Human A&P Nervous System 2-1
which part of the brain has primary responsibility for regulating both sympathetic and parasympathetic functions
Hypothalamus
Preganglionic fibers of parasympathetic neurons are present in all of the following cranial nerves, except
XII
Where are nicotinic receptors found
all autonomic postganglionic neurons
Autonomic tone is an important aspect of ANS function because it
allows ANS neurons to increase or decrease their activity, providing a range of control options
A certain drug decreases heart rate by blocking a receptor on cardiac pacemaker cells. This drug probably binds to ________ receptors
beta-1 adrenergic
The sympathetic collateral ganglia include the
celiac, superior mesenteric, inferior mesenteric (all of the above)
Clusters of ganglionic sympathetic neurons lying along either side of the spinal cord are called sympathetic ________ ganglia
chain
Which of these ganglia supplies parasympathetic nerve fibers to the eye?
ciliary
Clusters of ganglionic sympathetic neurons that innervate organs in the abdominopelvic region are called ________ ganglia
collateral
Which of there supply most sympathetic nerves to the abdominal viscera
collateral ganglia
Autonomic motor neurons
conduct impulses to smooth and cardiac muscles and glands
Splanchnic nerves
consist of axons that synapse in collateral ganglia
which is NOT a sympathetic effect
constriction of respiratory tract
Damage to the ventral roots of the first five thoracic spinal nerves on the right side of the body would interfere with the ability to
dilate the right pupil
Injury to the cervical sympathetic ganglia would affect the function of the
heart, pupils, salivary glands, lungs (all of the above)
which effectors do receive dual inervation
heart, respiratory airway, pancreas
Stimulation of the neurons in the celiac ganglion would lead to
hydrolysis of liver glycogen reserves
Which of the following would be an example of higher-level control of autonomic function
increased heart rate when you see a person you fear
In general, parasympathetic preganglionic fibers are ________ and postganglionic fibers are ________.
long; short
Craniosacral division is another name for the
parasympathetic division of the ANS
Stimulation of α1 adrenergic receptors by norepinephrine results in
release of calcium ions from intracellular stores
Which spinal nerve roots carry parasympathetic fibers
sacral nerve ventral roots
In general, sympathetic preganglionic fibers are ________ and postganglionic fibers are ________.
short; long
Ganglionic neurons innervate such things as
smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, adipose tissue, and glands (all of the above)
The statement "Preganglionic axon terminals release acetylcholine." is
true for both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems
The statement "there is always a synapse in a peripheral ganglion between the CNS and the effector organ" is
true for both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems
what endocrine structure contains the ends of certain sympathetic preganglionic neurons
Adrenal medulla
how are alpha and beta receptors classified
Adrenergic
A decrease in the autonomic tone of the smooth muscle in a blood vessel would result in
BOTH an increase in vessel diameter AND an increase in blood flow through the vessel
The adrenal medullae secrete
BOTH epinephrine AND norepinephrine
which is true of autonomic AND somatic
CNS motor neurons exert control, reflexes can stimulate effectors, neurons are multipolar
Which of these spinal nerve roots do NOT contain autonomic axons
Cervical 8
Which of these is NOT associated with the ANS
Dorsal root ganglia
what part of the spinal chord contains the cell bodied of the sympathetic preganglionic neurons
Lateral gray horn
Which of these is NOT a visceral effector
Muscles that open eyelids
Which is true of the autonomic but not the somatic
PNS ganglia are involved
Which of the following statements concerning the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is false
Preganglionic fibers are relatively short and postganglionic fibers are relatively long
Which part of the brain receives visceral sensory information
Solitary nucleus of medulla
Which of the following statements about adrenergic receptors is true?
They are proteins in the plasma membrane, When activated, cAMP levels are affected, Epinephrine activates both alpha and beta types, Norepinephrine activates mainly the alpha type (all of the above)
Which spinal nerve roots contain autonomic axons?
Thoracic 12, Lumbar 2, Sacral 4
which cranial nerves carry parasympathetic supply to salivary glands
VII and IX
which of the following id the cranial nerve that carries most para sympathetic axons
Vagus
Most sympathetic effector junctions release norepinephrine but a significant number release acetylcholine instead. Which of these is an example of an organ of the cholinergic type
a sweat gland
Collateral ganglia contain neurons that innervate tissues and organs in which cavity?
abdominopelvic
Which neurotransmitter is released at the sympathetic chain ganglia
acetylcholine
Postganglionic sympathetic axons release the neurotransmitter ________ at their effector junctions
acetylcholine nitric oxide norepinephrine (all of the above)
What enzyme is found in synaptic clefts of somatic motor, sympathetic, and parasympathetic synapses
acetylcholineesterase
An inhaler used to treat airway constriction in asthma or allergy might contain a drug that
activates β2 adrenergic receptors or blocks muscarinic cholinergic receptors
A neuron with nicotinic receptors is exposed to acetylcholine. This will lead to
activation of chemically gated ion channels excitation of the neuron entry of sodium ion (all of the above)
Specialized ganglionic sympathetic neurons that release hormones into the bloodstream are found within the
adrenal glands
The stimulation of beta-adrenergic receptors can lead to
an increase in metabolic activity, relaxation of airway smooth muscle, the breakdown of triglycerides within adipocytes (all of the above)
Sympathetic nerves
are bundles of postganglionic fibers that innervate organs within the thoracic cavity
Muscarinic receptors
are normally activated by acetylcholine
Ganglionic neurons usually synapse with preganglionic neurons in the ________ and have axons that innervate ________.
autonomic ganglia; visceral effectors
Which of the following would lead to increased heart rate
both increased sympathetic input and decreased parasympathetic input
Control of the diameter of the respiratory passages depends upon
both parasympathetic and sympathetic levels of stimulation
Dual innervation refers to an organ receiving
both sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation
Preganglionic neurons of the autonomic nervous system are located in
both the brain stem and the lateral gray horns of the spinal cord
Sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers that innervate the heart pass through the
cardiac plexus
What is associated with the ANS
cardiac plexus, sympathetic chain ganglia, cranial nerve 3
If the spinal chord is completely transected at the level of C8 which of the following functions is most likely to permanently lose input from the brain?
cardioacceleratory reflex
Which is found in the abdominal plexus
celiac ganglion
Which of the following is not a parasympathetic ganglion?
celiac ganglion
Each of the following effects is associated with the action of postganglionic sympathetic fibers, except
decreased heart rate
Which of the following is an example of a visceral reflex
defecation reflex cardioacceleratory reflex pupillary reflex ejaculation in response to tactile stimuli (all of the above)
Mary accidentally ate poison mushrooms that contain muscarine. What symptoms would you expect to observe
diarrhea salivation very low heart rate sweating (all of the above)
The parasympathetic nervous system is especially active during which physiological state(s)?
digestion
Injury to the neurons of a collateral ganglion would affect the function of the
digestive tract
which are sympathetic effects
dilation of certain arteries stimulation of sweat glands increased heart rate
Parasympathetic functions include all of the following, except
dilation of the airways
During sympathetic activation, ________ occurs
elevated heart rate elevated blood pressure sweating elevated blood glucose (all of the above)
Which contains many short reflexes
enteric pathways
Drugs known as beta-blockers may be useful for treating
excessive heart rate
Preganglionic fibers leave the CNS and then synapse on
ganglionic neurons
Which structure carries postganglionic fibers for distribution in the body wall and limbs
gray ramus
Which are visceral effectors?
heart muscle, salivary glands, erector pili muscled of skin
Which of the following might occur if a persons right vagus nerve gets transected
heart rate increases
Parasympathetic stimulation
increases gastric motility
Sympathetic innervation of the urinary bladder is by way of the
inferior mesenteric ganglion
Preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system are located in the
lateral gray horns of segments T1 to L2 of the spinal cord.
As the result of an accident, the white rami of spinal nerves T1 and T2 on the left side of Brad's body are severed. What organ(s) would you expect might be affected by this injury
left pupil and the heart
The celiac ganglia innervate which of the following
liver, spleen, stomach, pancreas (all of the above)
What type of receptor is activated by acetylcholine secreted by post ganglionic neurons
muscarinic
Sweat glands contain ________ receptors
muscarinic cholinergic
Nicotinic receptors
open chemically gated sodium ion channels
The ________ division of the autonomic nervous system is known as the "rest and digest" division.
parasympathetic
Which of these is NOT a visceral reflex
patellar
) Intramural ganglia in the large intestine, urinary bladder, and reproductive organs are innervated by the ________ nerves
pelvic
Where are receptors for autonomic neurotransmitters found?
plasma membrane of effector cells
A visceral motor neuron whose cell body is within the CNS is called a(n) ________ neuron.
preganglionic
What type of neuron of the parasympathetic division exits the brain stem
preganglionic neuron
Which of the following visceral reflexes is not coordinated by the medulla oblongata
pupillary reflex
Ganglionic neurons in the adrenal gland
release epinephrine into blood capillaries
Nerves between the sympathetic chain ganglia and the collateral ganglia are called ________.
splanchnic nerves
Preganglionic fibers that innervate the collateral ganglia form the
splanchnic nerves
The celiac ganglion innervates the
stomach, liver, pancreas (all of the above)
Sympathetic nerve supply to the organs in the head come from which part of the sympathetic nervous system
superior cervical chain ganglia
which of the following effectors does NOT recieve dual innervation
sweat gland
A person is confronted by a dangerous dog. His heart begins to race and beat strongly, his pupils dilate, and his hairs stand up. These signs are the result of
sympathetic activation. increased levels of epinephrine in the blood. increased activity of autonomic centers in the hypothalamus. (all of the above)
Postganglionic fibers that innervate targets in the body wall or thoracic cavity originate on neurons within
sympathetic chain ganglia
In general, autonomic tone of peripheral blood vessels increases when
sympathetic stimulation is increased
Stimulation of the beta receptors on heart muscle cells results in
the formation of cAMP, increased heart rat, increased force of contraction (all of the above)
The sympathetic division of the ANS is also known as which of the following?
thoracolumbar division
The statement "It controls the diameter of the pupil." is
true for both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems
The statement "It sends its preganglionic axons into the ventral roots." is
true for both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems
The statement "Its postganglionic axons always use acetylcholine as the neurotransmitter." is
true only for the parasympathetic nervous system
The statement "it initiates contraction of urinary bladder smooth muscle" is
true only for the parasympathetic nervous system
The statement "its ganglia are usually near or within the end organ" is
true only for the parasympathetic nervous system
Parasympathetic blocking agents can be useful in treating
urinary incontinence
Almost 75 percent of all parasympathetic outflow travels along the
vagus nerves
Which of these provides preganglionic parasympathetic innervation to structures in the neck and in the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
vagus nerves
Which of the following is exclusive to the sympathetic division of the ANS
white rami