JMM434 Exam 1
Exhibitor
"Exhibition is the retail branch of the film industry. It involves not the production or the distribution of motion pictures, but their public screening, usually for paying customers in a site devoted to such screenings, the movie theater. What the exhibitor sells is the experience of a film (and, frequently, concessions like soft drinks and popcorn). Because exhibitors to some extent control how films are programmed, promoted, and presented to the public, they have considerable influence over the box-office success and, more importantly, the reception of films.Read more: http://www.filmreference.com/encyclopedia/Criticism-Ideology/Exhibition.html#ixzz77FrEQMBW"
Studio definition
- Access to financing for several films/year (including blockbusters with budgets over $100 million) - Access to talent - Global distribution infrastructure Control (output deals)
How to obtain input from distribution executives without stunting the creative process?
- Higher management levels that oversee creative departments - Feedback from independent, separate corporate strategic planning departments Pixar example: Pixar gives the director the creative freedom to hire their team and make the film (Pixar has been very successful with this model)
Windows and Ultimates Counter Pressure
- Individual distribution units at distributors - Existing contractual obligations with: Talent and exhibitors - Theaters ex: The director of crazy rich asians did not want to make the movie with Netflix because he wanted his movie shown in theaters
Development guidelines
- Mostly based on intuition - Fluid criteria Some basic questions: - Is the Idea Sustainable, or Big Enough relative to its budget? - Is the Idea Original? (Keep in mind that sometimes genres follow trends, think of vampire trend) - Is the Idea Inherently Expensive or Modest to Produce? - Does the Story Lend Itself to the Medium Contemplated? - Does the Concept Have Franchise or Merchandising Potential? - Does the Idea Have General Appeal, or is it Geared Toward a Targeted Market?
Independent distributors (non-studio/networks)
- No infrastructure - No direct relationships in the marketplace - Often opt for sub-distributors, agents or pre-sale of distribution rights
Distribution Considerable Overhead
- Parent office, typically LA - Field offices across the world: toronto, london, paris, tokyo, miami (latin america)..etc - Very expensive -> have in order to keep a certain status
Branding as a means to expand product range can include
- Sequels/Prequels - Spinoffs - Remakes (IP, public domain) - Crossover: Film to TV, TV to film, Games to Film Initial investment on a theatrical release is staggering To maximize investment, studios look to branding and branding is achieved through franchises
Intellectual Property (Chapter 2)
- Simply put, it is a work or invention that is the result of creativity, such as a manuscript or a design, to which one has rights and for which one may apply for a patent, copyright, trademark, etc. - In entertainment, the process of creating IP is called development - cannot protect an "idea"
1948 Paramount Ruling
- The studios couldn't own movie theaters but in Summer of 2020 that decision was reversed due to changing times and different methods of movie viewing - Originally, the government's case accused the studios of violating the Sherman Antitrust Act in their total control over movie distribution and exhibition. At the time, the seven studios controlled almost all the country's movie theaters, either through ownership of their own theater chains or through a process known as "block booking," in which independent theater owners signed contracts with the studios that required them to show a given number (or "block") of films. In their antitrust case, the government was demanding that the studios end block booking and get rid of either their distribution arms or theaters.
In the context of distribution (on the first slide of the powerpoint) why is it important to make sure you clear all the underlying rights?
- To avoid lawsuits, the make sure you have all the rights to your IP (intellectual property), to make sure that you can distribute it worldwide in perpetuity - You have no hindrances from underlying rights
How to protect the underlying "idea": (copyright)
- Turn it into a "protectable" work of art: a script, novel or short story - Turn it into a patent: useful, novel, and non-obvious inventions; - Require NDA signed by anyone you share your idea with and - Some states allow "theft of idea" lawsuits
What rights do the following belong to: - Watching "Westworld" on your HBO GO account - Watching the latest episode of "Grey's Anatomy" on your smartphone's ABC app on Saturday morning - Watching the entire last season of "Entourage" using your mom's subscription to HBO MAX on your android - Watching the first season of "The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel" on Amazon Prime - Watching the latest episode of "Real Housewives of Atlanta" on Bravo, LIVE
- Watching "Westworld" on your HBO GO account - Catch up rights Pay TV - Watching the latest episode of "Grey's Anatomy" on your smartphone's ABC app on Saturday morning - Catch up rights Free (network) TV ****When you watch the newest episode of greys with Hulu, it would be AVOD (if you have commercials) or if you watch with hulu without commercials it would be SVOD, it's a differently negotiated - Watching the entire last season of "Entourage" using your mom's subscription to HBO MAX on your android (SVOD) - Watching the first season of "The Marvelous Mrs. Meisel" on Amazon (SVOD) - Watching the latest episode of "Real Housewives of Atlanta" on Bravo live (basic cable)
The Betamax Case (1984)
- basically just fair use. When VCR originally came out it was "time shifting" equipment, initially thats how these were marketing so the studios and the networks sued Betamax because they said you area making money on our copyright and if we are producing a tv show and you are using the fact that our show is being aired on CBS to sell your equipment ruled that the making of individual copies of complete television shows for purposes of time shifting does not constitute copyright infringement, but is fair use In 1984, the supreme court said "No, Betamax is allowed to record your copyrighted content as long as consumers don't use it for commercial purposes" The ability to record something in your own home was included as "fair use" - Fair use are exceptions to copyright law
Studios (what they need to qualify)
- global distribution infrastructure - have a lot of land for production - access to financing for several films per year including blockbusters with budgets over 100 million - access to talent
Development Process of Intellectual Property
1. Generate idea - Types of ideas: Script/treatment (Fiction or Based on real events) - Existing IP (book, existing film/TV property) 2. Develop and/or fine-tune script - For TV/episodic: Pilot - For Film: Filming/shooting and testing dailies 3. Creative authority shifts as the development and then production processes progress: Writer Producer, Director
What affects piracy continuum? (where you fall on continuum depends ___ and ___)
1. Intention 2. Commercial gain
Broadcast Network (is defined by:)
1. Product - diversity - diversity of programs: news, daytime, primetime comedies and drama, late night..., programs, and target audience - quantity 2. Reach - national coverage increase reach by further diversify their content (programs) to reach target audiences by launching specialized cable channels, such as: USA (NBCUniversal) and ABC Family 3. Budget Range Correlation between the lower and more targeted the audience, the lower the advertising revenue and vice-versa - Not as many TV shows as feature films are based on books or comics get $ from advertising
Windows SHIFTING
1. Theatrical and Premium Video on demand PVOD 2. Airlines (aka non-theatrical) 3. home entertainment including transactional (TVOD) and EST (Electronic Sell Through) ex: Amazon, itunes 4. pay tv includes VOD, SVOD 5. free TV includes cable FVOD, AVOD 6. subsequent tv + internet rights
Two reasons to collapse windows
1. To avoid double-spending on marketing 2. don't want to penalize customers who don't want or can't afford to watch a movie in theaters
Distribution types
1. content 2. format 3. network - Finished content (intellectual property) - send entire copyright transferred to distributor - selling content to outlets. For example, licensing or selling a feature film to movie theaters or a TV series to Netflix customers: networks, retailers, movie theaters, content providers - ex: selling an entire season of law and order to BBC - Format - Distribution of format refers to the licensing of the rights to "copy" a format. For example, the producers of America's Got Talent obtained the rights from the producers of Britain's Got Talent. customers: networks, producers (Digital Theatrical, 3d, Blu Ray) - Finished networks - channels only for TV ONLY customers: exhibitors, MVPDs, vMPVDs, International customization - ex: distributing the finished network - distribution of finished network would be distributing the Discovery network, for example, across Latin America.
Traditional Windows
1. theatrical 2. airlines (aka non-theatrical) 3. home entertainment(DVD) 4. pay per view (VOD) 5. pay tv 6. free tv 7. subsequent tv ("in order" television)
History of Distribution
1980s: international box office represented 40% of worldwide box office 1990s: such percentage increased to 50% Late 1980s expansion of commercial (private) broadcasting in Europe Late 1980s, early 1990s European TV boom BSkyB Canal Plus (France, Spain, Belgium, Poland, Scandinavia)
Upfronts
A period of media buying in which advertisers purchase time on network television a few months before (May) the new season of shows begin (September). They are thus bought "up-front." includes prime time, late night and sports, NATIONAL ad sales (super bowl ads - have extreme value when else can 100 million people watch something at the same time - online a viral youtube video where people randomly watch it and it increases over time)
Cord Cutting
A person who switches from a pay TV subscription (cable, satellite or telephone company) to an Internet-based streaming service such as Netflix. The purpose of cord cutting is to save a considerable amount of money each month.
Broadcast Networks Include: (only English language + commercial listed)
ABC NBC CBS Fox Broadcast CW Telemundo Television PBS * These are the networks that use over the air ways Bolded networks are the major players
Aereo 2014 Supreme Court ruling
Aereo provided a service that allowed its subscribers to watch programs that are currently airing on network television and/or record programs that will air in the future over the Internet. Aereo was guilty as they don't themselves distribute the content from the beginning and are therefore in violation of copyright infringement
What happens when the overhead is high?
An ongoing expense of operating a business: Overhead can be Rent, Utilities, Insurance, Office supplies, Travel, Advertising expenses, offices expenses..etc Look to spread costs over greater amounts of product Pipeline to spread out those costs: Pipeline - Bus analogy - 12 seats in minivan, whether 2 or 10 are going you're paying the same insurance, gas.. Etc and same for distribution You want to fill it bc the fix cost is the same because overhead is high is the reason you need the pipeline and to shove as much in there as possible to get most out of distribution Complexity + Overhead + Pipeline = Studio Distribution
How do production companies try to minimize risk?
Budgeting Mock-ups Story boards and RESEARCH (ex:pilot)
4 Rules of Jeff Ulins Monetization in Distribution
Calculates value of content that is determined by these components: DERT Differential Pricing Exclusivity Repeat Consumption Time
Studios (and who they're owned by): Colombia Pictures - ? Paramount pictures - ? Universal Pictures - ? Warner Brothers - ? Walt Disney and 20th Century Fox - ?
Colombia Pictures - Sony Paramount pictures - CBSViacom Universal Pictures - Comcast (who is owned by NBCUniversal) Warner Brothers - AT&T Walt Disney and 20th Century Fox - The Disney Company
Trademarks
Complements copyright law in order to protect elements of the property that identify the brand in relation to brand specific products that could make money *(merchandise) "To Infinity and Beyond" Buzz Lightyear Trademark complements copyright by protecting a brand
____ + ____ + ____ = Studio Distribution
Complexity + Overhead + Pipeline = Studio Distribution (COP) complexity - how many versions overhead - costs pipeline - Bus analogy - 12 seats in minivan, whether 2 or 10 are going you're paying the same insurance, gas.. Etc and same for distribution - You want to fill it bc the fix cost is the same
Online recent players
Discovery Warner Media - HBO MAX Apple TV+ Comcast - Peacock Disney + (bundled with ESPN and Hulu)
MPAA Major Studios
Disney, Paramount, Sony, Universal, Warner Brothers, Netflix(2019) (MGM is no longer a member, it was at one point.)
What windows do these correspond to? Downloading "Fargo" from Amazon Prime onto your tablet for a fee Watching "Succession" on your HBO GO account Watching the latest episode of "Dancing With The Stars" on your smartphone's ABC app on Saturday morning Watching the entire last season of "Game of Thrones" using your mom's subscription to HBO MAX on your android Watching the first season of "Morning Show" on Apple TV+ Watching the latest episode of "Lodge 49" on AMC, live
Downloading "Fargo" on Amazon is EST electronic sell through rights - Home entertainment window Watching "Succession" on your parents' HBO MAX account - Pay TV window Watching the latest episode of "Dancing with the Stars" on your smartphone's ABC app on Saturday morning - Free TV window Watching the entire last season of "GoT" using your mom's subscription to HBO MAX on your android - Pay TV Window Watching the first season of "Morning Show" on Apple TV+ - Pay TV window Watching the latest episode of "Lodge 49" on AMC - Free TV window
What rights do the following belong to: Downloading "Carnival Row" from Amazon Prime onto your tablet Watching "Succession" on your HBO GO account Watching the latest episode of "Dancing With The Stars" on your smartphone's ABC app on Saturday morning Watching the entire last season of "Game of Thrones" using your mom's subscription to HBO MAX on your android Watching the first season of "Morning Show" on Apple TV+ Watching the latest episode of "Lodge 49" on AMC, live
Downloading Carnival Row from Amazon Prime to your tablet - Since you have to buy individual episodes its a TVOD (Amazon prime itself is an SVOD) Watching succession on your HBO Go account - Catch up rights for HBO Watching dancing with the stars on your NBC app the next morning - Catch up Watching the entire last season of game of thrones using your moms subscription to HBO now on your android - It is SVOD because you have to pay differently (- SVOD and OTT SVOD is a subset of OTT) Watching a new Apple TV show? - SVOD Watching the new "Lodge 49" AMC's new tv show - It's an MVPD but because of windowing it's free tv or basic cable
Arguable Mini Studios
Dreamworks Geaumont MGM
What are some challenges of online?
Fickle (constant changes in online platforms) Economics Niche Based on personal relationships
Broadcast Networks traditional windows
Initial airing: Free TV OR Pay TV - whichever you have from there, one leads into the next subsequent window: Subsequent windows: Home entertainment (TVOD, EST or physical product) OR Subsequent TV + internet rights
Distribution (chapter 1)
Intellectual Property limitations
Mini Studios
Lionsgate Films STX entertainment Open Road Films CBS FIlms
Explain the three components that combine to create studio distribution
Look to spread costs over greater amounts of product Pipeline Overhead costs are mostly fixed Combine that with complexity of versions, and you get: Complexity + Overhead + Pipeline = Studio Distribution
Ultimates
Looks at entire life of a movie and see how much money you can bring in from each window long term - Some studios use 10 years some use 15 years - goal is to maximize revenue over time - will they get more money if one window is shorter or longer (What happens if we release it in home video a little sooner, what happens if we release it a little bit later?)
Studio - diversity of budget
Low Budget - Under $10 million (Too low a budget could be a double-edged sword - "Drunk Wedding" example, the film's budget was so low that it didn't justify the studio's marketing overhead) Under the radar "portfolio" films - $20 to 30 million High budget - Around $100 million, but moving target Franchise budget - Over $100 and typically closer to $200 million but also potential for franchise, merchandise. These films typically raise the bottom line for the entire company think Harry Potter, Spiderman, etc... (To maximize such investment, studios look to branding and branding is achieved through franchises - often through animation like despicable me, comics, or books like harry potter)
Fighting piracy
MPAA - changed name to MPA Effectiveness? - not very effective, doesn't fix root of the problem (As International markets grow, it will be easier to apply pressure on foreign governments to insure US films and Television content are protected)
"Free over the air"
MVPD or vMVPD - can watch on cable ABC, CBS, NBC, FOX, CW, PBS, telemundo, golf channels, tennis channels....etc
Terms: MVPD vMVPD Basic Cable OTT PPV VOD SVOD AVOD (Two types) TVOD PVOD FVOD
MVPD: multi channel video program distributor - Covers cable companies, phone or like dish or directv - Need a connection to cable with a type of box (cable or satellite) - Comcast, Verizon or AT&T vMVPD: virtual multi channel video program distributor - Pay or premium TV (w internet) - and vMVPDs are OTTs - month-to-month subscription that you can cancel anytime - What sets vMVPDs apart from other OTTs is the fact that they offer "linear" channels (in "bundles") for a monthly fee. Sling, YouTube TV, Fubo are all examples of vMVPDs. Ex: youtube tv - provides channels through internet connection without a box or hardware Basic cable: CNN, FOX, BRAVO, channel 1...etc - non broadcast channels - you can tell by: have to Pay the MVPD for all these channels/networks (can't get without MVPD or vMVPD) - Basic cable is not ABC CBS NBC CW FOX broadcasting (these are considered broadcast) - Not premium - not HBO, showtime etc OTT: Over the Top This is an umbrella term for video programming transmitted via the Internet that bypasses traditional cable or broadcast (linear) distribution. It can be consumed on any device including computers, mobile devices, TVs, and gaming systems - all vMVPDs are OTTs but not all OTTs are vMVPDs - MVPDs: includes SVOD (like Netflix) and AVOD (like basic Peacock or youtube). - includes streaming devices + gaming systems : Smart TVs, Apple TVs, Chromecast, PlayStation, Xbox, Amazon Fire sticks, and other streaming devices - can play on any device whether tv or phone PPV: Pay per view - have to start at a pre determined time - like a boxing match VOD: Video on Demand (includes SVOD and AVOD): SVOD: Streaming or subscription video on demand (hbo max, netflix, prime video) - allows users to consume as much content as they desire at a flat rate per month AVOD: Advertising-based video on demand - free to consumers but must watch advertisements - ex: daily motion and youtube and peacock free TVOD: Transactional Video on Demand - buying a movie on demand purchasing on TV - ex: buying a season of a show on amazon PVOD: Premium video on demand - basically online movie theater, can get access sooner to movies - Split it 50/50 with movie theaters - ex: Disney's Mulan, you needed a subscription to Disney+ and then you had to pay an additional $25 to watch Mulan first-day-first-show FVOD: Free on demand ex: free VOD (Hulu non plus, YouTube)
Difference between Direct Distribution and Agency distribution agreement?
Main difference is control "While a commission/sales/trade agent sells product on your behalf that you continue to own and invoice the ultimate customer for, distributors take ownership of the product and sell on to their own customers." Direct Distribution: go on tour with talent, for example stars from law and order, and clients all over the world would come take a picture with them - marketing opportunity you wouldn't have with an agent Agent: know the market better can get around censorship boards and have more friends in industry EXAMPLE Agent : in the middle east who represents MGM and an independent brazilian producer MGM owns james bond and rocky films, and if you're the agent the best strategy is to sell them with 200 brazilian films from the 1980's and make it a package to get more money for the brazilian films (probably wouldn't be sold without james bond and rocky films) Negative control: prevent piracy/unlawful use of likeness etc... Positive Control: promote content through relationship with customers
MPAA (now MPA)
Motion Picture Association of America - Traditionally viewed as the major studios' lobbying organization that rates movies for their audience type and Instituted the Hays Code to ensure absence of offensive material and thus fight censorship MPAA studios: Disney, Paramount, Sony, Universal, Warner Brothers, Netflix Founded so that industry could impose on itself a certain code of ethics. It was as a reaction to the censorship in place in the early 20th century.
Cable Network
NATIONAL covers the country - As the cable channels grow, they become more independent and are owned by the broadcast networks' parent companies get $ from advertising and subscriptions ex: USA Network, Golf Channel, E!
Online Majors
Netflix Amazon Hulu (part of the Disney package) - Hulu (basic, with ads), Hulu (no ads), Hulu + Live TV (vMVPD)
What is distribution (3 things)
PDE Production (manufacturing) Distribution (wholesale) Exhibition (marketing/retail)
Rule 230 of the 1996 telecommunications act
Part of the 1996 telecommunications act and it provides immunity to platforms against defamation, decency, harassment and other harms among other cases - Holds platforms immune to lawsuits - Rather than being copyright, it deals with defamation and other claims If someone says something defamatory about me on twitter, you don't sue twitter, you sue the person who said it to you
Development costs
People/overhead Fund for writers (non-staff) Fund for options Legal funds for negotiations (outside counsel) Travel and entertainment Marketing
Piracy continuum (6)
Piracy continuum: criminals -> hackers -> casual pirates -> frustrated consumers -> confused consumers -> consumers criminals -> steal content for commercial gain hackers -> steal content and distribute over internet casual pirates -> download content for personal use frustrated consumers -> can't get what they want legally confused consumers -> unknowingly consume illegal content consumers -> buy content through legitimate channels
Digital millennium copyright act (DMCA) AND Section 512 of the Copyright Act
Protects ISPs and websites from liability - protects them from copyright litigation (ex: youtube is not responsible if someone uses a copyrighted song on youtube)
Studio Range
Range of product - Range of labels (subsidiary divisions earlier in the chapter) may provide diversity - Diversity of genre - Diversity of budget - (Low Budget, Under the radar, "portfolio" films, High budget, Franchise of tentpole budget) - Relationships (deals with talent) (First Look, Last refusal, Matching rights)
catch up rights
Rights attached to each individual TV show - a window to allow their viewers to watch or re-watch the film through the broadcaster's website or app (becomes available simultaneously on TV and app - watching latest episode of something on ABC app) - The rights attached to each individual tv window EX HBO, paid tv, will buy your movie and you give them paid tv rights and catch up rights example: In other words you as the consumer haven the ability to catch up on the program on some other place then the original spot If its a show on ABC You can watch it on their app, on their website, on free hulu Only on ABC's sister companies Then you negotiate Temporary downloads These are the catch up for SVODs *Don't confuse "catch-up" rights with internet or OTT rights - remember "catch-up" requires authentication
Windows and Ultimates Pressure from the Market
Shorten Theatrical window because of growing technology window - Some experiments day-and-date in 2018-2019: Netflix: Roma, Irishman Amazon: Spike Lee's Chi-raq - Pandemic forced agreements between distributors and exhibitors, less time in theaters
Independent definition
Studios are different from independents because of access to finance, distribution and talent. Often are focused on one or several individuals (including talent) so they're limited by the individual's availability Access to physical locations (studio lots) also limits independents' ability to increase volume Rarely have access to distribution infrastucture
Joint Ventures
Studios join together - ventures shared costs but not revenues Major markets "serviced" directly by joint venture, other "smaller" territories licensed to third parties (sub-distributors or agents) ventures. A joint venture may only need an incremental amount of extra overhead, if any, while perhaps doubling or tripling the output of titles, leading to material savings in release costs on a per-title basis. why? - To share high overheard - To increase leverage/presence in marketplace UIP Theatrical, UIP Pay TV, CIC: - UIP theatrical -> universal paramount and MGM joined together, shared cost but not revenues (when one paid more overhead with less revenues it didn't work) - UIP Pay TV was dismantled in the mid 1990s - CIC (cinema international corporation) dismantled by 2000 Reasons joint ventures were divided and dissolved: Regulatory environment, particularly in Europe Market growth and launch of joint pay TV ventures Complaints from creative forces Inequities amongst partners, in particular MGM
Fair Use example
The most recent example of fair use was the dancing toddler verse universal music in 2008. The mom put a youtube video up of her child dancing to one of Prince's songs. You can barely hear the song but Universal Music sued the mother for using that song. Universal music lost because the use of music for home videos was considered to be fair use
Distribution Markets
Theaters Home entertainment Pay TV Premium tv (hbo) Pay per view/ VOD (on demand) / SVOD (subscription) / AVOD Broadcast free over the air Non theatrical: hotel/motel, airlines, colleges, hospitals, cruise chips
complete matrix
There's always someone from legal involved when you negotiate with large customers in distribution - Need to have departments staffed with qualified personnel to fill each market/format/version - Technical requirements: Artistic integrity You may have an administrator sitting in LA managing the agreements that Universal has with south Europe. So you get these people that are very much in tune with what the market wants and what the market needs
Branding in distribution is achieved by
To maximize investment, studios look to branding and branding is achieved through franchises expanding product range can make more money - Initial investment on a theatrical release is staggering (esp with a franchise)
Development in the context of distribution
Too much input from distribution/business units may result in fewer creative risks Finally, keep in mind that development does not equal production! On average, one in 5 to 10 developed properties get produced.
2002 Napster Case
a Federal Appeals judge ruled that Napster was liable for contributory or vicarious copyright violations because it was allowing millions of users to download music for free - artists not paid
TV Station
covers certain location - news coverage in your area ex: NBC 6 (the NETWORK would be NBC)
History of distribution
distribution has become a main factor in deciding whether or not to make a film internationally (ex: might not make a movie if they won't play/sell it in china because it's a huge market)
Exclusivity
distributors can maximize profits by exploiting windows of exclusivity-if you're the only person selling rights to law and order and give exclusive rights, it adds value to entire distribution process
Marketing (in distribution)
focus on awareness and consumption often US performance for international (if film does well in US theatrical it will most likely be successful in other countries - customers including streaming services, will pay more for it)
Differential Pricing
if your content is at an attractive enough price, it adds value to the distribution process ex: you are head of a household for 6 people, financially responsible, and a movie comes out in theaters but also comes out on premium VOD (priced 29.99 VOD) and need to decide whether download for 29.99$ or go to the movie theater = you usually decide based on the price
Optioning Properties
mechanism in place in order to dissolve contract if for whatever reason the project doesn't move forward (unable to secure financing for distribution, script does not progress in writing...wtc) Most option contract specify: - Reversal or cancelation of option - Length of option period, and any extensions, if applicable - Price (low) of option and of any extensions, if applicable - Purchase or transfer price (high) for the property "a contractual agreement pertaining to film rights between a potential film producer (such as a movie studio, a production company, or an individual) and the author of source material, such as a book, play, or screenplay, for an exclusive, but temporary, right to purchase the screenplay, given the film producer lives up to the terms of the contract." *The purchase of the property is an actual transfer of property (including copyright)
What makes online attractive?
online = D E N Demographics Experience Niche
stacking rights
refers to TV series - how many episodes can HBO keep at one time on HBO max? when you go on Hulu only the most recent 5 episodes not the whole season , if an app has more than that they were granted more stacking rights (typically has 5 though)
Repeat Consumption
releasing something at an exclusive time to view the product and can be viewed several times (has more value that way) ex: friends on netflix for a limited time
Cord Shaving
subscribers who have reduced their pay TV fees by eliminating certain channels and most likely adding on OTT's
Time
the immediacy to view a title, so how soon after released can you watch? - how fresh is the content? ex: the BBC will pay more money for the more recent movie than for the older one
Cord nevers
viewers who never paid for cable TV and have always found other means to obtain and view the shows they want (never subscribed to MVPD)
Piracy (effects on talent)
when watching on a pirate website, you are preventing actors and talent at all levels from their share of the market (doesn't hurt the bigger stars only smaller actors/talent)