HIS 136 Fall 2019 Midterm Review

Discuss the many obstacles faced by Chinese immigrants in the US.

- were required ti register with gov. id or face deportation - School segregation -low wages - alot of Americans thought they were taking their jobs since theyd work for such wages

What factors combined to make the United States a mature industrial society after the Civil War?

1. people moving from farms to cities 2. Mass production of goods 3. Railroads and Telegraph

Gilded Age

1870s - 1890s; time period looked good on the outside, despite the corrupt politics & growing gap between the rich & poor

Sacco-Vanzetti Case

2 Italian Americans were accused of a murder/robbery, ,as protests and executed in electric chair.

Kansas Exodus

40,000 to 60,000 African Americans migrated to Kansas, seeking political equality, freedom from violence, access to education, and economic opportunity. White people were usually given the job.

House Un-American Activities Committee

A congressional committee created to search out disloyal Americans & Communists.

Explain the Triangle Shirtwaist Fire in detail. What were the short-term and long term effects of the event.

A fire was started in an overcrowded factory, that killed many women and children due to the poor standards the factory had, of no isle rows, no working elevator, no fire escape. This lead to opening the eyes of many people to the poor working conditions many workplaces had and the consequences of that, and set in motion many reforms of owning a factory and safety regulations

Isolationism

A national policy of avoiding involvement in world affairs

New Deal

A series of reforms enacted by the Franklin Roosevelt administration with the goal of ending the Great Depression.

Compare the presidents

All 3 presidents passed progressive acts during their presidency to help Americans. 1)Roosevelt- Pure Food and Drug act; Believed govt. had the right to protect welfare of society 2) Wilson- Keating Act- outlawed child labor; helped workers rights 3) Taft- Mann-Elkins Act; empowered the Interstate Commerce Commission to suspend railroad rate hiked and to set rates; broke up standard oil

D-Day

Allied invasion of France lead under Esienhower. Most massive sea land operation in history.

Sharecropping

Allowed each black family to rent a part of a plantation, with the crop divided between worker and owner at the end of the year. Black people did not earn a good living from this; economic opportunity severely limited.

16th Amendment

Amendment to the United States Constitution (1913) gave Congress the power to tax income; ratified

Freedmen's Bureau

An agency established by Congress in 1865 to help poor people throughout the South; establish schools, settle disputes. Failed though.

Lend-Lease Act

Authorized military aid so long as countries promised somehow to return ir all after the war.

Stock Market Crash

Banks failing, Unequal distributions of wealth, American reduced purchasing power, European demand also went down.

Red Scare (1919-1920)

Brief period of mass anti-communist paranoia in the U.S., during which a number of legislatures passed anti-red statutes that often violated the right to free speech.

Dawes Act

Broke up the land of nearly all tribes into small parcels to be distributed to Indian families, and the remaining white's could purchase. Lead to loss of tribal lands and erosion of Indian culture, since whites bought it all up.

Wagner Act

Brough democracy into the American workplace by empowering the National Labor Relations. Outlawed unfair labor practices

Muller v. Oregon

Case that upheld protective legislation on the grounds of women's supposed physical weakness; less hours for women

Verical Integration

Company that controlled every phase of the business from raw material to transportation, manufacturing, and distribution. EX: Andrew Carnegie steel company and dominated it.

Chinese Exclusion Act

Congress temp. excluded all immigrants from China from entering the country (1st time a race has been singled out)

Social Security Act

Created a system of unemployment insurance, old age pensions, and aid to disabled/poor

Bargain of 1877

Deal made by a Republican and Democratic to resolve the disputed presidential election of 1876; Republican Hayes, who had lost the popular vote, was declared the winner in exchange for the withdrawal of federal troops from involvement in politics in the South.

14th amendment

Declares that all persons born in the U.S. are citizens and are guaranteed equal protection of the laws. Legal equality. Black people still could not vote. Since the south would get all the power.

U.S.S Maine

Exploded battleship; killed 270 Americans. Spain rejected cease fire and Cuban independence, So the US entered

Good Neighbor Policy

FDR's foreign policy of promoting better relations w/Latin America by using economic influence rater than military force in the region

Trusts

Firms or corporations that combine for the purpose of reducing competition and controlling prices (establishing a monopoly).

Describe what freedom meant to the Indians and how the that conflicted with the interests and values of most white Americans. Why did white people not allow Indians the opportunity to have American citizenship.

Freedom meant being allowed to have the right to live the way they've been living before white people arrived. White people thought that Native Americans were savages, and must leave their old way and assimilate before they could be a citizen. By putting their kids in boarding schools ensured that the next gen. would be americanized.

Lusitania

German U boat sank the British liner, killing 124 Americans; main reason to go to war

Zimmerman Note

Germany asked Mexico to join, and then they'd recover territory lost in the Mexican War.

Axis Powers

Germany, Italy, Japan; the US could defeat them to due to greater industrial might

Pure Food and Drug Act

Halted the sale of contaminated foods and medicines and called for truth in labeling

Smooth-Hawley Tariff

Hoover signed, made the economic situation worse. Raised already high taxes on imported goods, reduced international trade.

Japanese Internment

Japanese and Japanese Americans were placed in camps.

Black Codes

Laws passed by the new southern gov. that attempted to regulate the lives of former slaves. Granted some right (Marriage) denied others (Right to vote).

How did the New Deal alter the role of the national gov.

Made the national government have more control over local affairs and private corporations; CCC- Put the unemployed to work on projects that helped forest preservation. Federal Housing Administration- Insured mortgages by private banks, now families can have housing that affordable.

Identify the main groups and ideas that drove the Progressive movement.

Main idea= bringing significant change in American social and political life Main groups = Female reform organizations, such as the Hull house in order to provide women in children basic necessities Labor activists =Having "industrial freedom" which is empowering workers to participate in economic decisions by being in unions

Roosevelt Corollary

Monroe Doctrine; The US had the right to exercise "an international police power" in Western Hemi. Ordered the US to seize Dominican Rep. to ensure payment of debt Cuba- disrupt election

Angel Island

Most Asian immigrants came through, harsher conditions then Ellis Island

Ellis Island

Most European immigrants came to the US, main place to process immigrants

Dust bowl

Most severe drought, winds now blew much of the soil away, Displaced 1 million farmers

Lynching

Murdered by mob, Scared black people to segregate.

Navajo Code Talkers

Native Americans from the Navajo tribe used their own language to make a code for the U.S. military that the Japanese could not decipher

Holocaust

Nazis belied that Germans were a "master race" destined to rule the world. Killed jews, slavs, gypises, gay people

Were African Americans free during Reconstruction? Why or why not? Cite Specific details and sources.

No they were not free during Reconstruction because they were still treated as 2nd class citizens during this time. With the usage of Black codes to control and enforce desired behavior and the right to vote not being a given right to African Americans.

How did the failure of land reform and continued poverty lead to new forms of servitude for both blacks and whites?

Poverty increased in black communities due to small wages due to sharecropping, and what little jobs they could be hired foe. Whites could no longer rely on free labor from slaves, so they now had to pay a wage to who they employed; crop lien.

Conservation movement

Progressive reform; Teddy Preserving parts of the natural environment from economic exploitation.

Espionage Act

Prohibited not only spying and interfering w/ the draft but also "false statements" that might impede military success.

18th Amendment

Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages

Emergency Banking Act

Provided funds to shore up threatened banking institutions.

Support or refute the following with at least 3 specific examples, "The Gilded age was a period of economic prosperity and political equality for All Americans."

REFUTE - Factory workers were still living in poverty - Social unrest between poor and upper class - workers did not have rights (Working long hours, with little pay, no union)

Was Reconstruction a success or failure?

Reconstruction was a failure, due to the fact slavery was abolished but African Americans were still being treated as such with little enforcement of 14th and 15th amendement. Since when the 14th was passed blacks could still not vote, and during the 15th the South found a way so black people still couldnt vote. Blacks could not economically grow due not having any goverment help, and just being left with what they had which wasnt very much.

Disenfranchisement

Right to vote was taken away; Approved by Supreme Court; more racism as always

New Nationalism

Roosevelt's policy "Controlling and directing power of the gov" could restore "the liberty of the oppressed. Heavy taxes on personal/corp. fortunes and federal regulation of business

Why were railroads so important to America's second industrial revolution? What events demonstrate influence on society and politics as well as the economy?

Since railroads could now provide goods across the country at a faster rate than horseback, which also created 4 timezones, helped build the national market. Trade increased, the railroad became a booming business. Helped new job growth.

Yellow Press

Sold millions by mixing lies, crime, political corruption w/aggressive appeals to patriotic sentiments

Platt Amendment

Specified when the US could interviene in Cuban affairs, got Guantanamo Bay

Welfare State

System of income assistance, health coverage, and social services for all citizens

Dollar Diplomacy

Taft emphasized economic investment and loans from US banks rather than direct military intervention Landed marines in Central America to protect gov. friendly to American economic intrests

What message did FDR deliver to the country during his "Fireside Chats"? How did Steinback describe the plight of Depression migrant workers? Did workers enjoy liberty as FDR understands it ?

That the definition of liberty was expanding and all Americans were included no matter what. Steinback said that wasnt really the case and alot of famers (who were immigrants) were given the same freedom when they moved. No they did not since they were just seen as laborers and not human beings.

How did the Great War affect race relations in the United States?

The Great Migration had a large influx of black people come to the North, for economic opportunity due to the large job increase due to war production. The conditions were harsh in the North for black people, due to race tensions and the job increase could not cover the large influx of Black people.

Explain how and why the US got involved in WW1. How did lives change for Americans?

The US got involved mainly due to the Zimmerman Telegram and the Lusitania killing 124 Americans. Lives changed for Americans due to the increase economy for the war effort, so job and production increased in America.

Social Darwinism

The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle. Poor were responsible for their fate.

African American veterans and the Civil Rights Movement

The experiences of African American soldiers during World War II inspired many of them to agitate for civil rights when they returned to civilian life. Even though black soldiers faced discrimination from within the American military, they had the opportunity to observe societies where Jim Crow racism was not the law of the land. Black soldiers hoped that their military service would serve as a powerful claim to equal citizenship for African Americans. When they came home, however, they encountered fierce resistance from white supremacists determined to reassert the prewar racial order.

Hundred Days

The first of an unprecedented flurry of legislation during the 1st 3 mo. of Roosevelt's admin. (NRA AAA, CCC)

Harlem Renasissance

The home to a vibrant black cultural community that established links with New York's artistic mainstream, roots of the black experience

17th Amendment

U.S senators be chosen by popular vote rather than state legislature; Democracy was enhanced

What ideas and interests motivated the United States to create an empire in the late nineteenth century?

Wanting to expand our influence across the world to show that the US is a world power. Also showing our hand in international trading.

14 points

War would be fought for a noble cause of democracy. Statement of American war aims and his vision of a new international order.

The 1920s are commonly referred to as the Roaring 20s. Who and who was not Roaring.

Wealthy white Americans were roaring in the 20s because they had the wages to afford the new amenities being produced, and afford to spend time on leisure activities. Black and Southern Eastern Europeans were not roaring in the 20s. Due to anti Italian discrimination, and Black people were still seen and treated as 2nd class citizens. White people were still seen as the "Biologically ideal population"

What brought on the Great Depression and why Hoover was not able to properly address the crisis. How were different groups impacted by the Great Depression.

What brought on the Great Depression was Germany being unable to pay back American banks, Unequal distribution of wealth, no flow in the economy. Hoover's response was inadequate and uncaring, opposed principle to direct federal intervention in the economy. Wanted it to fix itself. The wealthy/Rich were able to go on fine since they had such a large amount of money, the poor went into deeper poverty. Food was scare and people were forced out of their homes.

Court Packing

Where FDR tried to add more members to the Supreme Court to pass his programs.

By 1900, who was entitled to fully enjoy the blessing of American liberty?

White males, since blacks had a hard time getting to vote, Women couldnt vote, Immigrants also had to jump through hoops to vote, Colonial subjects- didnt get the same rights as mainland citizens.

New Freedom

Wilson's policy that favored the small business, entrepreneurship, and the free functioning of unregulated and unmonopolized markets. Business without gov regulation.

What did the New Deal do for Women Blacks Native Americans Mexicans Labor

Women- Brought more women into government than ever before; excluded female domestic workers Blacks- The South could not bear including black people said it would disrupt low wage, racially divided labor system. Social Security Act no good didnt include agricultural and domestic jobs N/A- Living conditions on poor reservations did not improve Mexican- Similar discrimination towards Black people Labor- These people were often fired first to make way for white men

Tulsa Riot

Worse race riot in American history. White mob burned black section of city to the ground. 300 blacks killed, 10000 homeless.

Flappers

Young women of the 1920s that behaved and dressed in a radical fashion

Plessy v. Ferguson

a 1896 Supreme Court decision which legalized state ordered segregation so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal. But black people still got the shitty version of everything.

Illegal Alien

a foreigner who has entered or resides in a country unlawfully or without the country's authorization. (Southern Eastern Europeans)

Second Industrial Revolution

a period of rapid growth in U.S. manufacturing in the late 1800s with steel and oil

Indian New Deal

a program that gave Native Americans economic assistance and greater control over tribal affairs

Haymarket Affair

a violent clash between union supporters and Chicago police that divided and weakened the labor movement, someone threw a bomb killing a cop. Painted movement as violent

13th amendment

abolished slavery; increase southern political power

Grandfather clause

allowed people to vote if their father or grandfather had voted before Reconstruction. Blacks cant vote again

New Feminism

attack on traditional rules of sexual behavior added a new dimension to the idea of personal freedom

Horizontal Integration

buying out competition EX: Rockefeller's oil company; controlled 90% of the industry.

Choctaw Code Talkers

choctaw men who transmitted secret code during WWI

Civil Rights Bill of 1866

defined all persons born in the US as citizens and spelled out rights they were to enjoy without regard to race. States could longer due black codes; but Johnson vetoed it.

Reconstruction Finance Corporation

loaned money to failing banks, railroads, and other businesses. $2 Billion was used. To help relief

Sedition Act

made it a crime to make spoken or printed statements that intended to cast "contempt, scorn, or disrepute" on the "form of government," or that advocated interference with the war effort

Wounded Knee Massacre

mass killing by U.S. soldiers of as many as 300 unarmed Sioux at Wounded Knee, South Dakota, marked the end of conflict. Honored among white people

Settlement Houses

neighborhood centers in poor areas that offered education, recreation, and social activities

15th amendment

prohibits the federal and state governments from denying a citizen the right to vote based on that citizen's race; but lead to literacy tests, property qualifications, poll taxes.

Jane Addams

the founder of Hull House, which provided English lessons for immigrants, daycares, and child care classes

Populism

the political doctrine that supports the rights and powers of the common people in their struggle with the privileged elite; miners, industrial workers.

Progressivism

the political orientation of those who favor progress toward better conditions in government and society

Philippine War

was far longer and bloodier than the Spanish-American War, wanted to modernize the Phillippines; only helped the elite

19th Amendment

women's suffrage (right to vote)