KNES 305 Ch. 13-18

deliberate practice

(intent and effort to improve each session) is essential to optimal levels of learning and improvement. intentional and specific practice aimed at improving performance "Going through the motions" is not considered this

variable practice

-Develops cognitive schema and generalized motor programs -Provides variation of regulatory and nonregulatory contexts -Allows learners to explore and discover the perceptual motor landscape

blocked practice

A practice sequence in which one skill is repeated over a fixed block of time before moving to the next skill. This is usually contrasted to random practice, which involves different skills intermingled during a designated time period.

variable practice

A practice sequence in which several variations of the same skill occur in a mixed order

1. the belief that the behavior will produce a specified outcome 2. the individuals desire for attaining the specified outcome

According to the theory of planned behavior, attitudes toward a behavior are dependent on what two factors? intention to exercise

closed environmental skills ::such as Free throw, routines (gymnastics, kata, dance), and where force generation is a goal ::(weight lifting, throwing events,

Constant Practice may be best for which type of skills?

Locus of control (affirmation)

Do i have control or is it beyond my control

part practice

If skill is high in complexity and low in organization, use which kind of practice if safety IS a concern?

whole practice

If skill is low in complexity (number of parts/components) and high in organization (connectedness of parts/components) which kind of practice should be used if safety is NOT a concern?

task complexity and task organization

Instructors are faced with the decision of whether to teach a skill as a whole or break it into parts and teach the parts before combining them into the whole what two things should be taken into consideration?

internal locus of control

My choices and actions affect what happens to me

storage and novel movement challenges

Simple motor programs (imitating gold standards) lead to what?

true

T/F: -Variability applies to ecological and dynamic systems because it reflects intrinsic dynamics and self-organizing systems -Variability is helpful during practice

true

T/F: Teachers and coaches need to include variation in their practices to help learners develop generalized motor programs so that they can respond to a variety of movement situations

constant practice

Very similar to blocked practice because one skill is repeated for a fixed amount of time or number of trials before learners move to the next skill. This is usually contrasted to variable practice, which includes variation of specific skill intermingled during a designed time period

imagery

a from of mental practice that involves a visual or kinesthetic representation of performance; the visualization or cognitive rehearsal of a movement

random practice

a practice sequence in which several skills are mixed in a random order. Rehearsal of the same skill twice in a row is avoided

serial practice

a practice sequence in which skills are performed in a mixed order but in a fixed format

goal setting

a self regulatory skill that allows people to monitor progress toward a self-determined goal. goals should be specific, attainable, challenging, and realistic

motivation

a set of reasons that determines an individual's behavior

Hands-off practitioners

based on the dynamic systems approach, a practitioner who incorporates problem solving, self-discovery, and self-regulation into the learning environment to encourage learners to discover appropriate personal motor patterns

Davids et al gold standard vs variability

believed there should be less focus on identical motor patterns and more focus on problem solving, discovery learning, and self-regulation

•Be specific - put it on paper, use numbers •Be reasonable •Set short (daily, weekly) and longterm (monthly, yearly) •Seek help (coaching, feedback, etc.) •Self reflect, evaluate, adjust

best practice strategies

goal of enjoyment as age, goals become more specific

each person has their own goals; what is the primary goal of young children? as a person ages what happens to their goals?

external locus of control

fate? my genetics, inflation? whatever; I have no control

extrinsic feedback

feedback that comes from an external source, additional to sensory information -Supplemental to intrinsic feedback; provided by trainer, teacher, coach, therapist, or even equipment

intrinsic feedback

feedback that is received from sensory sources before, during , and after a movement -Proprioceptive, visual, auditory

knowledge of performance

feedback that provides information about the characteristics of the movement pattern produced. about the quantity of the movement -For example, an instructor could tell learners that they need to shift their weight, use more force with the follow-through, or use more torso rotation when throwing

the abstraction of a movement pattern and on variability

generalized motor programs are based on what?

performance goals

goals that focus on improvement relative to ones own performance improvement "I will increase my speed, strength, etc"

process goals

goals that focus on particular aspects of skill acquisition improvement "I will improve my technique to improve my performance"

outcome goals

goals that focus on the results of performance in comparison to others directional "I want to be the best, get a scholarship, etc"

Hands-off practitioners

help learners discover optimal solutions by manipulating constraints, interpreting variability, and nurturing search activities

combination of part and whole

if safety issues can be resolved which kind of practice used? •e.g. swimming in shallow water or gymnastics with safety belt or foam pit.

massed practice

long practice sessions with many practice trials Note: This is for skill development not fitness. Minimum or brief rest.

task complexity

number of parts and amount of attention required (e.g., baseball batting is highly complex)

learning and improvement

practice is essential to what two things?

distributed practice

practice that typically involves a short session with few practice trials and long rest intervals

amount of practice

quality repetitions with intent to improve and focused attention

Nonlinear practitioners

recognize that a leaners solution to a movement challenge is a unique coordination pattern resulting from self-organization of numerous body systems

task organization

relationships among components of a skill; more interdependent parts will require a high level of organization (e.g., layup in basketball)

•Self-monitoring- keeping records. •Goal setting-written •Self-talk-yes, encourage your self •Imagery-see yourself achieving results

self-regulation strategies (self-discipline)

true

t/f: All adults need self-regulatory skills to accomplish goals and optimize motivation.

true

t/f: Constant practice produces quicker results early on, but variable practice produces better retention and long term results.

true

t/f: in goal setting tangible rewards only have a short term effect

true

t/f: variable practice is superior to constant practice for real world application

true

t/f: •Mental practice is often combined with physical practice but mental practice has had positive impact in sport skills, therapy, music performance, and acquiring surgical skills

knowledge of results (KR)

terminal feedback that describes the outcome of the movement -For example, a gymnastics score, the distance of a punt, the score on a sit and reach test, or the speed of a pitch

mental practice

the cognitive rehearsal of a physical skill without overt physical movements

nonlinear pedagogy

the foundation of instruction based on the dynamic systems approach, in which practitioners promote problem solving, discovery learning, and self-regulation recognizes the unique coordination pattern of movements -sudden changes in performance rather than by linear increments

length of practice

the specific length of time of practice

Provide positive feedback, then negative, followed by positive •feedback on both the errors and the correct components of the movement bread is praise and meat is constructive criticism

what is the sandwich approach to feedback?

Intrinsic motivation

which motivation is optimal and occurs when behaviors are performed for the personal interest in and enjoyment of engaging in the activity

blocked practice

•one skill practiced over a fixed period of time or fixed number of times. Several sessions of "constant practice" for different skills during a single practice session (e.g. 3 hrs of total practice with 1 hr. blocks devoted to each of 3 skills).