LFR - Propose questions for the final!

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"Button"

What does the Greek word "synapse" translate to?

"Faster together"

"Further together"

"Neurons communicate by contact, not continuity", this is the:

Cajal stain

Motor

A a. Somatic sensory b. Visual c. Auditory d. Motor

A and C are correct

What is the blood brain barrier?

A specialization of the walls of the brain capillaries that limits the movement of potassium (and other bloodborne substances) into the extracellular fluid of the brain

A type of Glia

An atom or molecule that has to exacerbate electrical charge to widen the lateral pathway because of overpopulation of the electrons and protons.

Which of the following make you lose sense of smell?

Anosmia

Astrocytes are:

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Auditory

Who came up with the reticular theory?

Camillo Golgi

Carriers of protein for the neuron

Carry messages and instructions from brain and spinal cord to bodily tissues

The mitochondrion is the site for ...?

Cellular respiration

Cellulosis and transciption

The brain divides into 4 areas, which one is incorrect? a. Frontal lobe b. Temporal lobe c. Central lobe d. Occipital lobe

Central lobe

Where in the brain are the vital functions, such as breathing, the control of body temperature and the consciousness regulated?

Brain Stem

Synapase on neurons in pons pontine cells relay information to _____________

Cerebellum

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Cerebrumar fluid (CBF)

Change in |Ca2+|i caused by trains of action potential in the axon leads to the granular vesicles to release the transmitter

Chip's principle

Cholinergic

Contact doctrine

Contains neurons that perform many different sensory and motor functions.

Dynorphin

Ca2+ , outside

Golgi apparatus

Golgi stain

What kind of golgi type neurons have long axons that extend from one part of the brain to the other

Golgi type I neurons

Is never the same

It goes from the cell body to the axon terminal

It showed that neurons have at least two distinguishable parts, central region and numerous thin tubes that radiate away from the central region

It sums EPSP together from different cells, forming one big

It's calcium-rich

It's carbon-rich

It's equal inside and outside

12.

Neurotransmitters are stored in...

None of the above.

Nucleus

Oligodendroglia, Microglia, Scham cells and Tetrush.

19.

On the back of the tongue we taste ____.

12.

On which side of the neuronal membrane is K+ more abundant?

Open at the same time.

Quite a lot of radiation

Rising phase

What is synapse?

Space between two neurons

What part of the nervous system can be described as a information highway for sensorium and movement;

Spinal cord

Super nodes

The cerebellum

The dolphin

14.

The firing frequency of action potentials

The inside

With ligand-binding methods.

Where is the DNA stored ?

Within the nucleus

The soma

The tail is hydrophilic and the head is hydrophobic

The technique of researshing the chemical structures of a neurotransmitter

The technique of studying receptors using nonradioactively labeld ligands

What is the cause of depolarization of the membrane that triggers an action potenital called?

Threshold

What is the critical level of depolarization that must be reached in order to trigger an action potential is called ?

Threshold

20.

What doesn't the brain combine sensory information to a flavor?

17.

What feature is shown on the picture to the right?

What is the Membrane potential?

11.

What is the resting potential?

What is the space between the presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes called?

What is the typical resting potential?

What is the watery fluid inside the soma called?

What is this reflex called ? (3)

17.

What neuron is called "the happy system"?

What of the following is true about Action potential?

What one statement about the glia is wrong?

20.

What organ is it that recognizes smell?

18.

What part of the cortex is marked green with a red arrow?

Parietal lobe

What part of the cortex is marked green with a red arrow?

18.

What part of the tounge senses ''saltiness and sourness''?

16.

What parts of the brain are the hindbrain?

What stain distinguishes between neurons and glia and is still used today?

15.

What statement is correct about peptides and proteins?

What statement is incorrect regarding the Phospholipid Membrane?

What technical advances brought from histology?

When action potential arrives down the terminal voltage-gated calcium channels open in the active zone which causes elevation in |Ca2+|i, which is an signal for the vesicles to release the transmitter

When experimentally applied, molecule must produce a response in postsynaptic cell that mimics response produced by the release of neurotransmitter from presynaptic neuron

When will a neuron fire an action potential?

When the depolarization reaches about -55mV.

When the membrane is at the potassium equilibrium potential, in which direction (in or out) is there a net movement of potassium ions?

15.

When the membrane is depolarized...

Where all the chemical transmissions happen for the neuron

"Tree"

•

- chromosomes

A neurite specialized to reduce nerve impulses,or action potentials, normally away from the soma.

A neurite specialized to terminate nerve impulses,or action potentials, normally away from the soma.

A piece of wood/stone placed under a door

18.

A positively charged ion is also known as?

A specialization of the walls of the brain capillaries that limits the movement of potassium (and other bloodborne substances) into the extracellular fluid of the brain

A specialization of the walls of the brain capillaries that limits the movement of potassium (and other bloodborne substances) into the intracellular fluid of the brain

A specialization of the walls of the brain capillaries that limits the movement of sodium (and other bloodborne substances) into the extracellular fluid of the brain

A specialization of the walls of the brain capillaries that limits the movement of sodium (and other bloodborne substances) into the intracellular fluid of the brain

What is Tetrodotoxin (TTX) and what effect does it have on the human body?

A toxin that blocks the Na+ permeable pore through voltage-gated sodium channels

The embryo has 3 layers, which one is formed latest? A) Mesoderm (bones and muscles) B) Endoderm (organs) C) Ectoderm (nervous system and skin) D) none of the above

A) Mesoderm (bones and muscles)

Synapses where the action potential flows between neurons through gap junction is called

Electrical synapses

Enzyme

Enzymes

Epinephrine

Epinephrine- adreanline (Epi, Ad), Glycine (Gly), Dopamine (DA)

Equilibrium

Exocytosis; Depolarization; Voltage-gated calcium channels in active zones open; endocytosis

Extracellular fluid (ECF)

Failing phase

Falling phase

Axocomat is a type of CNS Chemical Synapse? True or False ?

False

CT applications are able to detect Brain tumors True or False

False

MRI applications are able to detect Abdominal diseases True or False

False

Protein molecules can build membranes. True or False?

False

The line to make protein

DNA - Transcription - mRNA - translation protein.

The idea that a neuron has only one neurotransmitter is often called

Dale's Principle

14)

Dale´s principle states that ...?

Define threshold

Dendrites

Dentricaxon

Depolarization is the process of (4)

What is the correct order of chemical synaptic transmission?

Depolarization; Voltage-gated calcium channels in active zones open; exocytosis; endocytosis

Depolarization; exocytosis; Voltage-gated calcium channels in active zones open; endocytosis

7. Increasing extracellular potassium (K+) ______ neurons.

Depolarizes

Dero Meter, The arachnoise and the Peg mater

Feel

What does "synchrony" mean?

Fire at the same time

Fire at the same time.

Folding of proteins

What is the function of the smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum?

Folding proteins

Form connections

Fredrich Nietzshe

Free ribosomes: proteins are destined to be inserted into membrane of cell or organelle; Rough ER ribosome: proteins reside within cytosol of neuron

What is the difference between the proteins that are on the one hand made with free ribosomes and the other hand made with ribosomes on the rough ER?

Free ribosomes: proteins reside within cytosol of neuron; Rough ER ribosome: proteins are destined to be inserted into membrane of cell or organelle

Free ribosomes: proteins stick to the nucleus; Rough ER ribosome: proteins stick to the mitochondrion

From ions

From the some

Frontal lobe

Frontal lobe, Central sulcus, Parietal lobe, Hippocumpus and Neocortex

What are the lobes of the human cerebrum ?

Frontal lobe, Central sulcus, Parietal lobe, Occipital lobe and Temporal lobe

G- protein gated sodium channels and g-protein-gated potassium channels

G-Protein-coupled receptors

G-protein gated potassium channels and G-protein-gated ion channels

What are the two types of g-protein effector proteins

G-protein-gated ion channels and g-protein-activated enzymes

G-protein-gated sodium channels and g-protein-activated enzymes

GABA

GABA; Histamine; ACh

Gamma-amino-butyric Acid (GABA), Glutamate (Glu), Glycine (Gly)

Gap junctions

Gating

Gene Expression

Gene transcription

Genes introduced and overexpressed

Genome

Genome, Glomerulus, Tetrush and ion channel.

Who invented the nissl stain method?

German neurologist, Franz Nissl.

Gives the neuron its' characteristic shape

What cells "keep the brain from running out of our ears"?

Glia

Glial are classified into four categories, which once? (2)

Glial cell

Which is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain?

Glutamate

Wich of the following is Amino Acid?

Glutamate

Wich of the following is involved in memory? A.Endorphin B.Serotonin C.Dopamine D.Glutamate

Glutamate

Glutamate receptors

Glutamate; GABA; Dynorphin

Glycine

Glycine(Gly), Glutamate(Glu), Dopamine (DA)

Glycine; Dopamine; GABA

10. Which of the following sentences contain one amino acid, one amine and one peptide?

Glycine; Epinephrine; CCK

Which equation can be used to calculate the resting membrane potential? - Nernst Equation

Goldman Equation

the axon terminal connects to the dendrite with synapse cap

Greek word for glue

Has no limit because there is no limit on to the rate at which a neuron can generate action potentials

He championed the view that the neurites of different cells are fused together to form a continuous reticulum

He found the Nissl stain

He invented the microscope

What was Cajal's contribution?

He proposed the idea that neurons are not continuous with each other and communicate by contact, not continuity.

Phospholipid membrane is an element that consists of an

Head and Tail

Hebb synapse

Helium

Helps axons that are bigger to be more accessable

13.

How are small neurotransmitters released?

11.

How do electrical synapses work?

16.

How do the neurons that receive information listen to the neurotransmitter?

How fast the action potential can travel

How long does an action potential last from beginning to end?

How long does it take for a voltage-gated potassium channel to open?

How long does the action potential last, from beginning to the end?

How long is the mitochondrion?

How many % does the sodium-potassium pump consume of total ATP in brain?

How many Neurons does the brain have?

How many connexons form a gap junction channel and how many connexin subunits form one connexon?

How many neurons are in the brain?

14.

How many nucleic acids do we have? What about amino acids?

20.

How many pairs of cranial nerves arise from the brain stem?

How often action potential can occur in the cell

Hydrogen

Hydrophilic and hhydrophopic nonpolar bond

Hyperpolarizes

Ionic current crosses cytoplasm of presynaptic cell to postsynaptic through channels called connexons, placed in the gap junction

What are anions?

Ions with net negative charge

Ions with net positive charge

Iron

Is always the same

It binds to the ACh in the muscles and activates it

It blocks receptors so that the "right" chemical cannot use it

It causes the cell to go back into resting potential with the Na+/K+ pump, moving two K+ ions inside the cell and three Na+ outside the cell

It distinguishes between neurons and glia

It enables histologists to study the arrangement or cytoarchitecture of neurons in different parts of the brain

It has to be powered with ATP

It has to be released by the presynaptic neuron after stimulation

It has to be stored in the postsynaptic neuron

It has to be synthesized by neighboring neurons

It imitates the natural chemical by using it's receptor, so the effect of it is doubled

It is a site of extensive "post-translational" chemical processing of proteins

It is a term used for molecules that are allowed through a particular ion channel at each given moment

It is named after the German neurologist, Franz Nissl

It measure the postsynaptic actions

It measure the potassium levels

It measures effects on membrane potential

It measures the electric strength between neurons

What characterizes the cytosol of the soma?

It's potassium-rich

It's sodium-rich

Jump phase

Junctional fold

K+ , inside

K+ and Na+

18.

K+ concentration gradiant dictates ?

The membrane potential depends on distribution of ions across the membrane. The concentrations of the sides of the membrane should be

K+ is concentrated on the inside and Na+ and Ca2+ are more concentrated on the outside

Which of the following is correct?

K+ is more concentrated inside the cell, Na+ is more concentrated outside the cell.

Kristen M. Harris

Level 3

Ligament and tendon injuries

Link together small molecules

Natrium

What characterizes Resting Membrane Potential?

Negative (-) charge of cytosol (compared to outside)

Negative phase

Neural folds move together fuse dorsally forming the ____________

Neural tube

Neurobiology

Neurochemistry

Neurofilaments

Neurol Membrane Potential depends on the ionic concentration on both sides, what does have to be more concentrated on the inside? A positive charged..

Neuron doctrine

Neuron resting phase

Neurons are they only cells we have in the brain

Neurons behave in a totally different way than other cells and that they cannot be compared

Neurons, glia and liver cells

Neuropharmology

Neurosensory transmission

Neurotransmitter

Neurotubules

Neutral (0) charge of cytosol (compared to outside)

What stain distinguishes between neurons and glia and is still used today?

Nissl stain

Nissl stain, golgi apparatus and the neurons

Nitrate

No, the current flows the same regardless of the axon's diameter

No, the diameter is always the same in every axon, and therefor it doesn't matter

Norepinephrine

Nose

Nostrils

Nuclear envolope

Occipital lobe

Occipital lobe, Temporal lobe, Parietal lobe and Hippocumpus.

Octin

Olfactory bulp

We smell with our ?

Olfactory epithelium

What organ is it that recognizes smell?

Olfactory epithelium

Olfactory nerve

15.

Once an action potential is initiated, it is impossible to initiate another for about 1 msec. What is this period of time called?

One gene added

One gene deleted

Optic vesicle

Organelles

Who had a dream about an experiment that would prove that the transmission of the nerve impulses were infact chemical, not electrical. He woke up in the middle of the night and wrote the experiment down on a paper and went back to sleep.

Otto Loewi

13)

Our current understanding is that the major neurotransmitters fall into one of three chemical categorys amino acid, amines and peptide . Wich of the following statements are right?

Overshoot

Overshoot, falling phase, undershoot, rising phase, resting potential

Parietal lobe

Part of the soma

Pato's principle

People suffering from this disease often have these symptoms weakness, lack of coordination and impaired vision and speech. What disease could cause ALL of these symptoms? (4)

Which of the following are transported down the axon by secretory vesicles?

Peptides

Peptides and proteins are both made of amino acids.

Peptides and proteins are similar in size

Peptides and proteins have the same structure

Peptides are larger than proteins.

Peptides, amines and amino acids

Peptides, polypeptides and amines

Phentolmaine

Phosphatergic

Phospholipid membrane is an element that consists of an ...

Phospholipids have phosphate-heads and tails. What are the tails made of?

Pie mater, Deo Mater and the Duran Duran Mater

Pineal body, pons, medulla

Who came up with the neuron doctorine?

Ramón Cajal

Who made the neuron doctrine

Ramón Cajal

Rasmus Cajal

Receives massive axonal inputs from the spinal cord and the pons.

Receptor potential

Receptors that only are in the brain with different subtypes

What is it that causes epilepsy? a) Reduced GABA function (inhabitation) b) Increased glutamate function (inhabitation) c) Increased GABA function (inhabitation) d) Reduced glutamate function (inhabitation)

Reduced GABA function (inhabitation)

Reduced glutamate function (inhabitation)

The firing frequency of action potentials

Reflects the magnitude of the depolarizing current

Relative refractory period

Replaced a native gene by a modified transgene

Resting membrane potential

Resting phase

Resting potential is maintained as long as neuron does not generate impulses. What is the electric charge of the neuron at rest?

The phases of the Action Potential: Name them in the right order

Resting potential, rising phase, overshoot, falling phase, undershoot

Resting potential, undershoot, rising phase, overshoot, falling phase

Reticular theory

Ribosomes

Rising phase

Robert Sapolsky

Rough ER

Saltiness

Scorpion toxin:

Seath

Second messenger cascade

Sectin

Selectively blocks potassium channels

Send neurotransmitters

Send signals to the heart and the brain

What neuron is called "the happy system"?

Serotonin

Serotonin (5-HT)

Serves as a barrier to enclose the cytoplasm

The pons...

Serves as a massive switchboard connecting the cerebral cortex to the cerebellum.

Shows the axon of the neuron

Shows the body of the neuron

Shows the dentrites of the neuron

Shows the whole neuron

What part of the tongue senses ''saltiness and sourness''?

Sides

Smell

Sodium

Sodium potassium pump is?

19. MRI scan views; A) Soft tissue B) view bones C) diagnose lung and chest problems D) detect cancer

Soft tissue

Soma

Somatic sensory

Some viruses, like Herpes for example, can use it as transport

Sonar

Sorting of proteins

Taste of acids is________

Sour

Sourness

What are connexins?

Special proteins that span in clusters the narrow gap in the gap junction

Specialized neurotransmitter for electrical synapses

Spinal cord injuries

Step-up diffusion

Stop at the same time.

Storage of DNA

what is capacitance?

Storage of electric charge

Sweetness

Synapse

Synapse where a chemical neurotransmitter transfered information from one neuron to another

Synapse where chemicals are kept to store

Synapse where electric missions send message to the other neuron

Synapses

12.

Synapses where the action potential flows between neurons through gap junction is called

Synaptic Gap

Synaptic Infusion

Synaptic Interpretation

Synaptic Transmission

What is the space between the presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes called?

Synaptic cleft

What is the term of the space between neuron and it´s target cell called?

Synaptic cleft

12)

Synaptic cleft is filled with a matrix of fibrous extracellular protain, what is the purpose of this matrix?

Synaptic potential

The information-processing cell of the nervous system; also called nerve cell. Most neurons use action potentials to send signals over a distance, and all neurons communicate with one another using what ?

Synaptic transmission

15.

Synaptic transmission using transmitter-gated channels is simple and fast. Which transmission is slow?

Synaptic vesicles

Synaptic vesicles the presynaptic cell go through the synaptic cleft and reach the postsynaptic cell, and thereby communicating with it

Synthesis of proteins

The farther the _____ potential must take, the farther it goes.

The phospholipid is said to have a polar head and a nonpolar tail, are they hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

The head is hydrophilic and the tail is hydrophobic

The head of the phospholipid is water loving and the tail is water fearing.

The human

The idea that a neuron has only one neurotransmitter

17.

The idea that a neuron has only one neurotransmitter is often called

The idea that neurons have at least two naurotransmitters

On which side of the neuronal membrane is K+ more abundant?

The inside

The membrane

The membrane differentiation of the presynaptic membrane that contains pyramid-like proteins where neurotransmitters are released

The membrane has to be depolarized beyond threshold

The membrane has to reach 40mV

The membrane potential at which enough voltage-gated calcium channels open so that the relative ionic permeability of the membrane favors calcium over sodium

The membrane potential at which enough voltage-gated potassium channels open so that the relative ionic permeability of the membrane favors sodium over potassium

The membrane potential at which enough voltage-gated sodium channels open so that the relative ionic permeability of the membrane favors potassium over sodium

The membrane potential depends on distribution of ions across the membrane. The concentrations of the sides of the membrane should be

What contains structure that allows to assemble and disassemble some proteins into what can be used as energy?

The mitochondrion

The mitochondrion is the site for ...?

The monkey

The most expensive

The neurofilaments

The neuronal membrane consist of a sheet of phospholipids, two molecule thick. A cross section through the membrane reveals that the hydrophilic heads face out and inner watery environments and the hydrophobic tails face each other. This stable arrangement is called a..?

The neurons have quite a few roles, for example

The nose

The soma

The spike-initiation zone

Which of the following is not common to all mammals? a. The spinal cord b. The cerebrum c. The cerebellum d. The brain stem

The spinal cord

13.

The study of the effects of drugs on nervous system tissue is called

The synapse

The synaptic vesicles bind receptors embedded into the postsynaptic cell, causing their structure to change, and that new structure causes the synaptic vesicles to release the transmitter

The technique of studying receptors using radioactively labeld ligands

What is the ligand-binding method

The technique of studying receptors using radioactively labeld ligands. The technique of studying receptors using nonradioactively labeld ligands. The technique of researshing the chemical structures of a neurotransmitter

The three primary vesicles of the neural tube

What is the first thing to happen in the initial chain of events

The thumbtack enters the skin

The tissue called neural crest

The walls of the neural tube

17)

The whole process that couples the neurotransmitter, via multiple steps to activation of a downstream enzyme is called a.. ?

There are 20 different kinds of this protein building chemicals

There have to be more K+ ions inside the cell than outside

There is higher concentration of __ on the outside

There is no difference

There is no net movement

They all activate catecholaminergic neurons

They are all made from polypeptides

They are all metabolized with the enzyme dopa decarboxylase

They are both hydrophilic

When we are determining the membrane potential by inserting a microelectrode in the cell 11. Which of the following is wrong about the Voltage-gated sodium channels?

They are concentrated in the dendrites.

They are neither hydrophilic nor hydrophobic

They don't.

They make us attack lions or run from them

20.

This is a human brain, the primary sensory and motor areas have been labeld A,B,C and D. Now it's your job to connect the correct terms !

This stain is considerd to be extremely useful for two reason. What is the name of this stain and why is it considered to be so useful

The critical level of depolarization that must be reached in order to trigger an action potential is called...

Threshold

Through an axon.

How do the neurons that receive information listen to the neurotransmitter?

Through receptors

Through receptors.

Tip

To absorb them when there is too much in the brain and spread over bigger area

To achieve faster conduction velocities with

To help with production of ions

To make flawed K+ ions disappear with special killer enzymes

To make it when the brain is in need of it

To transport them to the spine

Which of these is NOT a phase or an identifiable part in the action potential?

Top phase

The process of assembling a piece of mRNA that contains the information of a gene is called ______ and the resulting mRNA is called the _________

Transcription and transcript

Transcription and translation

Transcription is...

Transscript and transcription

USD

Under

Undershoot

Undershoot, rising phase, overshoot, falling phase, resting potential

What are the pimples on the tounge called?

Valatte

Vectin

Very time consuming

Neurotransmitters are stored in...

Vesicles

View bones

Visual

Voltage across the neuronal membrane

Voltage gated potassium channels

Voltage gated sodium channels

Voltage inside the cell

Voltage outside of the cell

Voltage-gated calcium channels in active zones open; depolarization; exocytosis; endocytosis

Voltage-gated channels cause action potential in the nerve that causes neurotransmitters to reach the postsynaptic cell

Voltage-gated potassium channels open about 1 msec after the membrane is depolarized.

Voltage-gated potassium channels open about 3 msec after the membrane is depolarized.

Voltage-gated sodium channels close about 2 msec after the membrane is depolarized.

Voltage-gated sodium channels open about 1 msec after the membrane is depolarized.

19.

We smell with our?

10.

What are anions?

What are astrocytes?

11.

What are chemical synapses?

20.

What are receptor subtypes?

18.

What are the Three meningal layers protecing the brain and spinal cord ?

20)

What are the four lobes of the human brain

19.

What are the lobes of the human cerebrum ?

12.

What are the main categories of neurotransmitters in the brain?

14.

What are the major amino acid neurotransmitters? (3)

13.

What are the three categories of neurotransmitters?

18)

What are the three layers of meninges

13.

What are the three major neurotransmitters in the brain?

What are the three types of Cytoskeleton?

19.

What are the two types of g-protein effector proteins

What cells "keep the brain from running out of our ears"?

What characterizes Resting Membrane Potential?

What characterizes the cytosol of the soma?

What contains structure that allows to assemble and disassemble some proteins into what can be used as energy?

What covers the soma?

15.

What do adrenaline, noradrenaline and dopamine all have in common? Choose the best option

What do motor neurons do?

What do proteins do inside the cell?

13.

What does "synchrony" mean?

What does Na+ stand for?

14.

What does an inhibitor/antagonist do?

What does diffusion mean?

19.

What does microelectrode measure?

19.

What does the CNS develop from during pregnancy?

What does the Cytoskeleton do?

What does the Greek word "synapse" translate to?

10.

What does the absolute refractory period refer to?

What does the membrane potential refer to?

What does the relative refractory period refer to?

Olfactory bulp

What feature is shown on the picture to the right?

What gets information from other neurons?

What helps insulation when action potentials are traveling from node to node

15.

What is Exocytosis?

18.

What is NOT a part of the criteria for a molecule to be considered as a neurotransmitter?

What is Saxitoxin that is produced by dinoflagellates of the genus Gonyaulax

15.

What is Tetrodotoxin (TTX) and what effect does it have on the human body?

14.

What is a Quantal analysis ? (5)

21.

What is a subdural hematoma?

What is an Axon? (2)

What is an ion? (3)

What is astrocytes job in regards to K+ in the brain?

What is essential for action potential to happen in neurons?

16.

What is it called when movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration?

12.

What is it that causes epilepsy?

12.

What is the active zone?

What is the beginning of an axon called?

12.

What is the blood brain barrier?

What is the cause of depolarization of the membrane that triggers an action potenital called?

What is the cell currency?

11.

What is the correct order of chemical synaptic transmission?

10.

What is the critical level of depolarization that must be reached in order to trigger an action potential is called ? (4)

What is the difference between cytoplasm and cytosol?

What is the difference between the proteins that are on the one hand made with free ribosomes and the other hand made with ribosomes on the rough ER?

18.

What is the fluid called that the brain "floats" in?

What is the function of the smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum?

16.

What is the ligand-binding method ? (6)

What is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain?

16)

What is the method of microiontophoresis ?

What is the name of the end of the Axon?

13.

What is the neurotransmitter, first discovered, by Loewi 1920?

17.

What is the process called that transfers information at a synapse?

10.

What is the purpose of myelin?

What is the resting potential of the cell?

What two functions do proteins in the neuronal membrane perform to establish and maintain the resting membrane potential?

What type of synapse does the picture on the right show?

Axosomatic

What type of synapse does the picture on the right show?

What was Cajal's contribution?

17.

Where are electrical synapses often found?

10.

Where are neurotransmitters released?

Where are the motor neurons located?

16.

Where in the brain are the vital functions, such as breathing, the control of body temperature and the consciousness regulated?

Where is the DNA stored?

17.

Where is the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) produced and what does it do?

Where are electrical synapses often found?

Where normal function requires that the activity of neighboring neurons is highly synchronized.

Where normal function requires that the activity of neighboring neurons is higly synchronized.

12.

Which Major neurotransmitter group does Dopamine belong to?

Which are the "bones" of the cytoskeleton?

11.

Which are the large neurotransmitter molecules?

Which cells are both spiny and aspinous?

Which cells have a long axon?

Which idea came to be known as the neuron doctrine?

15.

Which is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain?

18.

Which mammal brain has a simplified version that has all the general features of mammalian nervous system organization?

14.

Which of the following are transported down the axon by secretory vesicles?

10.

Which of the following is correct?

13.

Which of the following is not a neurotransmitter ? (5)

19.

Which of the following is not common to all mammals?

10.

Which of the following sentences contain one amino acid, one amine and one peptide?

Which of the following, is not part of the cytoskeleton:

14.

Which of these are not an amino acid that form proteins?

13.

Which of these is NOT a phase or an indentifiable part in the action potential?

20.

Which one of these doesn't the forebrain differentiate into?

16.

Which one of these is NOT a type of neuron

13.

Which one of these is not a type of CNS Chemical Synapse?

17.

Which option is one of the condition a neurotransmitter candidate has to fulfill to be called a neurotransmitter?

Which part of a neuron recieves information from other neurons?

Which statement is false regarding retrograde transport?

15.

Which statement is incorrect regarding CT applications?

16.

Which statement is incorrect regarding MRI applications?

10.

Which statement is incorrect regarding Proteins?

Who discovered Alzheimers disease?

11.

Who made the neuron doctrine?

What are Axons often compared to?

Wires

Within the Golgi apparatus

Within the endoplasmatic reticulum

Within the mitochondrion

Within the nucleus

Yes, the bigger it is, the more likely it is that the axon potential reaches the end

Yes, the smaller it is, the more likely it is that the axon potential reaches the end

What are second messengers?

molecules that activate additional enzymes in the cytosol

What did Ramón Cajal say about how the neurons communicated in the body, that later was found true?

neurons communicate by contact, not continuity cell theory applies to neurons

It is a site of extensive "post-translational" chemical processing of proteins - this describes

the Golgi Apparatus

the assembly to protein molecules.

what type of CNS chemical synapses is axodendritic?

the axon terminal connects to the dendrite with synapse cap

what type of CNS chemical synapses is axosomatic?

the axon terminal connects to the soma with synapse cap

An electrical synapse (gap junction) is...

within the spinal cord and the brain.

Where are the motor neurons located?

within the spinal cord and the brain.

What is the watery fluid inside the soma called?

cytosol

•

d) All mRNA's from the same gene are exactly the same

•

d) Canforwardbidsinbothdirections

•

d) Caused by nervous neurotransmission presynaptist

•

d) Electicity Cl- enters the cell

•

d) Electric current is proportional to multiple voltages and resistances

•

d) Flow is dependent on the belt deficit

A patient suffering from Subdural hematoma most likely has A) had a traumatic brain injury B) alzheimer´s disease C) a brain tumor D) epilepsy

had a traumatic brain injury

•

- Both a,b and c.

•

- Brain stem

•

- Canion

Dopamine (DA)

16.

What are connexins?

Neurology

Chemical synapses that occur between the axons of motor neurons of the spinal cord and skeletal muscle are called

Neuromuscular junction

Protein molecules can build enzymes.

Protein molecules can build membranes.

Protein molecules can build receptors.

Proteins

The action potential

•

- A toxin that blocks the Ca+ permeable pore through voltage-gated calcium

•

- A toxin that blocks the K+ permeable pore through voltage-gated potassium

•

- A toxin that blocks the Na+ permeable pore through voltage-gated sodium

•

- Action potential

•

- All the above

•

- Amin

•

- Amino acids, amines and peptides

•

- An inhibitory neurotransmitter that has inhibitory effects on the neuron; it

•

- Anion

•

- Arachnoid membrane, meninx and dura mater

•

- Arachnoid membrane, subarachnoid membrane and pia mater

•

- Cannot be opened again by depolarization until the membrane potential returns

•

- Cation

•

- Cellular respiration

•

- Cerebellum

•

- Cerebral hemispheres

•

- Cerebrum

•

- Chemical synapses

•

- Cytoskeleton

•

- Dura mater, arachnoid membrane, and pia mater

•

- Dura mater, pia mater and glia mater

•

- Electrical synapses

•

- Falling phase

•

- Gap synapses

•

- Gasotransmitters, purines and peptides.

•

- Goldman Equation

•

- Golgi Equation

•

- Head and Tail

•

- Höller Equation

•

- It influences whether a neurite can grow or retract

•

- It is produced by the choroid plexus; it fills subarachnoid space and the ventricles

•

- It is produced by the choroid plexus; it helps the flow of the blood between dura

•

- It is produced in the choroid plexus; it is absorbed by the blood vessels if

•

- It must be released by the presynaptic axon terminal upon stimulation

•

- It must be synthesized and stored in the presynaptic neuron

What criteria do molecules have to achieve to be considered neurotransmitters?

- It must be synthesized and stored in the presynaptic neuron - It must be released by the presynaptic axon terminal upon stimulation -It must produce a response in the postsynaptic cell that mimics reponse produced by release of neurotransmitter from presynaptic neuron (should respond to the message)

•

- It must produce a response in the postsynaptic cell that mimics reponse

•

- It supports brain functions (insulate, support and nourish neurons)

•

- Neurons were cells communicating by contact.

•

- Neurotransmitter

•

- Non above

•

- Peptide bonds

•

- Polypeptides, amines and purines

•

- Rising phase

•

- Stay open for ~1msec and then close

•

- Storing DNA

•

- That the brain is a network of neurons forming one big organ.

•

- That the neurons communicating by sending a morse code

•

- The Ribosomes

•

- The axon hillock

•

- The glia is the cells energy source.

•

- The glia possess neurotransmitter receptors

•

- The glia senses the changes in the environment and communicates these

•

- The mitochondria

•

- The neurons didn't communicate with each other at all.

•

- The period from when the membrane potential reaches a peak value of about 40

•

- The period once an action potential is initiated and it is impossible to initiate

•

- The period when the action potential is repolarizing

•

- They are concentrated in the dendrites.

•

- They open with little delay

•

- Threshold

•

- Undershoot

•

- When we are determining the membrane potential by inserting a microelectrode in the cell

•

- amino acids, peptides and polypeptides

How many pairs of cranial nerves arise from the brain stem?

Camillo Golgi is born when?

1873

1:20

1:4

1:6

How long does the action potential last, from beginning to the end?

2 msec

2 subunits

What is the life spell of taste cells ?

2 weeks

•

2) For diffusion, all of the following apply except?

How many taste buds have human?

2.000 - 5.000

2:20

How many connexons form a gap junction channel and how many connexin subunits form one connexon?

2:6

How many subunits does each G-protein have?

Olfactory epithelium has how many main cell types?

3 subunits

3 µm

•

3) Which of the following statements about ion passage is correct?

30 billion

3:9

4 msec

•

4) Neurons may fulfill all of the following conditions except?

45 mV

4:10

How many nucleic acids do we have? What about amino acids? a) 2:20 b) 4:10 c) 1:20 d) 4:20

4:20

5 subunits

5 µm

•

5) For neurons at rest:

50%

55 billion

What size are the microfilaments

5nm in diameters

6 msec

6 subunits

•

6) Invitation voltage mediates the strength of the stimulus as follows:

•

7) Exocytosis of telephony neurotransmitters depends on the influx of? a) K+

How many % does the sodium-potassium pump consume of total ATP in brain

70%

How much does sodium-pottassium pump consume of total ATP in the brain?

70%

8 µm

•

8) Which of the following receptors can ACh associate with?

80%

80mV

How many neurons are in the brain?

85 billion

How many neurons are in the human brain?

85 billion

•

9) Which of the following is not classified as a second messenger?

In situ hybridization (ISH) is a type of hybridization that... A) localizes a specific DNA or RNA sequence in a portion of a tissue B) is a crucial step for understanding the function of genes C) injects antibodies to brain tissue D) A and B are right

A and B are right

A choice on many chinese takeout menus

A method of comparing the amplitudes of Giant and evoked PSPs

A method of comparing the amplitudes of miniature and evoked PBJS

A method of comparing the amplitudes of miniature and evoked PSPs

A method of comparing the frequency of miniature and evoked PSPs

A neurite specialized to conduct nerve impulses,or action potentials, normally away from the meleagris .

What is an Axon?

A neurite specialized to conduct nerve impulses,or action potentials, normally away from the perikaryon.

Adenosine

Adrenaline

After-hyperpolarization

All above

All ions

The fallowing applies to Hyperekplexia... A) it is a neurological disorder characterized by pronounced startle responses B) hyperekplexia is caused by genetic mutation in a number of different genes C) hyperekplexia is generally classified as a genetic disease D) All of the above

All of the above

What is the criteria for a molecule to be considered as a neurotransmitter A.Must be synthesized and stored in the presynaptic neuron B.must be released by the presynaptic axon terminal upon stimulation C.when experimentally applied, molecule must produce a response in postsynaptic cell that mimics response produced by release of neurotransmitter from presynaptic neuron D.All of the above

All of the above

All of these statements about the Nissl stain are true, except for one. Which one?

All synapses are both chemical and electrical synapses

Alois Alzheimer

Amblyopia

Amines

What are protein made of?

Amino Acids

Amino Principle

Amino acidergic

Amino acids

What are the three major neurotransmitters in the brain?

Amino acids, amines and peptides

What is an ion?

An atom or molecule that has a net electrical charge because of a difference in the number of electrons and protons.

An atom or molecule that has no electrical charge because of difference in the ion pump of electrons and protons.

An atom or molecule that has to amplify electrical charge because of the difference in the charge of electrons and the membrane .

Anabolism

Asparate (Asp), Glutamate (Glu), D-serine(Ser)

Astrocytes, Genome, Glomerulus and Insulin.

At high priority synapses

At synapses that behold information that need perfect transport

Auditory

Central sulcus, Parietal lobe, Hippocumpus and Neocortex

Connexons

+10 mV

Actin

Axon

10.

Immunocytochemistry (ICC) ...

Microscopes

Out

Taste

The axon

•

- Both a and b

•

- -30mV

•

- -65mV

•

- 1 sec

•

- 2 msec

•

- 3 sec

•

- 5 msec

- 65mV

•

- 65mV.

- 80mV

•

- 90mV

•

- mRNA binding

-10 mV

-45 mV

-50 mV

What is the resting potential?

-65 mV

Resting potential is maintained as long as neuron does not generate impulses. What is the electric charge of the neuron at rest?

-65mV

What is the typical resting potential?

-65mV

-70 mV

-80mV

A neurite specialized to conduct nerve impulses,or action potentials, normally away from the perikaryon.

0mV

1 msec

How long is the mitochondrion ?

1 µm

•

1) Which of the following statements about ion channels is correct?

60%

65 mV

65mV

1.Provides channels that control the movement of specific chemicals across the neuronal membrane

1.Provides channels that control the movement of specific ions across the neuronal membrane

1.Provides channels that control the movement of specific vitamins across the neuronal membrane

•

10) Which of the following is not a factor in transcription?

100 billion

What is the size of neurofilaments

10nm

most neurons have... A) one neurotransmitter B) two neurotransmitter C) three neurotransmitter D) None of the above

A) one neurotransmitter

ADP

AMPA

ATP

Abdominal diseases

What is the resting membrane potential of the neuron?

About - 70mV.

Once an action potential is initiated, it is impossible to initiate another for about 1 msec. What is this period of time called?

Absolute refractory period

What is the neurotransmitter, first discovered, by Loewi 1920?

Acethylcholine (ACh)

Acetycholine

8. Microfilaments are two braids of thin strands that are polymers of the protein _____ . ____ is one of the most abundant proteins in cells of all types, including neurons, and is believed to play a role in changing cell shape.

Actin

Action Potential

Action potential doesn't happen in neurons

What is action potential of a neuron?

Action potential occurs when a neuron sends information down an axon and they are caused when different ions cross the neuron membrane.

Action potentials have to be conducted down

Activates

Activation chemical reaction

Active junction

Axoaxonic

Axocomat

Axodendritic

Axodentric

The farther the _____ potential must take, the farther it goes.

Axon

Axon Collaterals

Axon bouton

The Axon begins with a region called the ....

Axon hillock

What is the beginning of an axon called?

Axon hillock

where does the axon begins

Axon hillock

Axon proper

What is the secretory region of the neuron?

Axon terminal

Axon terminals

Axon, dendrites and the soma

Axons

Axosomatic

II.

Somatic sensory

B a. Auditory b. Somatic sensory c. Visual d. Motor

Wich of the following is potassium channels? A.Na+ B.K+ C.La2+ D.AB+

B.K+

Back

Because of permeability to Na+ ions the postsynaptic cell is brought to depolarization which is a signal for the vesicles to release the transmitter

On the back of the tongue we taste ____.

Bitterness

What is a subdural hematoma?

Blood collected between dura and arachnoid. Treated by drilling a hole and draining the blood.

Blood erupting from the dura mater, can be fixed if diagnosed early

Blood vessels that carry vitamins to the brain

What is soma?

Body of the neuron

Both K+ and Na+ are more concentrated inside the cell.

Both K+ and Na+ are more concentrated outside the cell.

Both b and c are correct

Brain tumors

Broca's aphasia

III.

Visual

C a. Visual b. Motor c. Somatic sensory d. Auditory

14. Opioids can help with; A) Depressed breathing, constipation and pain relief B) Pain relief, itch and tremors C) Answer A and D are right D) Pain relief, constipation and bring euphoria

C) Answer A and D are right

Calcium

Calcium pump is a type of

Can only be used to check for broken bones

Cancer in the brain stem, always fatal

Carry messages from the body´s tissue and sensory organs to the brain and spinal cord

Catecholaminergic

A positively charged ion is also known as?

Cation

Cell stain

Cells that export potassium through the body

Cells that fill the space between the neurons

12.

Chemical synapses that occur between the axons of motor neurons of the spinal cord and skeletal muscle are called ..(5)

Choose one function of the Golgi Apparatus

In the middle of the soma af the neuron, there is a nucleus. What is within the neuceus?

Chromesomes - DNA

Close at the same time.

Communicate changes to other neurons

Neurons, structure and functions

Communicate changes to other neurons and Process information

Communication theory

Computer coding

Concetration gradient

Connexins

Cytoplasm

Cytoplasm is only in neurons, whilst both can be found in other cells

Cytoskeleton gives neurons there own shape, what is it made of?

Cytosol

Cytosol is only in animal cells, whilst cytoplasm is found in both animal and plant cells

Cytosol is the liquid inside the cell, cytoplasm is the liquid plus all organelles except the mitochondria

Cytosol is the liquid inside the cell, cytoplasm is the liquid plus all organelles except the nucleus

IV.

Auditory

D a. Somatic sensory b. Auditory c. Motor d. Visual

15. In ligand-binding methods; Ligand can be; A) agonist B) antagonist C) neurotransmitter itself D) All of the above

D) All of the above

Immunocytochemistry (ICC) ... A) Is a technique for the detection and visualization of proteins and peptides in cells. B) Allows researchers to evaluate weather or not cells in a sample express the antigen C) Allows researchers to determine which sub-cellular compartments are expressing the antigen D) All of the above

D) All of the above

10.

Does the diameter of the axon matter?

15)

Dopa is converted into the neurostransmitter DA by the enzyme.....?

Dopamin

Dopamine

Detect cancer

Diagnoses lung and chest problems

Diencephalic vesicle

Diencephalon

Different G-protain

Different neurotransmitters

Different types of amino acids

Diffusion

Diffusion is when ?

Which of the following is not a neurotransmitter ?

Dimorphodon

Doba decarboxylas

Down the axon

What are the Three meningal layers protecing the brain and spinal cord ?

Dura Mater, The arachnoid and the Pia mater

The central nervous system is protected by membranes called meninges, what are those three membranes called?

Dura mater, arachnoid membrane, and pia mater

14.

Each G-protein has:

Each of the different receptors a neurotransmitter binds to

Electric infused area for all the neurons

11)

Electrical Synapses occure at specialized sites called?

In "transgenic" gene engineering there is/are:

In and out

10)

In myelinated axons, action potentials skip from nod to nod. This type of action potential propagation is called

In the active zone

In the middle of the soma af the neuron, there is a nucleus. What is within the neuceus?

Inactivates

Increased GABA function (inhabitation)

Increased glutamate function (inhabitation)

Increasing extracellular potassium (K+) ______ neurons.

Intracellular fluid (ICF)

Ion channels

Ionic bond held together by the electric attraction of oppositely charged atmos

Electrical activity of neurons

Long nonpolar chains of carbon atoms

Long nonpolar chains of hydrogen

Long nonpolar chains of phosphate atoms

Ludum exatus

Makes the axon more viable for transmission

What covers the soma?

Membrane

Membrane differentiation of the postsynaptic membrane that contains a lot of NT receptors which convert intercellular chemical signals into an intracellular signal

Microfilaments

Microfilaments are two braids of thin strands that are polymers of the protein _____ . ____ is one of the most abundant proteins in cells of all types, including neurons, and is believed to play a role in changing cell shape.

Glial are classified into four categories, which once ?

Microglia, Oligodendroglia, Schwann cells and Astrocytes

Microglia, Oligodendroglia, Schwann cells and Astrocytes.

Microtome

Microtubules

Which are the "bones" of the cytoskeleton?

Microtubules, microfilaments and neurofilaments

Midbrain

Mitochondrion

Motor

Motorize the neuron so it can move

Movement of electrons

Mucus in the body

Mucus layer

People suffering from this disease often have these symptoms weakness, lack of coordination and impaired vision and speech. What disease could cause ALL of these symptoms?

Multiple Scelrosis

Multiple Sclerosis

Must be released by the presynaptic axon terminal upon stimulation

Must be synthesized and stored in the presynaptic neuron

What is NOT a part of the criteria for a molecule to be considered as a neurotransmitter? a) Must be synthesized and stored in the presynaptic neuron b) Must be released by the presynaptic axon terminal upon stimulation c) When experimentally applied, molecule must produce a response in postsynaptic cell that mimics response produced by the release of neurotransmitter from presynaptic neuron d) Must synthesize a protein or peptide

Must synthesize a protein or peptide

Myelin

Myelin sheath

NMDA

Na+ is more concentrated inside the cell, K+ is more concentrated outside the cell.

Na+, inside

22.

Name one disadvantage of CTs

Polypeptide bond made of single chane of amino acids.

Polypeptides, amino acids and amines

Polypeptides, amino acids and hydrogen

Pons

What parts of the brain are the hindbrain?

Pons, medulla and cerebrellum

Positive (+) charge of cytosol (compared to outside)

Pospholipid bilayer and it effectively isoltaes the cytosol of the neuron from the extracellular fuid

Potassium

Potassium receptors

Process information

Prosencephalic vesicle

Protein

Protein molecules

Protein molecules can build cytoskeleton.

Provides neurons with nourishment

How does the sodium-potassium pump help maintain the resting membrane potential ?

Pumps potassium ions in and sodium ions out

Name one disadvantage of CTs

Quite a lot of radiation

Tegmentum, medulla and thalamus

Telencephalic vesicle

What doesn't the brain combine sensory information to a flavor? a. Taste b. Smell c. Feel d. Temperature

Temperature

Temporal lobe

Terminal arbor

Thalamus, hypothalamus and pons

That all neurologists must have doctrines

That all neurotransmitters are co-transmitters

Which idea came to be known as the neuron doctrine?

That cell theory also applies to neurons

That molecules move from higher concentrate to lower

That neurons releases amino acids

That opposites attract, that is cations and anions come together

Camillo Golgi said...

That the brain is a network of neurons forming one big organ.

The "head" contains Aureus acid and the "tail" contains inorganic phosphate.

The phospholipid bilayer has a "head" and a "tail" what do they contain?

The "head" contains Phosphate and the "tail" contains hydrocarbon

The "head" contains Sodium and the "tail" contains Ignis

The "head" contains hydrocarbon and the "tail" contains phosphate

The Axon begins with a region called the...(2)

The Nissl stain:

The Phospholipid Membrane is bilayer.

The entry of what ion depolarizes the neuron?

The arachnoid, Artery and the Deo Mater

The area where all transmissions go through first before going to your spine and brain

The axon

Spike-initiation is where?

The axon hillock

What type of CNS chemical synapses in axoaxonic ?

The axon terminal connects to another axon terminal that connects to the soma

17.

The brain divides into 4 areas, which one is incorrect?

The brain stem

The cell is at resting potential at:

19.

The central nervous system is protected by membranes called meninges, what are those three membranes called?

The cerebrum

The critical level of depolarization that must be reach in order to trigger an action potential is called?

11.

The critical level of depolarization that must be reached in order to trigger an action potential is called...

What gets information from other neurons?

The dendrites

The dendrities

19)

The dorsal surface of the mesencephalic vesicle becomes a structure called the.. ?

The endoderm layer

The outside

The part of an action potential characterized by a rapid fall of membrane potential from positive to negative

The period of time after an action potential is fired where more current than usual is needed to fire another action potential

The period of time between two action potentials where it is impossible to fire another one, lasting at least 1ms

The period of time the undershoot lasts

What does the absolute refractory period refer to?

The period once an action potential is initiated and it is impossible to initiate another for about 1 msec.

The period time it takes the action potential to go through the rising and falling period

The phases of the Action Potential: Name them in the right order

The phospholipid bilayer has a "head" and a "tail" what do they contain? (3)

11.

The phospholipid is said to have a polar head and a nonpolar tail, are they hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

The phospholipids have a hydrophilic head and a liphophilic tail.

What statement is incorrect regarding the Phospholipid Membrane?

The phospholipids have a hydrophilic tail and a lipophilic head.

20.

The pons...

The process by which vesicles release their content

The process of assembling a piece of mRNA that contains the information of a gene is called ______ and the resulting mRNA is called the _________

Transcription is...

The process of assembling a piece of mRNA that contains the information of a gene.

The process where the neuron exports sodium ions to other neurons

The process where the vesicle membrane is recovered and refilled with NTs

The process where the vesicles store their energy for electric infusion

The protein that transports it is called dynein

The purpose of it is for the cell to know what nutrients are needed in the axon terminal

Which mammal brain has a simplified version that has all the general features of mammalian nervous system organization?

The rat

The reding of the DNA is know as?

•

a) Can be either presynaptic or postsynaptic

•

a) Caused by increased permeability to Na+ postsynaptist

•

a) Dopaminergic receptors

•

a) Electrical voltage is a force that exists between opposing charges

•

a) Flow can occur through ion channels

•

a) Gap junctions

•

a) Ingredients in transcription are ATP, UTP, GTP and CTP

•

a) It is measured only in active neurons

•

a) Na+ and K+ travel through the same ion channel

•

a) Na+ inhibition deflects from the cell

•

a) With varying degrees

What is a Quantal analysis ?

a. A method of comparing the amplitudes of miniature and evoked PSPs

amino acids, amines, and peptides

•

b) Can receive invitations from more than one neurons

•

b) Caused by increased permeability to K+ or Cl- postsynaptist

•

b) Electric current is the transfer of electric charge

•

b) Flow is not a power-intensive process

•

b) Ion channels are exclusively in the cell membrane

•

b) Ions are exclusively in the cell membrane

•

b) Is so that the cell membrane is positively charged to the inside

•

b) Muscarinianreceptors

•

b) The Na+ electric current is emitted from the cell

•

b) Tight junctions

•

b) Transcription begins when a transcription factor is associated with a gene

•

b) With different frequencies

•

c) A change in membrane coltage can open or close ion channels

•

c) Can communicate messages to more than one neuronal cell

•

c) Caused by short-term hypersensitivity presynaptist

•

c) Changing the membrane voltage can open or close ion channels

•

c) Flow requires the involvement of transporters

Which of the following sentences contain one amino acid, one amine and one peptide? a) GABA; Histamine; ACh b) Glutamate; GABA; Dynorphin c) Glycine; Epinephrine; CCK d) Glycine; Dopamine; GABA

c) Glycine; Epinephrine; CCK

•

c) Is often about -70 mV in neurons

•

c) Resistance is all that prevents the transmission of electric charge

•

c) Strain deficit K+ exits from the cell

•

c) The base sequence in mRNA is not the same as in the DNA in question but

•

c) With different conduction speeds

7. Whice answer is the correct one about the "head" of phospholipids? a) The phospholipid's "head" is hydrophobic b) the phospholipid "head" contains a hydrophobic hydrocarbon c) the phospholipid's "head" contains hydrophilic phosphate d) all above

c) the phospholipid's "head" contains hydrophilic phosphate

•

c) β-adrenergic receptors

changing organisms by design with gene mutations or insertions.

Depolarization is the process of

changing the membranes potential, taking it from the value at rest (e.g., -65 mV) to a less negative value (e.g., 0 mV).

changing the membranes potential, taking it from the value at rest (e.g., 0 mV) to a less negative value (e.g., -65 mV).

Where is the DNA stored?

chromosomes

All of these statements about the Nissl stain are true, except for one. Which one? a) It distinguishes between neurons and glia b) It is named after the German neurologist, Franz Nissl c) It enables histologists to study the arrangement or cytoarchitecture of neurons in different parts of the brain d) It showed that neurons have at least two distinguishable parts, central region and numerous thin tubes that radiate away from the central region

d) It showed that neurons have at least two distinguishable parts, central region and numerous thin tubes that radiate away from the central region

•

d) Serotonergic receptors

•

d) The membrane voltage does not affect the flow of ions through ion channels

•

d) The membrane voltage is removed if the cell is not used

•

d) With voltage changes

What is important difference between the cytoplasm of the axon and that of the axon terminal? a) Axon terminal have more microtubles b) The axon has more synaptic vesicles than the axon terminal c) there are large numbers of mitochondria in the cytoplasm of the axon d) there are large numbers of mitochondria in the axon terminal

d) there are large numbers of mitochondria in the axon terminal

What of the following is compared to a tree

dendrites

dendtrites, axon and body

neuromuscular junction

What part of the axon appears as a swollen disk? a) beginning b) middle c) end

end

What types of cells can a neuron communicate with at a synapse? a) only another neuron b) only a muscle cell c) only a glandular cell d) everything above

everything above

Peptides are larger than proteins.

false

Describe microtubules

hollow core, smaller strands that are braided around

Where can the electrical synapses be found within the body?

in all of the nervous system

increase the membranes endorphin release.

increasing the membranes reflex of expelling intestinal flatulence.

Falling phase is

is a rapid repolarization until the membrane is actually more negative than the resting potential

When the membrane is depolarized...

it fires an action potential

it fires an action potential.

it increases extracellular potassium neurons.

it injects an electrical current through microelectrode.

what does mitochondria do?

it makes ATP

it opens sodium gates in axonal membrane.

what does the free ribosome do in the cell

it reads the mRNA and translates it to protein

What is cerebellum?

little brain

mRNA cromosons

What is the job of the cell membrane?

membrane covers the soma and its main job is to separate the cytoplasm inside the cell from its surroundings

What is the largest of the cytoskeletal elements?

microtubules

peptides, vitamins and proteins

The two sides of synapse

presynaptic and postsynaptic

proteins, sodium and calcium

What does the Ependymal cells do

provide the lining of fluid-filled ventricles within the brain

What are the 3 types of protein molecules

sodium-potassium pumps, potassium channels and sodium channels

What is the space between neurons called?

synapse

The axon hillock

tapers to form the initial segment of the axon proper

Astrocytes is

the most numerous glia in the brain

Actin is

the most ubundant proteins in cells of all types

Overshoot is

the part of the action potential where the inside of the neuron is positively charged with respect to the outside

the process of assembling a piece of mRNA that contains the information of a gene.

Cytosol is

the watery fluid inside the cell, salty, potassium rich solution which is separated from the outside by the neuronal membrane

What is the function of the axon?

to transmit information to different neurons, muscles and glands.

Peptides and proteins are both made of amino acids true or false ?

true

Rising phase is

until Vm reaches a peak of value of about 40 mV

what did Ramón Cajal say about how the neurons communicated in the body, that later was found true?

when the introns are removed and the remaining exons are fused together.

Where is the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) produced and what does it do?

• It is produced by the choroid plexus; it fills subarachnoid space and the ventricles - It is produced by the choroid plexus; it helps the flow of the blood between dura and arachnoid

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