HIS-111 FINAL (Chapters 11-18)

Who built the famous Taj Mahal?

A Mughal emperor as tomb to glorify the memory of his wife.

Which of the following was not a position taken by Martin Luther?

Acts of good work are the sole source of salvation.

The best statement of laissez-faire as providing the foundation for economic liberalism was made in 1776 by

Adam Smith

Where did coffee originate?

Arabia

After the Turks were defeated in 1687 all of Hungary, Transylvania, Croatia, and Slovenia came under Habsburg rule, thus establishing in southeastern Europe the

Austrian Empire

What is Mary Woolstonecraft best remembered for?

Authorship of the Vindication of the Rights of Women

Before 1858, British India was in the hands of the

British East India Company

Known as "the way of the warrior," the strict code of the Japanese retainer was called

Bushido.

The Russian monarch whose policies favored the landed nobility, at the expense of the serfs, was

Catherine the Great

Nara and Heian were modeled on the city of

Chang'an.

Which of the following was not a result of the development of printing in Europe?

Chinese influence over European affairs rose sharply because of their invention of paper.

The council that ended the Great Schism was the council of

Constance

The fourth crusade was diverted from its original mission and conquered which of the following cities?

Constantinople

After French revolutionaries beheaded king Louis XVI, France became and remained a republic.

False

After four voyages to the New World, Columbus finally realized he had discovered a 'New World.'

False

As a result of the Fourth Crusade, the West established a permanent political presence in the Byzantine Empire.

False

Bartoleme de Las Casas was a staunch defender of the actions of the Spanish conquistadors?

False

Because of the harsh environment, Islam had little impact in West Africa.

False

By the end of the eighteenth century, serfdom had come to an end in eastern Europe, but it still existed in western Europe, and was to prove one of the causes of the French Revolution.

False

England won the Hundred Year's War because of the English reliance on the longbow.

False

Following a Papal bull, Christian knights of the crusades refrained from killing fellow Christians.

False

In 1529, Suleyman I the Magnificent conquered Vienna.

False

In the Byzantine Empire, Latin language remained the major language as the use of Greek was narrowly restricted to monasteries.

False

In the race for overseas empires, the Spanish started later than the Portuguese and were ultimately less successful.

False

In traditional China, the role of women HAD NOT always been inferior to men?

False

Justinian's most significant accomplishment was in permanently reuniting the old Roman Empire.

False

Magellan and his expedition of five ships returned to Spain after circumnavigating the globe.

False

The Ottoman Turks preceded the Seljuk Turks.

False

The Vikings were particularly successful in their attacks because they had mastered the use of gunpowder.

False

The appearance of the violent and destructive Mongol Empire ended all trade between the West and China.

False

The conquistadors of Spain were financed and outfitted by the Spanish crown.

False

The first European nation to gain control of Southeast Asia's spice trade was the Netherlands.

False

The first true book produced from moveable type was Marco Polo's Travels.

False

The ideal family unit in Qing China was the nuclear family?

False

The major advocate of predestination was Martin Luther.

False

There were no differences between European and Japanese feudalism.

False

There were no significant changes in the production methods of food in Medieval Europe.

False

Kangxi of the Manchus (1661-1722) , was arguably the greatest ruler in Chinese history?

False (he was the ruler during the Qing dynasty.)

In addition to Roman and Christian traditions, which other cultural influence was most important in shaping early medieval Europe?

Germanic tribes

Which of the following was not an element in eighteenth-century global trade?

Gold and silver were shipped to America by Spain.

Outside of Europe, the major scenes of battle in the Seven Years War were

India and North America

Which of the following statements is not true about Ottoman power in Europe?

It destroyed a European coalition of Austrian, Polish, Bavarian, and Saxon forces at Vienna in 1683 and held the city for ten years.

The Renaissance began in

Italy

Which area failed to establish a centralized territorial state by the end of the fifteenth century?

Italy

The Austrian ruler whose reform program abolished serfdom, eliminated internal trade barriers, and instituted a new penal code, among other things, was

Joseph II

The Japanese word that refers to the "divine wind" of the massive typhoon that destroyed the invading Mongol fleet of Khubilai Khan is

Kamikaze

The Renaissance artist who moved away from realistic portrayals to idealized forms was

Leonardo da Vinci

The peasant revolt that brought down the preoccupied Ming Dynasty, and precipitated the ascension to control of the Manchus, was led by the disgruntled postal worker,

Li Zicheng

The early fourteenth century was troubled by

Little Ice Age

The traditional example of seventeenth century absolutism has been the rule of

Louis XIV

As a result of the 1555 Peace of Augsburg,

Lutheranism became established as an alternative to Roman Catholicism in Germany.

The Portuguese base of operations in China, granted when they arrived in China, was the territory of

Macao

Question text The divine beauty of the statue David is a reflection of the Neoplatonism of

Michelangelo

Which of the following are correct statements about life in Protestant Europe in the 1500s and 1600s?

Ministers were allowed to get married and have families.

At the 1389 Battle of Kosovo,

Murad's Janissaries defeated the Serbs, ending Serbian domination of the Balkans.

The European power that emerged triumphant in the Indonesian archipelago, and took over virtually the entire region by the end of the eighteenth century, was

Netherlands

The writer who best gave expression to the sixteenth century preoccupation with political power was

Niccolo Machiavelli

Constantinople was captured by the

Ottoman Turks, headed by Mehmet II.

The Three Kingdoms of early Korea were

Paekche, Silla, and Koguryo.

As a result of the Glorious Revolution in England

Parliament became a major participant in the running of the English government.

After Henry VIII's marriage to Catherine of Aragon was annulled by the Archbishop of Canterbury,

Parliament finalized England's religious break with Rome by passing the Act of Supremacy, making Henry the head of the Anglican Church.

An Italian intellectual who hunted down ancient manuscripts and emphasized classical Latin was

Petrarch

Jews, who were thought to be responsible for the Black Death, fled from central Europe to

Poland and Russia

The first European sea-faring nation desiring to trade with China and who arrived in 1514 was

Portugal

The theologies of Luther and Calvin differed with respect to which concept/position?

Predestination

In the daily life of Mughal India, the Muslim practice of barring women from associating with men outside the home was known as

Purdah

The name of the Chinese dynasty established by the Manchus was the

Qing

Question text The Mughal literary masterpiece that served as a basis for a late 1980s Indian television series was the

Ramcaritmanas

The painter who was famous for his madonnas was

Raphael

In 800, Charlemagne was crowned

Roman emperor

The new class of Japanese military officials and retainers whose purpose was to protect their patrons and their property was the

Samurai

At the Battle of Manzikert in 1071, the

Seljuk Turks defeated the Byzantines.

The major threat to the Byzantine Empire in the eleventh century came from the

Seljuk Turks.

The war that was known as the French and Indian War in the U.S. was known as the ____ in Europe.

Seven Years War

The golden age of English literature is represented by

Shakespeare

The four Japanese islands are

Shikoku, Kyushu, Hokkaido, and Honshu

The formal event which led to the break between the American colonies and England was the

Signing of the Declaration of Independence

_____________________ is generally considered China's most distinguished popular novel?

The Dream of the Red Chamber

Which of the following is not true about the reign of Suleyman I the Magnificent?

The Ottomans first captured the Slavic regions of Poland.

Which of the following statements is not an accurate characterization of the nature of Ottoman governmental processes?

The government refused to allow any religion to be practiced in the empire except for Islam.

Which of the following is true of the Japanese islands?

The nearness to the Asian and Pacific tectonic plates causes it to be subject to violent earthquakes.

Between 1700 and 1800 Europe, China and to a lesser degree India and the Ottoman Empire experienced a dramatic growth in population.This was caused by 4 factors.Which of the following is not one of those factors?

The wide availability of medical care.

Which of the following is not correct regarding Ottoman rulers?

They carefully selected the mothers for their children according to their aristocratic and Islamic bloodlines

Question text Which of the following is not correct regarding members of the harems of Turkish sultans?

They were invariably daughters of the Muslim upper class.

Already at the beginning of the 16th century, Spanish rulers allowed the intermarriage between Spaniards and the native population in the Americas.

True

Although world-wide trade increased in seventeenth century, local, regional, and intra-European trade still predominated.

True

During the Ming and Qing dynasties, China remained a predominantly agricultural society; 85% of its people were farmers?

True

Elisabeth I occupied the throne of England for nearly half a century.

True

In 1054 the leaders of the Roman Catholic Church and the Orthodox Church excommunicated each other, leading to a split in Christendom which continues to the present.

True

In the Enlightenment, many intellectuals argued that women were by nature inferior to men.

True

Isaac Newton was an inspiration for the Enlightenment in his contention that the world and everything in it worked like a giant machine.

True

Loyalty was the foundation of the lord-vassal relationship in both Europe and Japan.

True

Malacca is located on the west coast of the Malay peninsula?

True

Marco Polo had reported on the magnificence of China after visiting Beijing during the reign of Khublai Khan, the great Mongol ruler.

True

Recognizing the Chinese pride in their culture, the Jesuits attempted to draw parallels between Christian and Confucian concepts (for example, they identified the Western concept of God with the Chinese character for Heaven), and to show the similarities between Christian morality and Confucian ethics.

True

The Byzantine Empire attained its greatest economic prosperity during the period of the Macedonian emperors.

True

The Church's primary instrument of conversion was the monastic movement.

True

The French and Indian war is also known as the Seven Years War.

True

The first independent state in Latin America was Haiti.

True

The issue that drove Luther to writing his Ninety-Five Theses was the selling of indulgences.

True

The mortality rate among American Indians due to diseases introduced by Europeans is estimated to have been of the same magnitude as that among Europeans after the introduction of the Black Death.

True

The official primary motives of European expansion were "God, glory, and gold."

True

Timbuktu was a major commercial and trade route through the Sahara?

True

What lead to the introduction of African slaves to Central and South America was the decimation of the native Indian population.

True

When the Portuguese arrived in China in 1514, China was in command of a vast empire that stretched from the steppes of Central Asia to the China Sea.

True

Chinese armies under the Qin dynasty conquered

Vietnam

Which of the following was not a fourteenth century explanation of the causes for the Black Death?

Volcanic fumes from the earth.

The most active opponent of religious intolerance and the most outspoken anti-Christians among the philosophes were

Voltaire and Diderot

Britain decided to end its war against the Americans after a combined American and French force defeated General Cornwallis

Yorktown

Which of the following descriptions best depicts the Rococo style?

a fondness for curves and emphasized grace, charm, and gentle action

The legacy Louis XIV left to France was

a nation that was financially destitute.

the head of a convent or monastery for women.

abbess

the head of a monastery.

abbot

The illegal event that constituted the start of the French Revolution was the

action of the Third Estate in declaring itself to be a National Assembly.

As the British extended their economic and military control over India, from the coastal cities to the inland regions,

an estimated one-third of the population in areas under British East Company control died in the 1770s in a series of massive famines.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

argued that, in accord with the "general will," people could be "forced to be free."

a class of hereditary nobility in medieval Europe; a warrior class who shared a distinctive lifestyle based on the institution of knighthood, although there were social divisions within the group based on extremes of wealth.

aristocracy

All of the following were true about European population and food supplies except

as the eighteenth century progressed, European population declined.

originally established in 1639 by the Qing dynasty, the Eight Banners were administrative divisions into which all Manchu families were placed. Banners quickly evolved into the basis of Manchu military organization with each required to raise and support a prescribed number of troops.

banners

The spark that began the Glorious Revolution was the

birth of a son to James II.

the Afrikaans-speaking descendants of Dutch settlers in southern Africa who left the Cape Colony in the nineteenth century to settle in the Orange Free State and Transvaal; defeated by the British in the Boer War (1899-1902) and ultimately incorporated into the Union of South Africa.

boers

mobile sailing ships with both lateen and square sails that began to be constructed in Europe in the sixteenth century.

caravels

All of the following were true of the political recovery of the fifteenth century in Europe except

centralized monarchies gained strength in Germanic central Europe.

in Korea, the lowest class in society consisting of slaves and workers in certain undesirable occupations such as butchers; literally, "base people."

chonmin

Luther's reforms included all of the following except

clerical celibacy

the exchange of animals, plants, and culture, but also communicable diseases and human populations including slaves, between the Western and Eastern Hemispheres that occurred after Columbus's voyages to the Americas.

columbian exchange

The Committee of Public Safety was established to

combat the dual threat of internal rebellion and foreign invasion.

beginning in the Middle Ages, an economic system in which people invested in trade and goods in order to make profits.

commercial capitalism

law common to the entire kingdom of England; imposed by the king's courts beginning in the twelfth century to replace the customary law used in county and feudal courts that varied from place to place.

common law

Ottoman decline was caused by all except

conquest of Constantinople by Great Britain and France in the Crimean War.

"conquerors." Leaders in the Spanish conquests in the Americas, especially Mexico and Peru, in the sixteenth century.

conquistadors

in Latin America, American-born descendants of Europeans.

creoles

the part of a manor retained under the direct control of the lord and worked by the serfs as part of their labor services.

demesne

Enlightened Despotism

demonstrated much more despotism than enlightenment in Russia.

the area under the jurisdiction of a Christian bishop; based originally on Roman administrative districts.

diocese

James I alienated England's Parliament because of his advocacy of

divine right of kings

during the Qing dynasty in China, a system in which all important national and provincial admininstrative positions were shared equally by Chinese and Manchus, which helped to consolidate both Manchu rule and their assimilation.

dyarchy

The new United States Constitution of 1787

employed Montesquieu's conception of the separation of powers.

a grant from the Spanish monarch to colonial conquistadors.

encomienda

the system by which Spain first governed its American colonies. Holders of an encomienda were supposed to protect the Indians as well as using them as laborers and collecting tribute but in practice exploited them.

encomienda system

Babur, the founder of the Mughal Dynasty in India,

established his northern Indian domain after his conquest of Delhi, and died at age of 47.

Mughal decline was most probably not caused by the

fall of the Safavid dynasty.

a landed estate granted to a vassal in exchange for military services

fief

All of the following were cause of the Black Death as described by our writers in our discussion panel on causes EXCEPT

fleas

The "red heads" were

followers of the Shi'ite doctrines of Safi al Din.

a term used to describe the art and especially the architecture of Europe in the twelfth, thirteenth, and fourteenth centuries.

gothic

The essence of the "shogunate system" was that

governmental power became centralized under shogun, while the emperor ruled in name only.

Advocates of "mercantilism" argued for all of the following except

governments should abstain from any involvement in the economy.

an association of people with common interests and concerns, especially people working in the same craft. In medieval Europe, guilds came to control much of the production process and to restrict entry into various trades.

guild

A major advantage that the Ottomans had against Constantinople in 1453 was

gunpowder

Slavery for Africans

had always been part of the continent's societies and cultures

Women in Ottoman society

had considerable political influence if they were queen mothers.

In medieval Japan, women

had varying status, enjoying relative equality as well as suffering discrimination.

An important reason why Henry VIII broke with the Roman church was because

he could not get Rome's permission to divorce his wife, Catherine of Aragon.

the holding of religious doctrines different from the official teachings of the church.

heresy

Dutch colonial efforts were

highly successful in Southeast Asia, and particularly on the island of Java.

Baroque artists sought to harmonize the

ideals of Renaissance art with spiritual feelings of the religious reformations.

Renaissance artists

imitated nature.

Which of the following was the most important reason for the massive growth of the African slave trade in the sixteenth century?

intense labor needs created by the development of sugar growing in the New World

All of the following were policies of Peter the Great except

isolating Russia from the ways and customs of western Europe.

The most ironic aspect of Napoleon's career or rule in France was that

it was more autocratic than that of Louis XVI, which had initially sparked the Revolution.

The "Akbar style" included all of the following except

it was strongly influenced by the artistic style of Ming China.

It can be said of Safavid cultural achievements that

its seventeenth-century carpets epitomized the height of its artistic achievement.

All of the following were true of Safavid Iran except

its wealth was much greater than its neighbors, the Mughal and Ottoman empires.

a form of Japanese theater that developed in the seventeenth century C.E. Originally disreputable, it became a highly stylized art form.

kabuki

the ritual of prostration and touching the forehead to the ground, demanded of all foreign ambassadors to the Chinese court as a symbol of submission.

kowtow

The genin were

landless laborers who could be bought and sold by the owners of the land

the practice in which a layperson chose a bishop and invested him with the symbols of both his temporal office and his spiritual office; led to the Investiture Controversy, which was ended by compromise in the Concordat of Worms in 1122

lay investiture

The Edict of Nantes

legitimized Calvinist worship and permitted Calvinists to engage in politics in France.

the seven areas of study that formed the basis of education in medieval and early modern Europe. Following Boethius and other late Roman authors, they consisted of grammar, rhetoric, and dialectic or logic (the trivium) and arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, and music (the quadrivium).

liberal arts

At the beginning of the Hundred Years' War, the English had the advantage because of

longbow

All of the following statements are correct except

love was the major reason for marriage.

Foreign trade in Southeast Asia was

mainly involved in the export of raw materials.

an agricultural estate operated by a lord and worked by peasants who performed labor services and paid various rents and fees to the lord in exchange for protection and sustenance.

manor

Feudalism refers to a

medieval trade of land use for military service.

the offspring of intermarriage between Europeans, originally Spaniards, and native American Indians.

mestizos

the journey of slaves from Africa to the Americas as the middle leg of the triangular trade.

middle passage

a movement that began in early Christianity whose purpose was to create communities of men or women who practiced a communal life dedicated to God as a moral example to the world around them.

monasticism

a man who chooses to live a communal life divorced from the world in order to dedicate himself totally to the will of God.

monk

Life in Southeast Asia was

more favorable for women than elsewhere in Asia.

During the European witch trails

most of the victims were poor.

the offspring of Africans and Europeans, particularly in Latin America.

mulattoes

The Estates-General was convened in 1789 in order to deal with the

near bankruptcy of the French Treasury.

in the Catholic Church, a censure by which a region or country is deprived of receiving the sacraments.

nterdict

a woman who withdraws from the world and joins a religious community; the female equivalent of a monk.

nun

Mughal architectural developments

often blended Persian and Indian styles to achieve new and beautiful results.

The system that came to be known as the "cottage industry" involved all except

peasants grew cotton on their farms and sold the raw material to entrepreneurs.

The third estates included

peasants, merchants, and artisans.

Which of the following products attracted the greatest European interest in Southeast Asia in the period between 1500 and 1800?

pepper and other spices

charts of landmasses and coastlines made by navigators and mathematicians in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries.

portolani

an inheritance practice in which the eldest son receives all or the largest share of the parents' estate.

primogeniture

In the American Revolution, the rebels

received the support of a number of European countries.

Japanese warriors made unemployed by developments in the early modern era, since samurai were forbidden by tradition to engage in commerce.

ronin

rites considered imperative for a Christian's salvation. By the thirteenth century consisted of the Eucharist or Lord's Supper, baptism, marriage, penance, extreme unction, holy orders, and confirmation of children; Protestant reformers of the sixteenth century generally recognized only two--baptism and communion (the Lord's Supper).

sacraments

literally "retainers"; similar to European knights. Usually in service to a particular shogun, these Japanese warriors lived by a strict code of ethics and duty.

samurai

The Great Schism

saw two different individuals claiming to be the true pope.

the philosophical and theological system of the medieval schools, which emphasized rigorous analysis of contradictory authorities; often used to try to reconcile faith and reason

scholasticism

a peasant who is bound to the land and obliged to provide labor services and pay various rents and fees to the lord; considered unfree but not a slave because serfs could not be bought and sold.

serf

As a result of the Black Death

social unrest increased.

a territory or region over which an outside nation exercises political or economic influence.

sphere of in-fluence

The technological invention that allowed the Mongols to devastate many civilizations on the Eurasian continent was

stirrups

In addition to their beautiful gardens, another Japanese cultural contribution that represents a fusion of Zen and aesthetics is the

tea ceremony.

The most important product of European industry in the eighteenth century was

textiles

Among the major elements underlying the social crisis of the 1600s was

that the Mediterranean area entered a steep economic decline as silver imports from Spanish colonies declined.

Justinian's greatest construction achievement was

the Hagia Sophia.

The Buddhist sect that taught that devotion alone could lead to enlightenment and release was

the Pure Land.

Among the complaints of religious Europeans around 1500 was

the belief that the clergy were too interested in financial matters and disinterested in religion.

On the eve of the French Revolution, all of the following are correct except

the peasants were enthusiastic for revolutionary change.

After the death of Shotoku Taishi,

the unequal availability of the civil service examinations enabled the aristocracy to dominate the government.

Puritans were all of the following except that

they admired the Catholic elements in the Church of England

All of the following are correct about the Janissaries except

they fought as on horseback as cavalry warriors.

All of the following are correct about India's zamindars except

they were paid by international trade revenues collected by the Mughal emperor.

in medieval agriculture, the practice of dividing the arable land into three fields so that one could lie fallow while the others were planted in winter grains and spring crops.

three-field system

All of the following regarding the Hundred Years' War are correct except

traditional nobles fighting on horseback were the keys to victory.

an important element of Chinese foreign policy, by which neighboring states paid for the privilege of access to Chinese markets, received legitimation and agreed not to harbor enemies of the Chinese Empire.

tribute system

Shotuku Taishi

used Chinese political procedures to strengthen Japanese unity to resist Chinese power.

Ottoman architecture

used the open floor technique originally used in the Byzantine church of Santa Sophia in designing mosques such as the one at Edirne.

The status of women under the Mughal regime

varied greatly, with women at court sometimes receiving education as under Emperor Akhbar.

a person granted a fief, or landed estate, in exchange for providing military services to the lord and fulfilling certain other obligations such as appearing at the lord's court when summoned and making a payment on the knighting of the lord's eldest son.

vassal

the administrative head of the provinces of New Spain and Peru in the Americas.

viceroy

The Ottoman governmental structure

was a blend of old, Asian tribal traditions and a more recent, sedentary environment.

Enlightened Absolutism

was based more on practical measures to strengthen the power of the state than to "reform" and free their populations.

The Thirty Years' War

was ended by the signing of the Peace of Westphalia.

The power structure of the Ottoman Empire

was physically centered in the Topkapi.

The Mughal rule of Akbar in India

was the result of a combination of the use of technology, sieges, and diplomacy.

Flagellants

were Christian fanatics who physically scourged themselves during the Black Death.

The British presence in India significantly began in 1616 when they

were granted the right to have their own representative at the court in Agra.

The samurai

were similar to medieval European knights.

In Vietnam,

women possessed more rights, in practice and in law, than in China.

the aristocratic class in Korea. During the Yi dynasty, entry into the bureaucracy was limited to members of this class.

yangban