Human A&P Nervous System 2-1

which part of the brain has primary responsibility for regulating both sympathetic and parasympathetic functions

Hypothalamus

Preganglionic fibers of parasympathetic neurons are present in all of the following cranial nerves, except

XII

Where are nicotinic receptors found

all autonomic postganglionic neurons

Autonomic tone is an important aspect of ANS function because it

allows ANS neurons to increase or decrease their activity, providing a range of control options

A certain drug decreases heart rate by blocking a receptor on cardiac pacemaker cells. This drug probably binds to ________ receptors

beta-1 adrenergic

The sympathetic collateral ganglia include the

celiac, superior mesenteric, inferior mesenteric (all of the above)

Clusters of ganglionic sympathetic neurons lying along either side of the spinal cord are called sympathetic ________ ganglia

chain

Which of these ganglia supplies parasympathetic nerve fibers to the eye?

ciliary

Clusters of ganglionic sympathetic neurons that innervate organs in the abdominopelvic region are called ________ ganglia

collateral

Which of there supply most sympathetic nerves to the abdominal viscera

collateral ganglia

Autonomic motor neurons

conduct impulses to smooth and cardiac muscles and glands

Splanchnic nerves

consist of axons that synapse in collateral ganglia

which is NOT a sympathetic effect

constriction of respiratory tract

Damage to the ventral roots of the first five thoracic spinal nerves on the right side of the body would interfere with the ability to

dilate the right pupil

Injury to the cervical sympathetic ganglia would affect the function of the

heart, pupils, salivary glands, lungs (all of the above)

which effectors do receive dual inervation

heart, respiratory airway, pancreas

Stimulation of the neurons in the celiac ganglion would lead to

hydrolysis of liver glycogen reserves

Which of the following would be an example of higher-level control of autonomic function

increased heart rate when you see a person you fear

In general, parasympathetic preganglionic fibers are ________ and postganglionic fibers are ________.

long; short

Craniosacral division is another name for the

parasympathetic division of the ANS

Stimulation of α1 adrenergic receptors by norepinephrine results in

release of calcium ions from intracellular stores

Which spinal nerve roots carry parasympathetic fibers

sacral nerve ventral roots

In general, sympathetic preganglionic fibers are ________ and postganglionic fibers are ________.

short; long

Ganglionic neurons innervate such things as

smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, adipose tissue, and glands (all of the above)

The statement "Preganglionic axon terminals release acetylcholine." is

true for both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems

The statement "there is always a synapse in a peripheral ganglion between the CNS and the effector organ" is

true for both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems

what endocrine structure contains the ends of certain sympathetic preganglionic neurons

Adrenal medulla

how are alpha and beta receptors classified

Adrenergic

A decrease in the autonomic tone of the smooth muscle in a blood vessel would result in

BOTH an increase in vessel diameter AND an increase in blood flow through the vessel

The adrenal medullae secrete

BOTH epinephrine AND norepinephrine

which is true of autonomic AND somatic

CNS motor neurons exert control, reflexes can stimulate effectors, neurons are multipolar

Which of these spinal nerve roots do NOT contain autonomic axons

Cervical 8

Which of these is NOT associated with the ANS

Dorsal root ganglia

what part of the spinal chord contains the cell bodied of the sympathetic preganglionic neurons

Lateral gray horn

Which of these is NOT a visceral effector

Muscles that open eyelids

Which is true of the autonomic but not the somatic

PNS ganglia are involved

Which of the following statements concerning the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is false

Preganglionic fibers are relatively short and postganglionic fibers are relatively long

Which part of the brain receives visceral sensory information

Solitary nucleus of medulla

Which of the following statements about adrenergic receptors is true?

They are proteins in the plasma membrane, When activated, cAMP levels are affected, Epinephrine activates both alpha and beta types, Norepinephrine activates mainly the alpha type (all of the above)

Which spinal nerve roots contain autonomic axons?

Thoracic 12, Lumbar 2, Sacral 4

which cranial nerves carry parasympathetic supply to salivary glands

VII and IX

which of the following id the cranial nerve that carries most para sympathetic axons

Vagus

Most sympathetic effector junctions release norepinephrine but a significant number release acetylcholine instead. Which of these is an example of an organ of the cholinergic type

a sweat gland

Collateral ganglia contain neurons that innervate tissues and organs in which cavity?

abdominopelvic

Which neurotransmitter is released at the sympathetic chain ganglia

acetylcholine

Postganglionic sympathetic axons release the neurotransmitter ________ at their effector junctions

acetylcholine nitric oxide norepinephrine (all of the above)

What enzyme is found in synaptic clefts of somatic motor, sympathetic, and parasympathetic synapses

acetylcholineesterase

An inhaler used to treat airway constriction in asthma or allergy might contain a drug that

activates β2 adrenergic receptors or blocks muscarinic cholinergic receptors

A neuron with nicotinic receptors is exposed to acetylcholine. This will lead to

activation of chemically gated ion channels excitation of the neuron entry of sodium ion (all of the above)

Specialized ganglionic sympathetic neurons that release hormones into the bloodstream are found within the

adrenal glands

The stimulation of beta-adrenergic receptors can lead to

an increase in metabolic activity, relaxation of airway smooth muscle, the breakdown of triglycerides within adipocytes (all of the above)

Sympathetic nerves

are bundles of postganglionic fibers that innervate organs within the thoracic cavity

Muscarinic receptors

are normally activated by acetylcholine

Ganglionic neurons usually synapse with preganglionic neurons in the ________ and have axons that innervate ________.

autonomic ganglia; visceral effectors

Which of the following would lead to increased heart rate

both increased sympathetic input and decreased parasympathetic input

Control of the diameter of the respiratory passages depends upon

both parasympathetic and sympathetic levels of stimulation

Dual innervation refers to an organ receiving

both sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation

Preganglionic neurons of the autonomic nervous system are located in

both the brain stem and the lateral gray horns of the spinal cord

Sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers that innervate the heart pass through the

cardiac plexus

What is associated with the ANS

cardiac plexus, sympathetic chain ganglia, cranial nerve 3

If the spinal chord is completely transected at the level of C8 which of the following functions is most likely to permanently lose input from the brain?

cardioacceleratory reflex

Which is found in the abdominal plexus

celiac ganglion

Which of the following is not a parasympathetic ganglion?

celiac ganglion

Each of the following effects is associated with the action of postganglionic sympathetic fibers, except

decreased heart rate

Which of the following is an example of a visceral reflex

defecation reflex cardioacceleratory reflex pupillary reflex ejaculation in response to tactile stimuli (all of the above)

Mary accidentally ate poison mushrooms that contain muscarine. What symptoms would you expect to observe

diarrhea salivation very low heart rate sweating (all of the above)

The parasympathetic nervous system is especially active during which physiological state(s)?

digestion

Injury to the neurons of a collateral ganglion would affect the function of the

digestive tract

which are sympathetic effects

dilation of certain arteries stimulation of sweat glands increased heart rate

Parasympathetic functions include all of the following, except

dilation of the airways

During sympathetic activation, ________ occurs

elevated heart rate elevated blood pressure sweating elevated blood glucose (all of the above)

Which contains many short reflexes

enteric pathways

Drugs known as beta-blockers may be useful for treating

excessive heart rate

Preganglionic fibers leave the CNS and then synapse on

ganglionic neurons

Which structure carries postganglionic fibers for distribution in the body wall and limbs

gray ramus

Which are visceral effectors?

heart muscle, salivary glands, erector pili muscled of skin

Which of the following might occur if a persons right vagus nerve gets transected

heart rate increases

Parasympathetic stimulation

increases gastric motility

Sympathetic innervation of the urinary bladder is by way of the

inferior mesenteric ganglion

Preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system are located in the

lateral gray horns of segments T1 to L2 of the spinal cord.

As the result of an accident, the white rami of spinal nerves T1 and T2 on the left side of Brad's body are severed. What organ(s) would you expect might be affected by this injury

left pupil and the heart

The celiac ganglia innervate which of the following

liver, spleen, stomach, pancreas (all of the above)

What type of receptor is activated by acetylcholine secreted by post ganglionic neurons

muscarinic

Sweat glands contain ________ receptors

muscarinic cholinergic

Nicotinic receptors

open chemically gated sodium ion channels

The ________ division of the autonomic nervous system is known as the "rest and digest" division.

parasympathetic

Which of these is NOT a visceral reflex

patellar

) Intramural ganglia in the large intestine, urinary bladder, and reproductive organs are innervated by the ________ nerves

pelvic

Where are receptors for autonomic neurotransmitters found?

plasma membrane of effector cells

A visceral motor neuron whose cell body is within the CNS is called a(n) ________ neuron.

preganglionic

What type of neuron of the parasympathetic division exits the brain stem

preganglionic neuron

Which of the following visceral reflexes is not coordinated by the medulla oblongata

pupillary reflex

Ganglionic neurons in the adrenal gland

release epinephrine into blood capillaries

Nerves between the sympathetic chain ganglia and the collateral ganglia are called ________.

splanchnic nerves

Preganglionic fibers that innervate the collateral ganglia form the

splanchnic nerves

The celiac ganglion innervates the

stomach, liver, pancreas (all of the above)

Sympathetic nerve supply to the organs in the head come from which part of the sympathetic nervous system

superior cervical chain ganglia

which of the following effectors does NOT recieve dual innervation

sweat gland

A person is confronted by a dangerous dog. His heart begins to race and beat strongly, his pupils dilate, and his hairs stand up. These signs are the result of

sympathetic activation. increased levels of epinephrine in the blood. increased activity of autonomic centers in the hypothalamus. (all of the above)

Postganglionic fibers that innervate targets in the body wall or thoracic cavity originate on neurons within

sympathetic chain ganglia

In general, autonomic tone of peripheral blood vessels increases when

sympathetic stimulation is increased

Stimulation of the beta receptors on heart muscle cells results in

the formation of cAMP, increased heart rat, increased force of contraction (all of the above)

The sympathetic division of the ANS is also known as which of the following?

thoracolumbar division

The statement "It controls the diameter of the pupil." is

true for both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems

The statement "It sends its preganglionic axons into the ventral roots." is

true for both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems

The statement "Its postganglionic axons always use acetylcholine as the neurotransmitter." is

true only for the parasympathetic nervous system

The statement "it initiates contraction of urinary bladder smooth muscle" is

true only for the parasympathetic nervous system

The statement "its ganglia are usually near or within the end organ" is

true only for the parasympathetic nervous system

Parasympathetic blocking agents can be useful in treating

urinary incontinence

Almost 75 percent of all parasympathetic outflow travels along the

vagus nerves

Which of these provides preganglionic parasympathetic innervation to structures in the neck and in the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

vagus nerves

Which of the following is exclusive to the sympathetic division of the ANS

white rami