Introduction to Psychology Chapter 1 section 2

What did Wundt call "introspection"?

"internal perception"

What was one of Sigmund Freud's published books? What was the books concepts?

A General Introduction to Psychoanalysis, shared his ideas about psychoanalytical therapy.

Who was, Wilhem Wundt (1832-1920)

A German scientist who was the first person to be referred to as a psychologist.

What is the "Skinner box"?

A chamber that isolates the subject from the external environment and has a behavior indicator such as a lever or a button.

What did Gestalt psychology emphasis?

A major emphasis of Gestalt psychology deals with the fact that although a sensory experience can be broken down into individual parts, how those parts relate to each other as a whole is often what the individual responds to in perception.

Define "introspection".

A process by which someone examines their own conscious experience as objectively as possible, making the human mind like any other aspect of nature that a scientist observed.

Self-actualization

A process by which we achieve our "full potential".

Who were two well-known proponents of humanistic psychology?

Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers

Noam Chomsky

An American linguist, was dissatisfied with the influence that behaviorism had had on psychology. A very influential figure in the beginning of the cognitive revolution.

Who was Abraham Maslow?

An American psychologist who is best known for proposing a hierarchy of human needs in motivating behavior.

Explain the process of the learning behavior called "conditioned reflex".

An animal or human produced a reflex (unconscious) response to a stimulus and, over time, was conditioned to produce the response to a different stimulus that the experimenter associated with the original stimulus.

What is behaviorism?

An approach of observing and controlling behavior

How did William James believe psychology should operate?

As James saw it, psychology's purpose was to study the function of behavior in the world, and as such, his perspective was known as functionalism.

Who was B.F Skinner?

B. F. Skinner (1904-1990) was an American psychologist.

What two approaches dominated American psychology?

Behaviorism and psychoanalysis.

Carl Rogers

Carl Rogers (1902-1987) was also an American psychologist who, like Maslow, emphasized the potential for good that exists within all people (Figure 1.9).

Who was Ivan Pavlov?

Early work in the field of behavior was conducted by the Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936).

What is behaviorism largely responsible for?

Establishing psychology as a scientific discipline through its objective methods and especially experimentation.

What are the 4 forms of social types of human needs? F.F.I.B 3rd level

Family, friendship, intimacy, and belonging.

What are the 4 physiological needs for humans? F.W.S.W 5th level

Food, water, shelter, and warmth.

Who was Sigmund Freud?(1856-1939)

Freud was an Austrian neurologist who was fascinated by patients suffering from "hysteria" and neurosis.

Define Functionalism.

Functionalism focused on how mental activities helped an organism fit into its environment.

What were these "functionalists" actually more interested in learning?

Functionalists were more interested in the operation of the whole mind rather than of its individual parts, which were the focus of structuralism.

What did Drew Westen argue?

He argued that many of the criticisms of Freud's ideas are misplaced, in that they attack his older ideas without taking into account later writings.

Why did Watson believe that Wundt's and James' study of consciousness was flawed?

He believed that objective analysis of the mind was impossible (why did he think it was "impossible"?), Watson preferred to focus directly on observable behavior and try to bring that behavior under control.

Why did Noam Chomsky believe that psychology's focus upon behaviorism was short-sighted?

He believed that the field had to re-incorporate mental functioning into its purview if it were to offer any meaningful contributions to understanding behavior.

What was the name of Wilhem Wundt's "famous" book?

His famous book entitled Principles of Physiological Psychology was published in 1873.

What is Humanism?

Humanism is a perspective within psychology that emphasizes the potential for good that is innate (within) to all humans.

Define Hysteria.

Hysteria was an ancient diagnosis for disorders, primarily of women with a wide variety of symptoms, including physical symptoms and emotional disturbances, none of which had an apparent physical cause.

Why did Freud theorize that problems arose from the unconscious mind?

In Freud's view, the unconscious mind was a repository of feelings and urges of which we have no awareness.

What is one form of self-actualization need? I. 1st level

Inner-fulfillment

What is the process of psychoanalysis?

Involves the patient talking about their experiences and selves.

Where is behaviorism implemented?

It is used in behavioral and cognitive-behavioral therapy.

Why is behaviorism considered to be deterministic?

It sees human behavior as entirely determined by a combination of genetics and environment.

What did James rely on more than Wundt

James relied more on objective measures, including the use of various recording devices, and examinations of concrete products of mental activities and of anatomy and physiology (Gordon, 1995).

Where did William James beliefs for psychology originate?

James was introduced to Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection and accepted it as an explanation of an organism's characteristics.

Who was John B. Watson?

John B. Watson (1878-1958) was an influential American psychologist whose most famous work occurred during the early 20th century at Johns Hopkins University.

What was a major object of study by behaviorists?

Learned behavior and its interaction with inborn qualities of the organism.

Where did behaviorism point other types researching towards?

Led to research on environmental influences on human behavior.

What did Skinner point for some types of behavior (what was the outcome)?

Like Watson, Skinner was a behaviorist, and he concentrated on how behavior was affected by its consequences.

Name the 3 German psychologists who immigrated to the U.S in the early 20th century to escape Nazi Germany. Did they introduce various Gestalt principles to the U.S?

Max Wertheimer (1880-1943), Kurt Koffka (1886-1941), and Wolfgang Köhler (1887-1967) Yes.

What did Pavlov study specifically involving learning behavior?

Pavlov studied a form of learning behavior called a conditioned reflex.

Explain what "Unconditional positive regard" means in a therapy session.

Refers to the fact that the therapist accepts their client for who they are, no matter what he or she might say.

What type of technique did Rogers use on his clients?

Rogers used a therapeutic technique known as client- centered therapy in helping his clients deal with problematic issues that resulted in their seeking psychotherapy.

What are the 3 forms of self-security types of human needs? S.E.A 4th level

Safety, employment, and assets.

What are the 3 forms of self-esteem-related types of needs? S.A.C 2nd level

Self-worth, accomplishment, and confidence.

What do the ideas of Gestalt continue to influence research on?

Sensation and perception.

What types of factors contributed to change within driving behavior, that Skinner introduced?

Skinner spoke of reinforcement and punishment as major factors in driving behavior.

What was the first requirement for this experiment?

The first stringent requirement was the use of "trained" or practiced observers, who could immediately observe and report a reaction.

Explain the "psychoanalytic theory".

The psychoanalytic theory focuses on the role of a person's unconscious, as well as early childhood experiences, and this particular perspective dominated clinical psychology for several decades.

What was the specific reflex Pavlov worked with?

The reflex Pavlov worked with was salivation in response to the presence of food.

What was the second requirement for this experiment?

The second requirement was the use of repeatable stimuli that always produced the same experience in the subject and allowed the subject to expect and thus be fully attentive to the inner reaction.

How could the unconscious mind be accessed by Freud's "eyes"?

The unconscious mind could be accessed through dream analysis, by examinations of the first words that came to people's minds, and through seemingly innocent slips of the tongue.

Define Gestalt.

The word Gestalt roughly translates to "whole".

Why were these requirements put into place?

These experimental requirements were put in place to eliminate "interpretation" in the reporting of internal experiences and to counter the argument that there is no way to know that an individual is observing their mind or consciousness accurately, since it cannot be seen by any other person.

What else did some psychologists "dislike"?

They also disliked the reductionism, or simplifying nature, of behaviorism.

What did Wundt and James have in common?

They believed that introspection could serve as one means by which someone might study mental activities. James also relied on more objective measures, including the use of various recording devices, and examinations of concrete products of mental activities and of anatomy and physiology (Gordon, 1995).

Why did some psychologists disagree on involving how the unconcious part of a person determines "all actions".

They objected to the pessimism and determinism of Freud.

What did Wundt believe the goal of psychology was?

To identify components of consciousness and how those components combined to result in our conscious experience.

Define "structuralism".

To understand the structure or characteristics of the mind. Despite Wilhelm Wundt's efforts to train individuals in the process of introspection, this process remained highly subjective, and there was very little agreement between individuals. Structuralism fell out of favor with the passing of Wundt's student Edward Titchener, in 1927.

What 3 features did Rogers believe a therapist needed to display to maximize the effectiveness of a client-centered therapy approach?

Unconditional positive regard, genuineness, and empathy.

Where is behavior modification commonly used?

Used in class room settings.

What else did Drew Westen argue involving unconsciousness?

Westen also argues that critics fail to consider the success of the broad ideas that Freud introduced or developed, such as the importance of childhood experiences in adult motivations, the role of unconscious versus conscious motivations in driving our behavior, the fact that motivations can cause conflicts that affect behavior, the effects of mental representations of ourselves and others in guiding our interactions, and the development of personality over time.

Who created one of the first laboratories for psychological research?

Wilhelm Wundt

Who was one of the "founders" of psychology?

Wilhelm Wundt

Who was William James (1842-1910)?

William James was the first American psychologist who espoused a different perspective on how psychology should operate.

Explain Wundt's version of "introspection".

Wundt's version of introspection used only very specific experimental conditions in which an external stimulus was designed to produce a scientifically observable (repeatable) experience of the mind.