IB History: German Unification--If you are considering prepping for Italian and German Unification for Paper 3

Bundespraesidium

Under the German Constitution of the German Reich, this was the federal presidency, it was given to Prussia, thus ensuring Prussia's hegemony in the federation.

Reichstag

Under the German Constitution of the German Reich, this was the lower house, composed of delegates elected by universal male suffrage.

Nikolsburg

Preliminary peace in the Austro-Prussian War was signed here

Alvensleben Convention

Prussia improved relations with Russia by concluding this which allowed Russian troops into Prussian territory to fight Polish rebels, done by Bismarck. This action however, did not seem like a success to Bismarck because France found out and got angry, Napoleon III tried to get Bismarck's dismissal.

Baron Stein

Prussian army reformer who made the caste structure of Prussia less rigid, allowed bourgeois to serve in the army as officers, and gave cities more self-government. He was also famous for his "abolition of serfdom" where he abolished the "hereditary subjucation" of peasant by the manorial lords. in Prussia.

Krups

Prussian industrial company, coffee makers... guns...

Wilhelm von Humboldt

Prussian minister of education, architect of the Prussian education system

Otto von Bismarck

Prussian politician, prime minister, Junker, described as inflexible, loud, and explosive, abused his horse

Crown Syndics

Prussian supreme court, supported Bismarck when he claimed the Schelswig Holstein crisis was an Austro-Prussian issue rather than a German one, so the king went along with it

Austro-Prussian War

Second of Bismarck's three wars, Prussians defeated the Austrians

Kiel

The Prussian government transferred their major naval base from Danzig to this city in the duchies, it showed they wanted to annex them permanently

telegraph

The Prussians made use of this to improve their communications

Landtag

The communal parliament of the German Confederation

Danish War

The first of Bismarck's three wars, result of this was London Protocol was declared void, and left the question of who to rule the duchies unresolved for the time being

Volksgeist

The idea set forward by Herder, which states each civilization must express its own "national character"

German dualism

The idea that Prussia and Austria were competing over control of Germany

Franco-Prussian War

The last of Bismarck's three wars, Prussia vs. France

March Days of 1848

The name for the revolutions in Berlin which overthrew some small German governments, riots eventually stopped after Prussian king promised a constitution

Second War of Schleswig Holstein

The name of the war in 1863, King Frederick VII died childless and his lands went to Christian of Glucksburg, new constitution proclaimed Schleswig part of Denmark which violated London Protocol of 1852, nationalists didn't believe he should get the duchies under Salic law, Augustenburg's son had claims that were supported by German princes.

Prussia

This nation was seen by many Germans as being one of the main resistors to Napoleon

Prussia

This nation was that which Germany unified under

Versailles

This palace where the king of Prussia received the hereditary title of German emperor

56

This percentage of railroads in Germany were in Prussia.

Frankfurt Assembly

Tried to create a unified Germany in 1840's, failed to do so as they had no actual power. Offered throne to Prussian king but he said he would not take a "crown from the gutter."

Bundesrat

Under the German Constitution of the German Reich, this was the Upper House. Prussia had 17 out of the 43 total votes.

German Worker's Insurance Laws

Bismarck supported this legislation in the 1880's

Hungary

A revolution took place here in 1848 by the Magyars who wanted to leave the Austrian Empire

German Confederation

Also called the "State Diet," or "Federal Diet," it was the name of the organization of German states after Napoleon's defeat and the Congress of Vienna

Zollverein

Also known as the "German Customs Union," Prussia was the head of this, lots of German states in it but no Austrians allowed

Rechberg

Austrian foreign diplomat, got pwnd by Bismarck in the Schleswig-Holstein Crisis

Mitteleuropa plan

Austrian plan in which they wanted to assume leadership of trade in Central Europe in 1863, failed because Prussia's economy was stronger

Battle of Koeniggraetz

Battle in Austro-Prussian war where Prussians defeated Austrians, this was the decisive battle

Battle of Duppel

Battle in Danish War, Prussia pwns Denmark

Battle of Sedan

Battle in Franco-Prussian War, Prussia wins, Napoleon III captured

Battle of Langensalza

Battle where Prussians defeated Hanoverians in Austro-Prussian War

Austria

Bismarck accused this country of breaking the rules of the German Confederation, which said that there could be no foreign alliances against member nations, Bismarck was trying to provoke war

Black Sea Clauses

Bismarck bribes Russia to stay neutral during the Franco-Prussian War by saying they would support them against this

republic

Bismarck forced France to adopt this type of government after he defeated them in the Franco-Prussian war, knowing conservative powers like Austria and Russia would be more hesitant to ally with a France under this type of rule

universal suffrage

Bismarck proposed this in the German Diet to counter Austrian calls for a reorganization of states.

indemnity bill

Bismarck proposed this to Prussian parliament after the Austro-Prussian War, it in essence approved the government's illegal expenditures of the past years, proposed on August 14, 1866, passed on September 3.

St. Petersburg

Bismarck served as a foreign minister in this Russian city

Austria

Bismarck was reluctant to wound this country after the Austro-Prussian War, even though he had defeated them

Duke of Augustenburg

Closest blood ruler to duchies of Schleswig and Holstein, was deposed by Napoleon

Carlsbad Decrees

Decrees which outlawed Burschenschaften and expanded censorship of press, September 20, 1819. Metternich of Austria called for them.

humiliation at Olmuetz

Event in 1850 where Prussia agreed that Austria was the leader of the German Confederation, temporary setback for Prussian supremacy

Benedetti

French diplomat, the Ems dispatch was edited to make it seem that he had insulted the Prussian King to the Prussians and that the Prussian King had insulted him to the French, this led to the Franco-Prussian War

Burschenschaften

German liberal university societies, put down by Carlsbad Decrees in 1819

Fichte

German moral and metaphysical philosopher, who approved of the French Revolution and saw the state as a way to achieve human salvation. Wrote the "Closed Commercial State," which described an economic system entirely planned by the nation and shut off from the rest of the world. He supported the idea of Volksgeist, and claimed it applied to Germany in his "addresses to the German Nation," in 1808.

Herder

German philosopher who wrote "Ideas on the Philosophy of the History of Mankind," and believed each civilization has its own character.

North German Confederation

German states north of the Main were made into this led by Prussia after the Austro-Prussian War

Jahn

German who organized youth movements and led gymnastics for the Fatherland.

Napoleon III

He was the leader of the Second French Empire, he was forced to abdicate after the disastrous Franco-Prussian War

General Gavone

Italian general sent to Berlin to work out deals for an alliance against Austria, 1866. The treaty this general signed with Bismarck was super secret because it broke the laws of the German confederation, which said no member nation could ally with a foreign nation against any other member nation.

Machiavelli

Italian philosopher, wrote "The Prince," said that the ends justify the means, his writings could allude in many ways to Bismarck

Rome

Italy snatches this from France during the Franco-Prussian War

Venetia

Italy wanted this from Austria, a reason they supported Prussia in the Austro-Prussian War

Army Reforms of 1859

King of Prussia wanted this, but the Prussian parliament said no, so the King sacrificed his constitutional monarchy card to summon Bismarck to the field and attack the Prussian parliament's life points directly

Mexico

Napoleon III suffered a military debacle in this country

June 28, 1864

On this day the continuation of the Prussian Customs Union was signed, and arguably the battle for economic domination of Germany won by Prussia

1871

The year in which the constitution of the German Reich was created

Grimm fairy tales

These stories helped spread the seeds of German unification

Hanover, Hesse, Naussau, and the city of Frankfurt

These were incorporated into Prussia after the Austro-Prussian war

muzzleloader

This Austrian gun was much inferior to the Prussian needle gun in the Austro-Prussian war

needle gun

This Prussian gun was breach-loading, much better than that Austrian trash

Moltke

This Prussian military leader led Prussian troops to victory in wars such as the Austro-Prussian War, he was a boss

railroads

This allowed Prussia to mobilize their troops faster

Luxembourg question

This aroused French anger at Bismarck, as Bismarck said he would permit France to make moves to acquire Luxembourg, but after some French mismanagement of the issue Bismarck allowed German nationalists to oppose the French.

Congress of VIenna

This congress of major European power's after Napoleon's defeat awarded land in Italy to Austria and land on the Left Bank of the Rhine and 2/5 of Saxony to Prussia

Constitution of 1871

This constitution of the German Reich gave Prussia loads of power.

Prussian Constitution of 1850

This constitution was significantly more liberal than its Austrian counterpart, as it established a constitutional monarchy though there was a constitutional gap. Established parliament with lower chamber that had universal male suffrage. Divisions in the parliament were by taxes paid/economic class (wealthy, less wealthy, common)

Austria

This country had issues with military coordination and training due to the many different dialects and culture groups

Ems Dispatch

This dispatch of a meeting between Benedetti and the Prussian King in which Benedetti was edited by Bismarck to provoke war.

Holstein

This duchy an the duchy of Schleswig could never be separated under the treaty of Ribe

Metz

This historical garrison and fortress town was in Alsace-Lorraine, some Prussian ministers wanted it and thus this was one reason Prussia took Alsace-Lorraine after the Franco-Prussian War

two fronts

This is one reason why Prussia had a strong army tradition

1462

This is the year when the Treaty of the Ribe was signed

September 3, 1866

This is when the indemnity bill passed through the Prussian parliament.

Salic Law

This law said only males could inherit the thrones, was law in the duchies but not in Denmark

August Bebel

This man opposed the constitution which created the German Reich in 1871, he said it was "a mere figleaf to cover the nakedness of absolutism."

Mensdorff

This man replaced Rechberg as Austrian foreign minister in October 1864

Wilhelm I

This man was the Prussian King and became the first kaiser of the German Empire

Gablenz mission

This mediation attempt between Prussia and Austria before the war failed because Bismarck proposed to give the Prussian King more power as federal commander in chief in Germany, which Austria could not accept.

Prince Leopold

This member of the Hohenzollern family was candidate for the Spanish throne

Alsace-Lorraine

This mineral rich region was taken by Prussia after the Franco-Prussian war

Prussia

This nation had the high literacy rates, much higher than Austria's

London Protocol of 1852

This protocol made Schleswig-Holstein in a personal union with Denmark.

Habsburg

This royal family was seen as the traditional leaders of the Holy Roman Empire, and were the leaders of the Austrian Empire

Hohenzollern

This royal family were Prussian and were candidates for the throne of Spain in 1870 which made the French worried

central command

This system of organization made the Prussian military more superior to the Austrian one

Treaty of Prague

This treaty ended the Austro-Prussian War.

Treaty of Ribe

This treaty said the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein can never ever ever be separated, like EVER

absolutist monarchy

This was Austria's official government during the Austro-Prussian war

constitutional monarchy

This was Prussia's official government after the Constitution of 1850

meeting at Biarritz

This was a meeting between Bismarck and Napoleon III, Bismarck assured Napoleon of his friendliness and hinted at giving him territory in the Rhineland, in return for his neutrality

Holy Roman Empire

This was also known as the "First Reich," or the "Imperial Diet," it was the organization of German states before Napoleon

Habsburg pride

This was one reason the Austrian Empire decided to antagonize both Italy and Prussia instead of trying to ally with either.

2/5

This was the fraction of Saxony's land that went to Prussia after the Congress of Vienna

Blood and Iron

This was the name of the speech Bismarck gave in which he said "Not through speeches and majority decisions will the great questions of the day be decided - that was the great mistake of 1848 and 1849 - but by iron and blood."

First War of Schleswig Holstein

This was the name of the war in which King Frederick VII wanted the duchies for Denmark, but the Duke of Augustenburg wanted them too and got Prussian help, then the major powers intervened and signed the London Protocol of 1852., and Augustenburg resigned his claim in return for the moneyz

Protestant

This was the religion of most of the Northern German states, which is why they gravitated more strongly towards Prussia than the southern states

Catholic

This was the religion of most of the Southern German states, which is why they gravitated more towards Austria in some aspects

5 billion francs

This was the sum France had to pay Prussia after the Franco-Prussian war

constitutional gap

This was the term to describe the loophole which Bismarck exploited, where the king could declare a crisis and take power

1839

This was the year Christian VIII of Denmark died with no heir

1868

This was the year when Queen Isabella of Spain was dethroned, which raised the whole issue of who would inherit the throne

South German states

Though Bismarck did not incorporate these into Prussia after the Austro-Prussian War, he scared them with notions of French aggression and then signed secret defense treaties with them, and even a provision where the King of Prussia would take over military command in the case of a war with France.

Convention of Gastein

Under this convention joint administration of the duchies was replaced by a system where Prussia got Schleswig and Austria got Holstein, and Prussia got Lauenburg from Austria for 2.5 million thalers. German public opinion was shocked because this split up the duchies even though Prussia and Austria had invaded in part to keep them together.

Schleswig

____________ and Holstein; duchies claimed by both Denmark and the German Confederation.

Junker

a Prussian landowner

seven weeks

approximately how long the Austro-Prussian War was (in weeks)

thaler

currency used in the German confederation during this time

coal and iron

raw materials found in mineral rich lands on the Rhine granted to Prussia by the Congress of Vienna

reports of Bucher and Versen

reports which said Spain was favorable to a Hohenzollern rule, despite the fact that Spain was unfavorable for such, these reports were probably doctored in Berlin by Bismarck. In response to these reports King Wilhelm decided to initially support Leopold's claim.

realpolitik

the politics of reality, Bismarck was a practitioner of this

1862 to 1866

the years from which Bismarck waged his "constitutional struggle" against the parliament, and the years when the government collected the taxes without consent of the parliament

Slavs, Slovaks, Serb, Montenegrins, Czechs, and those pesky Magyars

these were just some of the varying ethnicities in the Austrian Empire, all these different cultures caused quite a few problems