and to the development of traits that are characteristic of the stage.

false

18. In the approach-avoidance conflict, each of two goals is desirable, and both are within reach.

false

19. According to the ethical guidelines of the American Psychological Association, animals cannot be harmed under any circumstance while conducting research.

false

19. The embryonic stage of pregnancy lasts from the beginning of the third month until the birth of the baby.

false

2. In the context of the alarm reaction, once a threat is removed, the body returns to a higher state of arousal.

false

20. An intelligence quotient (IQ) is independent of his or her chronological age (CA).

false

21. Girls can become pregnant immediately after menarche.

false

21. Structuralists tended to ask, "How do behavior and mental processes help people adapt to the requirements of their lives?"

false

21. The Rorschach inkblot test is an example of an objective test.

false

22. According to the linguistic-relativity hypothesis, language does not affect the way we perceive the world.

false

25. According to the general adaptation syndrome, during the resistance stage, a person typically feels like a heavy burden has been removed from his or her mind.

false

25. In psychoanalysis, the tendency to block the free expression of impulses and primitive ideas is referred to as transference.

false

4. Increasing hypertension and LDL (harmful) serum cholesterol, through medicine if necessary, reduces the risk of coronary heart disease.

false

6. According to the general adaptation syndrome, in the resistance stage, levels of endocrine and sympathetic activity are higher than in the alarm reaction stage.

false

6. People share similar psychological needs because people's biological makeups are similar.

false

8. Irrational beliefs can lessen an individual's emotional reaction to loss and enhance coping ability.

false

9. In the context of stress, predictability is of greater benefit to externals—that is, to people who wish to exercise control over their situations—than to internals.

false

9. Rewards and punishments are known by their effects, whereas reinforcers are more known by how they feel.

false

13. A(n)__________rat is characterized by under eating.

Aphagic

16. Which of the following statements is true about the different types of psychologists?

Clinical psychologists help clients resolve problems and change self-defeating behavior.

3. Eli is a school student. Her teacher's appreciation motivates her to study well. She also aims to impress her teacher and parents by getting into a good university after she graduates from high school. Eli's performance goals seem to be met through _____.

Extrinsic Rewards

1.People with body dysmorphic disorder have dual personalities.

False

10. An emotion cannot be a goal in itself.

False

10. The belief that one is in control of a panic attack heightens anxiety.

False

11. In the context of specific phobias, acrophobia is the fear of snakes.

False

12. The central symptom of generalized anxiety disorder is persistent anxiety that can be attributed to a phobic object, situation, or activity.

False

14. Electroconvulsive therapy has no side effects.

False

19. In modern psychodynamic therapies, there is more focus on the id and less emphasis on the ego.

False

2.In the context of obsessive-compulsive disorder, seemingly irresistible urges to engage in thoughts or behaviors that tend to reduce anxiety are referred to as obsessions.

False

20. In aversive conditioning, an aversive stimulus is paired with a painful behavior in order to increase the frequency of that behavior.

False

24. The __________ is the first stage of prenatal development, during which the dividing mass of cells has not been implanted in the uterine wall.

Germinal Stage

11. The __________ is a pea-sized structure in the brain that is involved in many aspects of motivation, including sex, aggression, and hunger.

Hypothalamus

3. Which of the following is a risk factor for coronary heart disease?

Overeating

16. In the context of stress, which of the following is true of humor?

Research suggests that humor can moderate the effects of stress.

7. Which of the following is one of Selye's three stages in the general adaptation syndrome?

The exhaustion stage

22. A two-year-old child's family has a pet rabbit. When the family visits the zoo, the child sees a hamster for the first time and calls it a rabbit because of the physical features that are common to a rabbit and a hamster. According to Piaget, which cognitive process will most likely modify the child's understanding?

Accommodation

1. Operant conditioning is a simple form of learning in which organisms come to anticipate or associate events with one another.

False

11. In sensory memory, the memory traces of visual stimuli last many times longer than the traces of auditory stimuli.

False

12. Nicotine increases the appetite and reduces the metabolic rate of a person.

False

13. Sociocultural psychologists study those things we refer to as the mind.

False

13. Suppression and nonconscious processes are Freudian concepts, whereas repression is a non-Freudian concept.

False

14. A child looks at rain and thunder and says that they are caused by the change in weather. In the sensorimotor stage, this is termed as artificialism.

False

14. The hypothalamus is involved in the formation of verbal memories.

False

14. When we sleep, our brain waves become identical to those emitted when we are conscious.

False

15. In an experiment, the presence of dependent variables does not depend on the independent variables.

False

16. Hypnosis impairs the functioning of the immune system.

False

17. In a study conducted to test the effect of a medicine, one group of participants is given the medicine while another group is not. The latter would be considered an experimental group.

False

17. In the context of processes of memory, storage modifies information so that it can be placed in memory.

False

17. Mindfulness meditation (MM) provides clients with techniques they can use to attain spiritual enlightenment.

False

18. Dreams are more likely to be coherent in plot than emotionally gripping.

False

18. The amygdala is connected to the mother by blood vessels in the uterine wall.

False

19. The term preconscious is descriptive of bodily processes of which we cannot become conscious.

False

2. Students who obtain higher grades are more likely to behave aggressively following exposure to violent video games.

False

20. Sleep terrors, bedwetting, and sleepwalking all occur during light sleep.

False

20. With age, there are very large declines in memory function, and these changes can never be reversed.

False

4. Positive reinforcers increase the probability that a behavior will occur when the reinforcers are removed.

False

3. __________remove dead neurons and waste products from the nervous system.

Glial Cells

24. Which of the following is true of Aristotle's contribution to psychology?

He argued that human behavior is subject to rules and laws.

13. In boys, pituitary hormones stimulate the testes to increase the output of__________, which in turn causes enlargement of the penis and testes and the appearance of body hair.

Testosterone

25. Which of the following statements is true of the experimental method of research?

The experimental method allows psychologists to control the experiences of participants and draw conclusions about cause and effect.

10. One of the concepts of evolutionary psychology is that not only physical traits but also many patterns of behavior, including social behavior, evolve and can be transmitted genetically from generation to generation.

True

11. People are at the height of their cognitive powers during early adulthood.

True

15. In the context of withdrawal symptoms associated with substance use, cravings are typically accompanied by signs of anxiety such as shakiness, rapid pulse, and sweating.

True

18. When you are given a new phone number and you write it down or immediately dial the number, you are retaining the number in your short-term memory.

True

20. Paulina is a kindergarten teacher. Every time one of her students answers correctly during her alphabet classes, she uses phrases like "Well done" and "Keep it up." Her behavior exemplifies reinforcement.

True

3. Sensory receptors embedded in the skin fire when the surface of the skin is touched.

True

4. Case studies are subject to inaccuracies.

True

9. In contrast to structuralists, Gestalt psychologists claimed that one cannot explain human perceptions, emotions, or thought processes in terms of basic units.

True

10. In counterconditioning, an organism learns to respond to a stimulus in a way that is completely compatible with a response that was conditioned earlier.

false

16. At the postconventional level of adolescence, moral judgements are derived from authority figures.

false

17. Postconventional reasoning emerges during a person's middle adulthood.

false

19. Emotional intelligence does not involve self-insight.

false

2. According to the law of similarity, we perceive different objects as belonging together.

false

22. Erik Erikson focused more on unconscious processes and less on conscious choice and self-direction.

false

23. Hallucinogens are known to create physiological dependence.

false

24. Telegraphic speech is brief and grammatically incorrect.

false

25. Research shows that apes are very reliable in their sequencing of signs, suggesting that they comprehend the rules of grammar.

false

5. Cognitive psychologists explain the outcome of classical conditioning in terms of the publicly observable conditions of learning.

false

6. Spontaneous recovery of learned responses occurs only in operant conditioning.

false

8. Media violence and aggressive video games decrease viewers' level of emotional arousal.

false

3. Ned is feeling stressed because of his workload in office. He is also experiencing insomnia with rapid weight loss. Ned's condition is an example of a __________ correlation.

negative

10. Carl is conducting a study to determine the effects of the new technology-assisted learning methods among students. As part of this study, he has selected a group of university students, male and female, in the age group of 18 to 24 years. These students have been using the new methods of learning. In terms of research methodology, this group best describes a _____.

sample