lsu sociology final gremillion

10. Match the theory with the listed characteristic. poor parenting styles genetic endowments lack of adequate medical care lack of educational toys lack of reliable social networks feelings of inferiority

"no effect paradigm" "no effect paradigm" material deprivation material deprivation parental stress parental stress

2. In an effort to understand how group dynamics change under duress, a research team gathers 100 people at a very remote mountain location, bringing them all in by helicopter. Using carefully designed interviews, the researchers begin the lengthy process of interviewing the participants. After the second day, however, there are a dozen participants who express unhappiness and want to leave. The research team reminds them that they signed an agreement agreeing to be interviewed knowing what it entailed, that leaving is not practical and that they need to continue with the process. The research team is overlooking what aspect of research? Select one: a. voluntary participation b. informed consent c. failure to notify their home institution d. ignoring a protected population

A

12. Josephine's parents divorced when she was five years old. By the time she was eight, both her parents had remarried and she had two step-siblings on her father's side and a half-brother on her mother's side. Josephine's two new families are examples of what type of family? Select one: a. a blended family b. an extended family c. a nuclear family d. a kinship network

A FEEDBACK: A blended family contains parents and children from two previously intact and unrelated families. One-third of the children in the United States now fall into this category. Section: The Future of Families Type: Conceptual

2. Which of the following is an example of a negative relationship between an independent and a dependent variable? a. Employees with more responsibility are less likely to miss work b. Employees with more responsibility are more likely to receive promotions. c. Healthier employees are more likely to receive promotions. d. Employees with lower incomes miss fewer days of work

A FEEDBACK: A negative relationship between an independent variable and a dependent variable means that as one variable increases, the other decreases. Section: Research 101 - Variables Type: Conceptual

9. Following the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, the U.S. government decreed that all persons of Japanese descent living in the United States, whether or not they were citizens, were subject to internment in concentration camps. While this effort was directed primarily towards those living west of the Mississippi, all Japanese were affected. At that time, many enclaves of Japanese-Americans thrived in American cities, managing to build a life that fit into the surrounding society. The subsequent fear and rejection of anyone with Japanese ancestry reflected a decline in a. pluralism. b. ethnocentrism. c. racism. d. segregation.

A FEEDBACK: A society with several distinct ethnic or racial groups is a pluralistic society. Within the large sociocultural framework of 1940s America, a diversity of cultures coexisted. Now, as then, the various minority groups lived separately but equally. Section: Minority-Majority Group Relations Type: Applied

9. In her interview with Dalton Conley, Jennifer Lee observes that the white-black divide is now the black-nonblack divide. Much of her data stems from the experiences of first- and second-generation Asians and Latinos, where each successive generation's outcome improves. Among black Americans this is not the case, and much of that problem can be seen through disparities between blacks and all other groups in Select one: a. wealth and educational attainment. b. wealth and income. c. marriage patterns and net worth. d. ability to solve their own poverty problems.

A FEEDBACK: According to Lee, the biggest differences on demographic characteristics like income, educational attainment, and interracial marriage will be between blacks and all other groups, while the distinctions between these other groups will continue to narrow. Section: The Future of Race Type: Applied

6. A child struggles to learn how to read and is frequently teased about it by his siblings and referred to as "slow" by his parents and teachers. He underperforms in school and never thinks about going to college. Ultimately, he drops out before graduating from high school, telling the school counselor that he's just not "book smart." This is an example of which theory of deviance? a. labeling theory b. strain theory c. reflection theory d. role theory

A FEEDBACK: According to labeling theory, individuals unconsciously notice how others see or label them. Their reactions to those labels over time form the basis of their self-identity. Section: Symbolic Interactionist Theories of Deviance Type: Conceptual

6. In his interview with Dalton Conley, Victor Rios shares his own personal life experience as a gang member in Oakland, California. His description of watching his best friend die in his arms, how police randomly upended the daily lives of himself and his friends, and the ensuing sense of despair, chaos and being disconnected from society are a powerful reflection on what Durkheim called Select one: a. anomie. b. high social integration. c. excessive social regulation. d. social cohesion.

A FEEDBACK: Anomie arises when we can no longer expect life to be predictable due to too little social regulation. This is linked to the concept of anomic suicide, which is suicide that occurs as a result of insufficient regulation. Victor Rios was fortunate to have found the kind of support needed to help him survive and succeed. Section: Functionalist Approaches to Deviance and Social Control Type: Conceptual

7. Of the following social theorists, whose ideas about private property and social conflict could be said to align most closely with those of Karl Marx? a. Jean-Jacques Rousseau b. Thomas Malthus c. Vilfredo Pareto d. John Millar

A FEEDBACK: Both Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Karl Marx believed that private property leads to social inequality. Section: Views of Inequality Type: Conceptual

11. The recent passage of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) was a lengthy political battle, between Congress and the president. While it appears that the major forces that eventually led to its passage were rooted in politics, the "back story" of the process involved health insurance companies, who saw the act as an opportunity to increase revenues. In what way does the ACA represent a shift in the relationship between doctors and patients? a. The ACA further reduces the power that doctors have. b. The ACA means that health insurance companies have less power, and doctors more power. c. The ACA relied on the American Medical Association to empower doctors. d. The ACA meant that millions of uninsured people could choose any doctor they wanted.

A FEEDBACK: By 1990, doctors' authority began to decline for many reasons. Increased external regulation, the rising cost of health care, and medical technology have all contributed to a decline in doctors' authority. The Affordable Care Act further eroded the power of doctors and the medical profession by making it possible for the consumer (patient) to make choices about health care. The political fight over the ACA and its ensuing problems continue unabated, however. Section: The Rise (and Fall?) of the Medical Profession Type: Applied

7. Which of the following standards of equality was key to the arguments of civil rights leaders in the 1960s? a. equality of opportunity b. equality of condition c. ontological equality d. equality of outcome

A FEEDBACK: Civil rights activists argued in favor of equality of opportunity, the idea that everyone has an equal chance to achieve wealth, social prestige, and power because the rules of the game are the same for everyone. They believed that the rules of the game were not, in fact, the same for everyone. Section: Standards of Equality Type: Factual

6. Definitions of deviant behavior tend to a. change over time and vary from one context to another. b. be impervious to changes in notions of acceptable behavior. c. be defined by a few elite members of society. d. be copied from one society to another.

A FEEDBACK: Deviance is the transgression of socially established norms. These socially established norms and rules change over time and vary by context. Deviance is collectively defined and is subject to a wide range of punishments. Section: What Is Social Deviance? Type: Factual

9. Between 1924 and 1979, the state of Virginia performed sterilizations on individuals who were deemed "unfit." This categorization of people included those with epilepsy, which today is recognized and treated as a medical condition. These cases represent a manifestation of Select one: a. eugenics. b. nativism. c. social Darwinism. d. environmentalism.

A FEEDBACK: Eugenics arose out the mid-nineteenth-century proliferation of scientific exploration, including Charles Darwin's work in evolutionary biology. When scientific thought at that time realized that existing attempts to "explain" differences in human beings such as skin color did not fully fit current scientific knowledge, new answers were sought. Section: The Concept of Race from the Ancients to Alleles Type: Applied

4. A classmate has been talking for weeks about trying out for the school dance team. The day after the tryouts, you ask her how it went, and she answers that she didn't go because she was sick. In reality, however, she did try out but wasn't selected. The way your classmate handled the situation is an example of what? a. saving face b. role strain c. a breach of common roles d. the process of social construction

A FEEDBACK: Face is the esteem in which an individual is held by others. It is the most important goal of impression management. Section: The Social Construction of Reality Type: Applied

12. Talcott Parsons's claim that the nuclear family was necessary to modern industrial society because it fulfilled society's need for productive workers (men) and child rearers (women) is an example of a functionalist approach to sociology. The main problem with this idea is that the Select one: a. function of fulfilling a need for productive workers is not exclusively that of a single institution. b. function of fulfilling a need for productive workers is a matter of gender and not of family. c. problem of how to fulfill the need for productive workers is more clearly understood as a symbolic process. d. entire idea of a productive worker in modern society is a fallacy.

A FEEDBACK: Functionalism is the theory that various social institutions and processes in society exist to serve some important (or necessary) function to keep society running. The problem is that such theories are totalizing in nature - they hold that only that single institution is directly connected to or responsible for something. Section: Family Forms and Changes Type: Applied

4. The process of choosing a urinal in a men's restroom may seem simple, but there is an underlying, implicit protocol that has actually been studied. In what has been termed "piss stance," one researcher found that the unspoken rule was to always ensure a "buffer zone" of at least one "open" urinal between yourself and another person. Being an intrepid sociologist, you have decided to see what happens when this protocol is ignored. In doing so, you are practicing a. ethnomethodology. b. ethnography. c. role reversal. d. symbolic interactionism.

A FEEDBACK: Harold Garfinkel's concept, ethnomethodology, literally means "the methods of the people." This approach to studying human interaction focuses on how we make sense of the world, how we convey our understandings to others, and how we produce a mutually shared social order. Section: The Social Construction of Reality Type: Applied

7. In responding to surveys asking them to rank various occupations according to status, people place more emphasis on the __________ of the position than the position's __________. a. educational requirements; income level b. income level; perceived difficulty c. perceived difficulty; educational requirements d. income level; educational requirements

A FEEDBACK: In Peter Blau and Otis Dudley Duncan's study of occupational prestige, much of the explanation of peoples' status ranking of occupations was attributed to the education necessary for the position rather than the corresponding income. Section: Forms of Stratification Type: Factual

11. What have studies shown about the overall health of blacks and whites with similar incomes and education levels? Select one: a. Blacks have worse health than whites regardless of income or education level b. Blacks with lower incomes and lower education levels have higher rates of diabetes and obesity, while whites in the same category have higher rates of lung cancer and a higher incidence of stroke. c. Blacks and whites with similar incomes and education levels have similar health outcomes. d. Blacks with higher incomes and higher education levels have higher rates of heart disease and high cholesterol, while whites in the same category have higher rates of hypertension and respiratory disease.

A FEEDBACK: In general, blacks have worse health than whites regardless of income or education level. There is evidence to suggest that racism may contribute to some of these differences. Section: The U.S. Health Care System Type: Factual

12. Why did the changes brought about during the Industrial Revolution lead to the erosion of kinship networks? Select one: a. As industry developed, farming and subsistence lifestyles declined, and migration forced restructuring of family units as men left to work in factories. b. Industrial processes brought greater efficiency to the family, which made it easier for members of the household to move away. c. Many of the processes developed during the Industrial Revolution led to the demise of tools used in the preindustrial household, and those whose role was to use these now obsolete tools looked elsewhere for work. d. Changes in both transportation and land availability made it easier for members of the extended family to strike out on their own.

A FEEDBACK: In preindustrial society, each family household operated like a small business. The Industrial Revolution ushered in huge change, and among these changes were the nature of work and money. Men often left, or had to leave, the household in order to work to earn money to survive. Kinship networks began to lose their strength. Section: Family Forms and Changes Type: Applied

11. Recently, your friend has had a scare with the discovery of a lump on her body. As she shares the experience of her visit to a medical doctor, she tells you that after being seen following a biopsy (which was benign), the doctor and the staff simply went ahead and scheduled a few future appointments. She tells you how difficult it was to try and stop these "auto-bookings" as she called them. Within the medical profession, this approach to health care is common and refers to a. supplier-induced demand. b. continuity of care. c. managed care. d. patient hysteria.

A FEEDBACK: In the United States, it is routine for many doctors to create excess demand for their services by scheduling multiple follow-up appointments. This is known as supplier-induced demand. Section: The Rise (and Fall?) of the Medical Profession Type: Applied

In an interview with the Dalton Conley, Mitchell Duneier describes his desire to conduct research that adheres to the ethical guidelines of social research. If Duneier had interviewed street vendors by secretly recording their interactions, what ethical guideline would he have violated? Select one: a. informed consent b. "do no harm" c. participant observation d. reflexivity

A FEEDBACK: Informed consent is the right of a research subject to know they are participating in a study and what the study will consist of. Section: Introduction Type: Applied

4. As a mother, Janelle sometimes feels torn. She knows she should be loving and supportive, but sometimes she needs to be firm and discipline her children. These seemingly incompatible expectations are an example of Select one: a. role strain. b. role conflict. c. adult socialization. d. ascribed status.

A FEEDBACK: Role strain is the incompatibility among roles corresponding to a single status. Section: Social Interaction Type: Applied

1. One of the difficult problems faced by many colleges and universities is the increase in binge drinking on campus. Pretend you are part of a group seeking to develop approaches to understanding and reducing this problem. Putting on your sociology hat, you suggest to the group that it would useful to understand the meaning placed on the binge-drinking parties, and thereby develop solutions based on an understanding of the experience itself. Your approach uses the methodology embodied in a. interpretive sociology. b. macrosociology. c. cultural anthropology. d. functionalism.

A FEEDBACK: Interpretive sociologists focus on meaning and understand experiences. Their research is premised on the importance of the social situation. This is contrast to positivist sociology, which seeks to reveal social facts through the application of theory development, hypothesis, prediction, testing and refinement. Section: Divisions within Sociology Type: Applied

8. Which of the following jobs could be described as a "pink-collar" job in the United States? Select one: a. hotel maid b. nurse practitioner c. professor d. human resources manager

A FEEDBACK: Louise Howe defined "pink-collar" jobs as feminized, low-paid secretary or service-industry jobs, such as hotel maid. Section: Growing Up, Getting Ahead, and Falling Behind Type: Conceptual

8. We often see sex and gender as immutable - sex is a biological fact that in turn determines the gender of an individual. As the examples of Deirdre McCloskey and David Reimer demonstrate, however, neither sex nor gender are as straightforward as many people would like to believe. A lot of how we understand sex and gender is found in how we understand the differences between Select one: a. nature and nurture. b. sex and sexuality. c. men and women. d. sexual preference and social environment

A FEEDBACK: Nature - biology - and nurture - shorthand for culture and social aspects of our lives - are central concepts that must be clearly understood and defined when we study of sex, sexuality and gender. Section: Sex: A Process in the Making Type: Applied

4. Which of the following scenarios involves the use of peer pressure? a. A sophomore woman is afraid to report a sexual assault because she believes her sorority sisters will ostracize her. b. Three friends encourage a fourth friend to follow her dream and try out for the school play. c. A group of friends stages an intervention with a member of their group who they think has a drug problem. d. Three children steal another child's soccer ball on the playground because she won't share it.

A FEEDBACK: Once we reach school, peers are important agents of socialization. This is sometimes done through peer pressure, which involves the pressure of conformity. While peer pressure is a vital part of growing up, it can sometimes create a huge problem. Section: Agents of Socialization Type: Conceptual

9. Lisa is a Christian student who lives in Saudi Arabia. When she first moved to Saudi Arabia, she was sometimes denied service at restaurants for not wearing a headscarf. Now, when she leaves her apartment, she wears a headscarf. What is this an example of? Select one: a. passing b. withdrawal c. assimilation d. acceptance

A FEEDBACK: Passing is a response to racial oppression that involves blending in with the dominant group. It can involve physical changes but may also involve things like changing a surname. Section: Group Responses to Domination Type: Applied

8. The gender pay gap generates considerable discussion. As defined by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), this gap is the "difference between male and female earnings expressed as a percentage of male earnings." Critics of the pay gap note that women do not work as many hours as men, that children necessitate women as primary caregivers (as the sole persons able to bear children), and that the entire problem "can be explained away by simply taking account of college majors." All of this debate underscores what basic idea? a. the extent of male dominance in society b. the innate nature of women as child bearers in society c. the way in which work is valued differently between men and women. d. that there are few instances of any society where women are more powerful than men.

A FEEDBACK: Patriarchy is a system involving the subordination of femininity to masculinity. Men are favored in nearly all of the world's societies, even though the extent of this favoritism varies. Note that patriarchy is different than hegemonic masculinity, which is an ideal notion of a man that is so dominant that people do not even realize it. Section: The Woman Question Type: Applied

10. In his interview with Dalton Conley David Grusky explains why the notion of perverse incentives is old-fashioned. Which of the following is an example of a perverse incentive? Select one: a. Entry to a special honors program is based solely on grades with no review of the types of classes students have taken. In order to increase their chances of being accepted into the program, some students take easier classes the semester before applying in order to boost their grade point average. b. A woman builds a fence between her property and a neighbor's so her children won't constantly be kicking their balls into the neighbor's yard. After the fence is built, the neighbor complains about the noise of the children's balls constantly hitting the fence. c. An elementary teacher gives his students candy for the correct answer even though this type of incentive is forbidden by the school district. d. People were so enthusiastic about Nintendo Wii when the game was first released that some accidents occurred when customers ran to purchase a Wii in stores on the day of its release.

A FEEDBACK: Perverse incentives are reward structures that lead to suboptimal outcomes by stimulating counterproductive behavior. For example, Charles Murray argued that welfare discourages work efforts. Section: Introduction Type: Conceptual

1. Gender, a topic that will be covered in greater detail in the chapters ahead, frequently poses a challenge to many, even leading to violent reactions. Seeing someone dressed as a male who also has obvious, visible secondary sex characteristics such as breasts and yet insists on using the personal pronoun he is a good example of how meaning is subjective. This is an example of a. post modernism b. feminism. c. symbolic interactionism. d. conflict theory.

A FEEDBACK: Postmodernists argue that all phenomena have multiple meanings and no one meaning can be more valid than another. Different things have different meanings for individuals and groups within society. Fundamentally, there is no single version of history that is correct. Section: The Sociology of Sociology Type: Applied

9. Ray is very disappointed that his daughter is marrying a Latino immigrant because he thinks Latinos are not supportive of women having successful careers. This is an example of Select one: a. prejudice. b. discrimination. c. ethnocentrism. d. racialization.

A FEEDBACK: Prejudice is negative thoughts and feelings about an ethnic or racial group. Remember that discrimination involves harmful or negative acts. Section: Prejudice, Discrimination, and the New Racism Type: Conceptual

6. The changing attitudes toward marijuana use can be difficult to fit into our understanding of crime. At the federal level, the drug is classified as a controlled substance and possession and distribution may carry severe penalties. In the majority of states, possession is a criminal offense. Penalties often include jail time. In a few states, possession is treated as a misdemeanor - similar to a traffic ticket - and in Colorado and Washington, recreational marijuana possession is now legal. Given the extent of the changing legal attitude, as well as the rise in incarceration rates, what does this suggest about the difficulties of measuring changes in crime rates over time? a. Definitions of crimes change over time b. Law-enforcement agencies keep unreliable records. c. Increasing numbers of people are committing crimes but may not be caught. d. Federal and state laws often contradict each other.

A FEEDBACK: Since definitions of deviance and crime are always changing, it is difficult to compare the crime rate over time. Section: Crime Type: Factual

10. In his interview with Dalton Conley, Mario Luis Small notes that the entire "culture of poverty" argument has been rejected both empirically and theoretically due to the problems with the work. Small then goes on to suggest that sociologists cannot ignore what as an explanatory tool in research about poverty? a. culture b. frames c. urban poverty d. economics

A FEEDBACK: Small suggests that despite the problems inherent in Lewis's original work, we must seriously consider the role of culture in our analysis of poverty. Drawing from Erving Goffman, Small suggests that culture can be understood as frames, using a tinted glasses analogy, and that a precise definition of what we mean by a term like culture is essential. Section: The Culture of Poverty Type: Applied

8. Betty Friedan's The Feminine Mystique championed women's right to work in the early 1960s. For many black feminists, Freidan's book ignored thousands of working women and instead suggested that Select one: a. all women experience oppression in the same way. b. men benefit from relegating women to the domestic sphere. c. gender influences daily life. d. gender is constructed.

A FEEDBACK: Some black feminists have made the case that early feminism was really about white, middle class women. Feminists like Patricia Hill Collins argued that women do not experience oppression in the same way, that "woman" is not a stable category and women are differentially located in a matrix of domination. Section: The Woman Question Type: Conceptual

7. Someone you knew at college came from a small town in the country, and her parents operate a farm. She graduated when you did and now holds a job in retail clothing. From a sociological standpoint, she has experienced what kind of mobility? Select one: a. structural mobility b. horizontal mobility c. exchange mobility d. vertical mobility

A FEEDBACK: Structural mobility is the mobility that is inevitable from changes in the economy. The decline in manufacturing jobs and the growth of service-sector jobs over the last 30 years has created opportunities. Whether these are improvements is an open question. Section: Social Reproduction versus Social Mobility Type: Applied

10. The Gautreaux Assisted Living Program in Chicago and the Moving to Opportunity study provided opportunities to explore Select one: a. the effects on families of living in a low-poverty versus a high-poverty neighborhood. b. how home ownership affects children's educational outcomes. c. regional differences in public housing programs. d. the stress of moving on low-income families.

A FEEDBACK: Studies like the Gautreaux Assisted Living Program and Moving to Opportunity explored the influence of high-poverty neighborhoods on families. As the Gautreaux Assisted Living Program was not a true experiment (the participants self-selected), the Moving to Opportunity Study randomly assigned whether families would move to a low-poverty neighborhood or wherever they wanted (usually a high-poverty neighborhood). Section: The Culture of Poverty Type: Conceptual

4. You are on an overseas trip with friends, and enjoy finding a place to stay as a guest in someone's home. At one such place, the hosts invite you to dinner, and serve up a meal of couscous, steamed veggies, and roast dog. You are unprepared for this, and you have a beloved pet dog at home. You recognize that this as a case of differences in a. assigned meanings. b. economic disparities. c. performance types. d. face.

A FEEDBACK: Symbolic interactionism is a micro-level theory that suggests that we interact using words and behaviors that have symbolic meanings. Assigned meanings vary widely across cultures, and here are more obviously different. Section: The Social Construction of Reality Type: Applied

9. Native Americans have been the target of racial and ethnic abuses since the first Europeans appeared in North America. In the attempt to deal with the so-called Indian problem, one method that has been used with tragic results is the forced use of English in schools provided on reservations for the children. In this setting, children were severely punished if they spoke or wrote their native language, resulting in the gradual erosion of the cultural bonds and legacy of their particular group. This policy was used by the Indian Bureau (later the Bureau of Indian Affairs) as an attempt at a. forced assimilation. b. ethnic cleansing. c. linguistic purity. d. educational parity.

A FEEDBACK: The Indian Bureau (later called the Bureau of Indian Affairs) was established in 1824 to deal with the so-called Indian problem. This bureau was in charge of the forced assimilation of Native Americans, which it attempted to do through placing Native American children in government-run boarding schools. Section: Ethnic Groups in the United States Type: Factual

11. In general, how has the Internet affected the doctor-patient relationship? a. Patients can research their symptoms prior to meeting with a physician and may (or may not) be able to speak more knowledgeably about their condition and possible treatments. b. Patients have less need to see physicians in person because they can research their condition and possible treatments online and request treatment online. c. Patients are refusing to participate in "virtual visits" - connecting with doctors online to ask questions. d. Confidentiality rules make less information for patients available online

A FEEDBACK: The Internet has increased the amount of information that is available to individuals. You may be able to arrive at the doctor's office not as a passive patient but rather as an active consumer of health care. Section: The Rise (and Fall?) of the Medical Profession Type: Conceptual

1. The social institution that comprises all colleges and universities would possibly be made up of a series of stories within these social networks (choose all that apply): a. the legal system. b. the census bureau. c. the farming system. d. K-12 schooling e. the import-export market. f. standardized screening test services. g. the wage labor market.

A D F G

12. In the last few decades, women have joined the workforce in greater numbers and their earning power has increased. Concurrently, the sharing of domestic responsibilities between men and women has changed only slightly, with women continuing to take on a larger share. The text notes that as women's earning go up, the husband becomes more likely to take on more of the domestic responsibility. However, when the woman's earnings surpass that of the man's, the man often drops out of the domestic picture entirely. From a sociological perspective, we might attribute this to Select one: a. entrenched norms and values around masculinity and femininity. b. a perceived drop in the utility of the man in the household. c. the fact that as their parents age, one of them must take on the responsibility of caring for them. d. changes in how employers provide benefits such as child care and time off to women.

A FEEDBACK: The balance between domesticity, earnings and gender roles is often fragile. When the woman in a household begins to earn more than the man, the man often stops participating and sociologists suspect that masculine ideals - the expectation that men work and women take care of the home - are part of the reason why this happens. Section: The Chore Wars Type: Applied

6. What is the collective conscience? a. a set of norms by which members of society abide b. the morality of a group or network c. how well people relate to each other d. mechanisms that create normative compliance

A FEEDBACK: The collective conscience, or common faith, is a set of norms by which members of society abide. Durkheim posited that individuals offend the collective conscience when they commit acts of deviance. Section: Functionalist Approaches to Deviance and Social Control Type: Factual

7. As originally framed, the U.S. Constitution did not define who was actually eligible to cast a vote - this was left to each state to decide. At this point in U.S. history, many of those considered eligible to vote were property owners or very wealthy. The gradual inclusion of African Americans, women, and other groups took a long time. More recently, voter ID laws have been challenged and enacted, and many would argue that such laws as restrictions to who can and cannot vote are an extension of this long history, which is largely what kind of stratification system? a. estate system b. class system c. caste system d. elite-mass dichotomy system

A FEEDBACK: The estate system is a politically based system of stratification characterized by limited social mobility. It was primarily found in Europe from the medieval era through the eighteenth century and in the American South before the Civil War. Section: Forms of Stratification Type: Applied

9. Interest in determining "racial purity" was not, and is not, a problem found exclusively in any society. As we have seen, numerous methods were devised in an attempt to ensure that one's racial makeup was exact and clear. The "one-drop" rule was one method, arising out of miscegenation laws forbidding interracial marriage. The fundamental flaw with the "one-drop" rule is that Select one: a. the one-drop rule depended on a nonexistent ability or test to detect, biologically, the presence of racial impurities b. the one-drop rule was not as accurate a determination as other tests. c. enforcement of the one-drop rule meant that, if found out, the individuals would need to get a divorce. d. the one-drop rule required blood testing verification of race on birth certificates, which were later used to reinforce antimiscegenation laws.

A FEEDBACK: The one-drop rule is the belief that "one drop" of black blood makes a person black. It is not possible to determine this through any test, which meant that perfect ancestral records on all individuals would be required to make such a determination Section: The Concept of Race from the Ancients to Alleles Type: Conceptual

6. The Sociological Conversations interview with Victor Rios highlights the differential treatment that minorities, particularly those in the inner cities, receive from a young age. In his youth, Rios often encountered police intrusion upon his daily life, including at school. What sociological idea epitomizes Rios's experience? a. Foucault's panopticon b. Goffman's total institution c. Merton's strain theory d. Durkheim's anomie

A FEEDBACK: The panopticon is a circular building in which the guard can observe prisoners without them knowing if they are being watched or not. To Foucault, the idea of the panopticon is a metaphor for the general functioning of disciplinary techniques in society, such as constant surveillance. Note that this surveillance does not necessarily involve police; report cards, parent teacher conferences, and other methods of surveillance at school are each "all-seeing" in this understanding of the term. Section: Foucault on Punishment Type: Applied

9. In the United States, the one-drop rule lumped together anyone with any amount of "black blood" into one category, setting up an essentially binary racial system of black and white with little thought for other minorities, such as Asians or Native Americans. Under Apartheid in South Africa, on the other hand, there were four racial categories; and in Brazil there are up to a dozen racial categories, depending on whom you ask. What conclusion can we draw from these differences in racial categories? Select one: a. Racial categories are social constructs, not biological absolutes that transcend time and place. b. Brazil is a more diverse society than either South Africa or the United States. c. The United States has had stricter laws against miscegenation than either South Africa or Brazil. d. There are more blacks in the United States than in South Africa or Brazil, which has influenced how racism was manifested.

A FEEDBACK: Though a race is a group of people who share a set of characteristics (often physical), there is no biological basis for race. Rather, race is a social construct, and the concept of race has changed over time. Section: The Myth of Race Type: Conceptual

11. Until 2012, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) labeled transgender persons as mentally ill, an example of medicalization. Following the most recent revision (the fifth), the DSM now uses the term Gender Identity Dysphoria, which means instead of being designated as mentally ill, transgender persons suffer a "marked incongruence between one's experienced/expressed gender and assigned gender." This shift is both welcomed and a surprise, largely because it is a reversal of what change in the DSM that took place in the 1980s? Select one: a. the removal of social context in favor of the biomedical model b. the increased willingness of the field of psychiatry to consider alternative lifestyles such as homosexuality c. the tendency to pathologize all conditions suffered by people d. the increased tendency to identify specific underlying symptoms of a disease

A FEEDBACK: Until the third edition of the DSM (1980), the idea that there might be a social context for a mental illness had currency in the field of psychiatry. Following the 1980 edition, the tendency was to avoid attributing the causes of a disease to life events. The social context was removed in favor of the biomedical model. Section: The Sociology of Mental Health Type: Conceptual

12. Why has the idea of the "traditional family" helped social scientists better understand black families in America? Select one: a. Its identification as a specific historical phenomenon that has rarely applied to black families helps us better understand the unique characteristics in a less judgmental way. b. Its identification as a universal aspect of human behavior has helped us understand the relationship between different ethnic groups more effectively. c. Its identification with both black and Latino families has helped social scientists better understand both these groups in a less judgmental manner. d. Its identification with family characteristics found in the preindustrial period of America has helped us understand the consequences of slavery more effectively.

A FEEDBACK: When social scientists define the traditional family, it is done in a very specific context of white Americans in the 1950s. Sociologists have since recognized that there are a wide range of characteristics that do not fit this model, and the use of language and the expanded kin ties found in black communities requires a different approach to understanding. Section: Swimming and Sinking Type: Conceptual

4. You are visiting relatives, and you are invited to play Hide and Seek with their three children: identical twins (a boy and a girl) aged about three, and an older sister aged about nine. In the spirit of fun, you offer to be "it." The search begins, and you immediately find that the twin boy has simply run into the other room, sat down in a chair and covered his eyes. You discover that his twin sister has hidden behind the couch (giggling, but hidden). Finally, the older sister is well hidden, and after a bit, you give up searching and call her in. From G. H. Mead's stages of social development perspective, the children are where in their respective stages of development? Select one: a. Twin boy - "I" or "self," twin girl - "other," older sister - "generalized other"

A b. Twin boy - "you," twin girl - "self," older sister - "other" c. Twin boy - "I" or "self," twin sister - "other," older sister - "you" d. Twin boy - "you," twin girl - "you," older sister - "self"

12. Which of the following would be found as part of a nuclear family (choose all that apply)? Select one or more: a. mother b. father c. biological children d. grandfather e. stepmother f. stepchildren g. aunt h. adopted children

A B C

9. Which of the following factors have contributed to the development of black ghettos in the United States (choose all that apply)? Select one or more: a. institutionalized housing discrimination b. urban renewal programs that sought to rebuild parts of a city c. declaring some areas of a city as ineligible for aid due to their poor condition d. white flight e. blacks' preference to live with other blacks f. homeowner loans to people in financial trouble

A B C D F

10. Which of the following are potentially responsible for the comparatively high levels of inequality found in the United States today (choose all that apply)? a. The federal and state division of power makes a comprehensive safety net impossible. b. There is no history of feudalism. c. Political institutions in the United States were able to protect the weak. d. There were efforts to prevent blacks from political participation e. A culture of state paternalism developed.

A B D

11. Which of the following were part of the process that gave doctors more power as medical professionals in the transition from the nineteenth to the twentieth century (choose all that apply)? Select one or more: a. Doctors ceased to be employees of hospitals. b. Hospitals depended on doctors to bring in patients. c. Doctors depended on hospitals to provide space for patient care. d. Hospitals began to regulate doctors. e. State licensing boards controlled the types of doctors permitted to practice. f. States passed laws that allowed physicians to sue for payment if they were licensed. g. States passed laws that allowed patients to sue doctors if they were licensed. h. Hospitals improved their facilities in order to attract the best doctors. i. Doctors were able to admit patients into one or more hospitals.

A B E F

11. Which of the following would be considered a form of morbidity (choose all that apply)? Select one or more: a. chicken pox b. failure to take daily vitamins c. lower back pain that makes movement difficult d. heart attack e. the tendency to eat French fries with every meal f. obesity

A C D

12. Which of the following are factors that helped to promote strong kinship networks in preindustrial families in America (choose all that apply)? Select one or more: a. Extended family members provided a financial buffer in hard times b. Banks provided an easy means to establish savings accounts. c. Barter systems facilitated easy exchange of goods. d. There was minimal division of labor between genders. e. Children were given free rein to play and have fun all day. f. No government agencies existed that could provide assistance to those in need. g. Children were seen as small adults and often shared in the work.

A C D F G

10. In 1964, President Lyndon Johnson declared a "War on Poverty." This ambitious plan led to the creation of numerous agencies, some of which persist today. These include which of the following (choose all that apply)? Select one or more: a. Office of Economic Opportunity b. Department of Labor c. Head Start d. Peace Corps e. Job Corps

A C E

10. Which of the following are criticisms of how the poverty line is calculated in the United States (choose all that apply)? a. The formula does not reflect that housing now takes up a much larger portion of family budgets. b. The formula includes income and assets, though it should only include income. c. The formula misestimates the percentage of income spent on food. d. The formula takes regional considerations into account, which creates inconsistencies. e. The formula only accounts for male earnings and not female earnings for a household. f. The range of necessities has expanded considerably

A C F

9. The brief review of Peggy McIntosh's essay on white privilege lists just a few of the 50 privileges that McIntosh identified in her original work, which included not being asked to represent your entire race, being able to match bandage colors to your skin tone, and being able to easily find food in a store. Drawing from this and your own knowledge and experience, which of the following could be considered white privilege (choose all that apply)? a. being able to choose any seat you wish on public transportation b. offers of scholarships based on affirmative action c. having to worry about how to pay for college d. not being challenged in a store if there is a problem with your credit card e. being immediately approached by a friendly sales associate in a large department store chain

A D E

8. Wellesley College has recently experienced a surge of students who, when applying for admission, did so as women - persons born as females. After they arrived on campus, they made the decision to transition to male. At a college that is built as an all-women's college, this presents a challenge. One of the central challenges that the college faces now is reconciling what kind of difference between these two student populations (choose all that apply)? a. sex role theory b. gender c. sexuality d. social status e. sexual identity

A, B

7. When you board an airplane, the boarding order generally starts with first class passengers, then makes its way down to the coach class. Let's imagine we are boarding an aircraft, and we are in coach class (all the way back in seats 33E and 33F). As we search for a place to store our luggage, we notice that the people in first class are already getting free wine and snacks. Casually dressed people are sitting in some of those first-class seats. This is an annoying but very real example of a. class system hierarchy. b. status hierarchy. c. embedded inequality. d. white privilege.

B FEEDBACK: A status hierarchy is the result of social prestige and is not tied exclusively to economic prowess. Anyone can get first-class seats if he or she pays the cost, and when he or she does, it automatically confers a specific type of status. Section: Forms of Stratification Type: Conceptual

8. In her interview with Dalton Conley, Paula England highlights the changing gender dynamics of relationships for college students. England's research found that students hook up rather than date, and that when they did, "something sexual happens" (which may or may not be intercourse). Furthermore, the whole idea of a relationship is very tenuous. Dating has a very different meaning, with an expectation that it might mean a relationship, and that it is Select one: a. done after college. b. monogamous. c. not done for fun. d. a guarantee of marriage.

B FEEDBACK: According to England, a hook-up culture has supplanted dating, and dating is seen as the route to romance on college campus. The norm of monogamy in both dating and marriage is in opposition to hook-ups, which are done with many others. Section: Sociology in the Bedroom Type: Applied

7. Some Enlightenment thinkers felt that preserving current resources and transforming them into assets was a good thing for society. Part of the thinking was that an individual preserving and accumulating resources, and then storing them as assets would provide an incentive to work in order to build up society. Today, some might wonder about this concept. Consider the president of Equatorial Guinea, one of the world's poorest nations. In 2003, president Teodoro Obiang took full control of the treasury under the pretext of controlling public corruption, and then promptly moved most of the state's money into his own private accounts. In the eyes of the Enlightenment thinkers, these actions might be seen as a good thing because it a. helps preserve wealth for future generations. b. fosters inequality based on the emergence of private property when resources are preserved. c. serves to improve human capital for more people. d. acts as a way to improve social capital.

B FEEDBACK: Adam Ferguson, John Millar and Thomas Malthus all felt that inequality could help society by motivating those who held resources - whether property, money or other tangible goods - to create surpluses. These could be converted into assets - a form of wealth that can be stored for the future - and then into private property, something seen as a huge improvement in society. Section: Views of Inequality Type: Conceptual Learning Objectives: Discuss different concepts of inequality, including inequality of opportunity and inequality of condition, using countervailing viewpoints about the functional outcome of inequality in society.

11. Which of the following are problems in the U.S. health insurance market that the Affordable Care Act sought to address (choose all that apply)? Select one or more: a. the elimination of the strong individual health insurance market b. heavy reliance on employers to provide health insurance c. slow the rapid decline in health care costs due to fee for service d. slow the rapid rise in health care costs due to fee for service e. decrease Medicaid eligibility requirement f. create a robust individual health insurance market g. eliminate risk adjustment due to preexisting conditions

B F G

12. In the Moynihan report, The Negro Family, released in 1965, it was found that 25 percent of black wives outearned their husbands, leading the report to conclude that there was a "pathological" matriarchy. One of the chief suggestions that emerged from this report was that black women Select one: a. spent too much time away from home. b. needed to be more feminine in order to be successful wives. c. were a reminder that women in general can be powerful and successful. d. were the fundamental cause of poverty.

B FEEDBACK: Among other things, the report suggested that if black women were more feminine and a little less angry, and if they acted a little more "white," then many of the problems of black families would be solved. Section: Swimming and Sinking Type: Applied

2. A researcher observes that most women entering a café choose to sit near other occupied tables, whereas most men choose a table that is farther away from other customers. The researcher then theorizes that women like to feel part of a larger group of people, whereas men are more comfortable being alone. This is an example of which kind of research approach? a. deductive reasoning b. inductive reasoning c. quantitative research d. a case study

B FEEDBACK: An inductive approach starts with empirical observations and then moves toward formulation of a theory. Section: Research 101 Type: Conceptual

9. Robert Park's model of how immigrants adapted to a new setting was called straight-line assimilation, and assumed that all immigrants arrived, settled in, mimicked practices and behaviors of those in the country, and were then fully assimilated. Milton Gordon refined this and suggested that an immigrant population can pass through seven stages of assimilation. Harold Isaacs then noticed that, despite what seemed to be full assimilation, ethnic identity persisted, and his findings led Clifford Geertz to conclude that because it was not biological, ethnicity must be the result of Select one: a. conflict and competition. b. culture c. accommodation and tolerance. d. the "melting pot."

B FEEDBACK: Assimilation is a complex process, with no one model being ideal. This succession of refinements led to the realization that much of what we call ethnicity is the result of cultural inheritance. Geertz termed this primordialism - the deeply felt ties to one's culture. Section: Minority-Majority Group Relations Type: Applied

8. Your good friend Judy comes to you in a state of exasperation and tells you that she just left the girl's bathroom and saw what she swears was a man dressed in women's clothing walking in. "Men need to use their own bathroom. There's a reason we have different restrooms for different sexes!" Judy is expressing what many people feel, reflecting ideas about Select one: a. feminism. b. biological determinism. c. one-sex model. d. the nature versus nurture argument.

B FEEDBACK: Biological determinism is a line of thought that attempts to explain social behavior in terms of biology. In Judy's eyes, her perception of someone as male establishes an unambiguous link between genitalia - biology - and gender - the social. Section: Sex: A Process in the Making Type: Applied

6. This chapter concludes with a look at the criminal justice system of the United States, noting that incarceration rates have risen significantly. A close look at current prison populations in America shows that the largest percentage of prison inmates are Select one: a. Hispanic. b. black. c. women. d. white.

B FEEDBACK: Black Americans represent the largest percentage of the prison population, comprising about 16.6 percent of the prison population in 2002. Hispanic men comprised about 7.7 percent, followed by white men at about 2.6 percent. A similar pattern holds among women. Section: Crime Reduction Type: Applied

2. What three factors are needed to establish causation? Select one: a. a natural experiment, time order, and correlation b. correlation, time order, and ruling out alternative explanations c. moderating variables, ruling out alternative explanations, and time order d. correlation, a hypothesis, and alternative explanations

B FEEDBACK: Causality is the notion that a change in one factor results in the change of another factor. To establish causality, three factors are needed: correlation, time order, and ruling out alternative explanations. Section: Research 101 - Causality versus Correlation Type: Factual

1. The Chicago School of American Sociology emphasized the importance of Select one: a. the social and moral consequences of the division of labor. b. the social environment in shaping people's behavior and personality. c. rigorous statistical research. d. predicting and describing relationships.

B FEEDBACK: Charles Horton Cooley, George Herbert Mead, and other sociologists in the Chicago School explored how the social environment shapes the individual. Section: The Sociology of Sociology Type: Factual

4. According to George Herbert Mead's stages of development, children first start to learn to recognize an "other" through Select one: a. formal games. b. imitation c. playing informally with other children. d. first recognizing their own identities.

B FEEDBACK: Children first start to recognize the other, or someone outside of the self, through imitation. They then move to play, followed by formal games. Section: Theories of Socialization Type: Factual

2. You have decided to conduct a study on your campus that examines sexual assault with the hope of offering recommendations to the administration for policy changes. You have selected as your sample the members of all the campus fraternities, as this is a subpopulation of the entire campus and seems to often be at the center of the cases. While this is an interesting approach, your results are quite clearly Select one: a. a specific kind of case study. b. speaking beyond your data. c. limited as a form of participant observation. d. biased due to the kind of historical data you have.

B FEEDBACK: Collecting a sample is probably the most important steps in a research project. Selecting the wring sample, or one that is too limited or too specialized, makes it unlikely that the data and results can be generalized. Section: Research 101 - Data Collection Type: Applied

2. Comparative research usually involves studying which of the following? Select one: a. two or more units of analysis that have almost nothing in common in order to determine why they are so different b. two or more units of analysis that have a number of things in common but differ on a dimension (or dimensions) of interest c. several subgroups in a given country or culture to identify how and why they are similar or different d. a minority and majority group in a particular country

B FEEDBACK: Comparative research is a methodology by which a research compares two or more entities (often countries or cultures) with the intent of learning more about factors that differ between them. Section: Research 101 - Data Collection Type: Factual

8. Which of the following statements is most closely associated with a conflict theory approach to gender studies? Select one: a. Boys and girls develop masculine and feminine personality structures through interactions with their parents. b. Men benefit economically from women's inferior position in the family and the workplace. c. Women are socialized to prioritize the private, domestic sphere over the public sphere of wage-earning work. d. The traditional family is the best way to meet society's constant need to add to the labor force.

B FEEDBACK: Conflict theory is the idea that conflict between competing interests is the basic, animating force of social change and society in general. Conflict theories of gender mix Marxism with feminism and claimed that gender, not class, was the driving force of history and that men have profited from women's subordinate roles. Section: The Woman Question Type: Conceptual

2. Amber is conducting research on the negative portrayal of Hispanics in the media. She searches through newspapers to document instances of discriminatory language toward Hispanics. What type of research is Amber conducting? a. participant observation b. content analysis c. cross-sectional survey d. comparative research

B FEEDBACK: Content analysis examines the content rather than the structure of communication. Section: Research 101 - Data Collection Type: Applied

10. How has the timing of the transition to a free-market economy been used as one of several explanations for the great differences between the United States and other advanced democracies in terms of inequality and poverty? Select one: a. Countries that transitioned to a free-market economy later than the United States usually had no history of feudalism. b. Institutions that could better protect the weak or disadvantaged were more fully developed in countries that transitioned to a free-market economy later than the United States did. c. Countries that transitioned to a free-market economy later than the United States usually had a more centralized form of government that could impose very high taxes on citizens. d. Institutions that could better protect the weak or disadvantaged were more fully developed in countries that transitioned to a free-market economy sooner than the United States did

B FEEDBACK: Continental European countries that transitioned to free-market capitalism more recently did so when political institutions were better able to protect the weak through collective bargaining, welfare state transfers, and universal public services. Section: Why Is the United States So Different? Type: Conceptual

6. One of the consequences of mass incarceration in the United States has been Select one: a. a more equal percentage of races in prison. b. the disenfranchisement of millions of former felons. c. a more efficient prison system. d. the development of successful work-training programs for inmates.

B FEEDBACK: Disenfranchisement, or disallowing felons the right to vote, is a serious consequence of mass incarceration. Sociologists Jeff Manza and Christopher Uggen estimate that granting former felons the right to vote would have significantly altered the course of several elections. Section: Crime Reduction Type: Factual

8. When a child is born, doctors make a decision about what sex they are. Usually, this is very straightforward. When a doctor is faced with a decision based on the size and configuration of the genitalia, such decisions usually require a number. As noted in the text, a phallus less than 2 centimeters in length is considered a micropenis, and the doctor may recommend that the infant be raised as a girl. While this decision may or may not be a good choice, a sociologist might view the doctor's rationale as resulting from Select one: a. a sense of medical necessity. b. the belief in a binary sex system. c. a social emergency. d. a belief that males must have a larger penis.

B FEEDBACK: Doctors must often make decisions based on what is immediately in front of them and on all that they themselves have been taught about sex, sexuality and gender. The social norm about sex and gender is built around a binary sex system, and so it is not surprising that a doctor might choose this path based on that perspective. Section: Sex: A Process in the Making Type: Applied

7. In 2014, the U.S. Supreme Court upheld the state of Michigan's ban on affirmative action. In a passionate dissent, Justice Sonya Sotamayor argued that the Michigan law placed an undue burden on minority students not faced by other applicants. What type of equality was Justice Sotamayor arguing in favor of? Select one: a. ontological equality b. equality of condition c. equality of outcome d. equality of opportunity

B FEEDBACK: Equality of condition is the idea that everyone should have an equal starting point. This is a key idea behind affirmative action, which is an attempt to partially correct for unequal starting points. Section: Standards of Equality Type: Applied

4. A friend of yours has invited you to a big social event, and knowing you might meet people who can offer you interesting jobs after graduation, you elect to dress really carefully in order to make a really good, strong impression. In sociological terms, you're operating within what theoretical framework? a. saving face b. dramaturgical theory. c. role theory d. symbolic interactionism theory

B FEEDBACK: Erving Goffman's dramaturgical theory advances the idea that life is essentially a play in which we are all struggling to make a good impression on our audience. Section: The Social Construction of Reality Type: Applied

11. What factors, besides access to drug therapies, are key to fighting diseases in developing countries? Select one: a. increasing access to urban areas b. proper nutrition and clean water c. population control d. monetary support from financial institutions

B FEEDBACK: Even if people have access to medicine, if they do not have access to proper nutrition and clean water to take the medicine, it will not be effective and will in fact cause additional problems. Waterborne illness is also the leading killer worldwide. Section: Global Health Type: Factual

12. We often forget that while many of the truly ugly manifestations of racism were highly visible 100 years ago, attitudes, unfortunately, change very slowly. It was not until 1967 that the idea of a white man marrying a black woman overcame legal barriers in the case of Loving v. Virginia. Both husband and wife were born Americans, but for many people, their union represented a violation of social norms because Select one: a. there were clear social sanctions that they chose to ignore. b. they married outside their group c. they were from very different socioeconomic backgrounds. d. they were social equivalents with very different backgrounds.

B FEEDBACK: Exogamy is marriage outside of one's social group. This is contrasted with endogamy, which is marriage within one's social group. The Lovings were a mixed-race couple, which at that time represented a vast difference in social status and group. Section: Family Forms and Changes Type: Applied

10. In the text, we read about the case of Marlin, whose life seems to reflect the entire scope of government programs and social ills in America. Fed by food stamps, housed by the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), and moved through education and prison systems that have left him almost as he started, Marlin is a case study of the human scope of the problem and a reflection of the underlying question about Select one: a. whether the poverty line is accurately measured. b. poverty as the cause or the result of social problems. c. income as the primary cause of poverty. d. whether such individuals can be considered truly poor.

B FEEDBACK: For several decades, the main question in the debate about poverty has been whether poverty is a cause or an effect of social problems. However, as you learned in the text, poverty might not be a cause or an effect but rather a proxy for other factors, such as inequality and economic segregation. Section: Introduction Type: Factual

8. Feminists argue that gender matters because ________ a. it is the basis of sex role theory. b. it structures social relations between people. c. it emphasizes natural differences that exist between men and women. d. there are roles for which men are better suited and other roles for which women are better suited.

B FEEDBACK: Gender is the set of arrangements that are built around normative sex categories. Feminists argue that gender is an organizing principle of social life; it structures social relations between people. Section: Mars and Venus Type: Factual

4. Which of the following is an example of a given off gesture? a. nodding in agreement during a job interview b. glancing at your watch while someone talks to you c. talking to a colleague over coffee d. winking at a stranger

B FEEDBACK: Given off gestures are unconscious signals of our true feelings. (However, if you looked at your watch intentionally to signal you needed to go, this would not be a given off gesture). Section: The Social Construction of Reality Type: Conceptual

4. If you were to tell someone that you were conducting breaching experiments, you would be telling them that you were intentionally Select one: a. trying to convey a good impression and seeing what happens. b. ignoring social norms to see what happens. c. challenging total institutions to see what happens. d. resocializing others in order to see what happens.

B FEEDBACK: Harold Garfinkel and his followers became famous for seeing what happened when social norms were breached. This is an example of ethnomethodology. Section: The Social Construction of Reality Type: Applied

1. Another early sociological writer, Harriet Martineau, wrote a book in 1838 that examined the institution of marriage and the assumptions about women's inferiority. In this respect, Martineau adopted what kind of theoretical position in her writing? a. Marxist b. feminist c. functionalist d. liberal

B FEEDBACK: Harriet Martineau is perhaps best known for her work translating the works of Comte into English, which helped disseminate early sociological thought. Her 1838 book, How to Observe Morals and Manners, was one of the first methods books in sociology. Section: The Sociology of Sociology Type: Applied

8. Same-sex marriage has been widely accepted in many states, and the numbers of persons marrying those of the same sex has skyrocketed and become easily visible. In Brazil, we see that the travesti take on distinctly female characteristics, declare themselves as men, and yet have penetrative sex with men who have an exclusively male appearance. How do these two different examples help describe the difference between homosexuality and homosexual behavior? a. Homosexuality is a fixed social identity that is determined at birth, and homosexual behavior is the outward manifestation of that identity. b. Homosexuality is a certain social identity, whereas homosexual behavior is an activity that is not necessarily tied to a social identity. c. Homosexuality involves obtaining a social identity through repeated homosexual behavior. d. There is no difference between homosexuality and homosexual behavior.

B FEEDBACK: Homosexuality is the social identity of someone who has sexual attractions to and/or relations with people of the same sex; homosexual behavior does not mean that someone identifies as homosexual, as the travesti demonstrate. Section: Sociology in the Bedroom Type: Conceptual

6. Many states in the United States have special court diversion programs that are designed to help youth avoid the consequences of what society agrees are criminal acts: theft, robbery, drunken driving, and so forth. The application process involves a meeting between the offender and a case manager, who strives to get to know the offender, their strengths and weaknesses, and what led to the offense. This level of individual interest is an example of a. means-ends theory of deviance. b. symbolic interactionism. c. functionalist theory. d. social control.

B FEEDBACK: In contrast to functionalist theories, micro-theories such as symbolic interactionism tend to focus on the individual rather than focusing on generalizable trends or broad social structures. Section: Symbolic Interactionist Theories of Deviance Type: Conceptual

6. You are a participant in an online forum where the many participants express opinions about online gaming and the things they like and don't like about it. One participant recently posted a mildly irate rant in all caps, evoking a harsh rebuke from large numbers of participants. Such a rebuke is a kind of a. formal social sanction. b. informal social sanction. c. expression of mechanical solidarity. d. a violation of the collective conscience.

B FEEDBACK: Informal social sanctions are the "unwritten rules" of social life. They are a mechanism of social control. Section: Functionalist Approaches to Deviance and Social Control Type: Applied

7. If you're going to college in California, you and your family may have experienced severe "sticker shock" when the tuition bills arrived. The state had a 32 percent increase in the tuition levels in 2010, and another 9.6 percent hike in 2011. There are more increases proposed. All the increases are driving one of the major problems that Michael Hout discusses at length in his interview with Dalton Conley. According to Hout, what is the indirect cause that is holding many students back from getting that college degree? a. Families are having more children in order to stay afloat economically, and paying for multiple college educations is difficult. b. An increasing proportion of costs are borne by individuals and families as states shift costs away from the general tax base. c. The number of college seats is limited, and upper-class students are usually able to enroll earlier than lower-class students. d. The lack of well-paying jobs has forced families to cut back, and college costs are one of those cutbacks.

B FEEDBACK: Like everything else, the costs of college are going up, and the revenue that states like California have to spend on college and university subsidies is plummeting. In Hout's view, this is the most powerful reason that students can't get their degree. Section: How Is America Stratified Today? Type: Applied

10. Some theorists argue that there can never be an absolute definition of poverty. The text suggests that wealth creates poverty, and this in turn reflects the problem of why poverty is Select one: a. impossible to ever measure with certainty. b. always relational. c. contingent on family size. d. based on the needs of individuals.

B FEEDBACK: Many argue that absolute poverty is a flawed concept because poverty is always relational. Instead, they argue for the implementation of measures identifying relative poverty. Different societies have different needs, which is why the observation that wealth creates poverty makes sense because wealth "ratchets up" what a society defines as necessary. Section: Poverty amid Plenty Type: Factual

7. You have a good friend from India who has done very well as after college. His work in telecommunications has landed him a job that pays over $1,000,000, which in a country like India is an extraordinary amount. He lives in a tiny flat in the suburbs and puts all his money in the bank in his checking account. In addition, he lives off a credit card. Your friend is in the category of people considered to have a. high wealth. b. high income. c. high net worth. d. high investment income.

B FEEDBACK: Many people assume that earning a ton of money means they are wealthy -winning the lottery means you're a wealthy person. But that's not what wealth really measures. Rather, wealth is a matter of net worth - the total amount of assets (real estate, income, material stuff) minus total debt (credit card, loans). Your friend is doing well but has a large debt load and no tangible assets that are considered part of the wealth equation. Section: Forms of Stratification Type: Conceptual

11. Which of the following is an example of medicalization? Select one: a. increasing requirements for medical degrees b. viewing a drug addiction as a disease that can be treated c. an increase in antibiotic-resistant strains of diseases due to overprescribing of antibiotics d. the increased rates of elective cesarean sections in the United States

B FEEDBACK: Medicalization is the process by which problems or issues not traditionally seen as medical come to be framed as such. Many addictions were once seen as personality flaws rather than medical conditions. Section: The Rise (and Fall?) of the Medical Profession Type: Conceptual

8. The American Psychological Association's classification of homosexuality as a deviant personality type, which was only changed in 1973, as well as the U.S. Supreme Court ruling in 2003 decriminalizing homosexual sex both reflect Michel Foucault's assertion that Select one: a. changes in the nineteenth century with regard to the notion of the ideal man required a categorization of "deviance." b. homosexuality appears as the result of the state and the medical profession's interest in asserting their power. c. the development of the field of psychoanalysis in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries initiated a careful evaluation of deviant sexuality. d. society's need to establish cohesion by identifying and classifying all forms of deviant behavior.

B FEEDBACK: Michel Foucault argued that the way we know our bodies is linked to power. Both the state and the increasingly powerful medical profession had a strong interest in categorizing and monitoring deviance. The increase in surveillance and monitoring of sexuality included what Foucault called normalization. Section: Sociology in the Bedroom Type: Applied

7. Vilfredo Pareto felt that a few select elite leaders could successfully hold power in a society, as long as they were able and knew what they were doing. This has become known as the Pareto principle and is one of the basic ideas behind what we refer to as a meritocracy. In 1961, outgoing president Dwight D. Eisenhower delivered a now famous farewell address in which he forewarned of the rise of the "military-industrial complex" which had the potential for a "disastrous rise of misplaced power." This concept is strongly reflective of what concept disparaged by C. Wright Mills? Select one: a. the status hierarchy system b. the elite-mass dichotomy system c. the political system d. the class system

B FEEDBACK: Mills was strongly opposed to the elite-mass dichotomy system - a system of stratification that has a governing elite and a few leaders who broadly hold power in society. Mills presciently argued that a few economic institutions, political order, and the military order were the three major components of American life where the power of decision making was centralized. Section: Forms of Stratification Type: Conceptual

6. Which of the following is an example of informal deviance? a. spray-painting public property as a teenager b. telling the hostess of a dinner party that you didn't like the main dish c. cheating on a sociology exam in college d. drinking and driving

B FEEDBACK: Minor transgressions that do not violate laws enacted by society are acts of informal deviance. Section: What Is Social Deviance? Type: Conceptual

11. Which of the following is an accepted explanation for higher mortality rates among men? Select one: a. Men are less likely than women to stick to good diet and exercise plans. b. Men are less likely than women to see a doctor for seemingly minor illnesses or injuries that can become more serious if not treated. c. Even among men and women with similarly stressful jobs, men tend to cope by eating, smoking, and drinking, while women are more likely to exercise to deal with the stress. d. Men are genetically predisposed to develop forms of cancer that are more likely to lead to death.

B FEEDBACK: One of the reasons why women live longer than men may be a difference in health care-seeking behavior. For example, women are more likely to seek medical attention for seemingly minor illnesses. Section: The U.S. Health Care System Type: Factual

12. The recent American television show Sister Wives tells the true story of Kody Brown, a man living in Utah who has four wives. After the series began, prosecutors in the state began to investigate whether Brown and his marriages were violating the law. After a lengthy legal challenge, the court held that they were both legal and plural in the state of Utah. The challenge that the Browns overcame was based on the existing legal sanctions that prohibited polygamy, but in Brown's case, it was a specialized case of polygamy referred to as Select one: a. polyandry. b. polygyny. c. monogamy. d. polyamory.

B FEEDBACK: Polygyny is the practice of having multiple wives simultaneously. It is practiced in some contemporary Islamic and African cultures. Mormon fundamentalists in the United States practiced polygyny openly in the mid- to late 1800s, when it was made illegal. The Mormon church officially terminated the practice of polygamy in 1890. Section: Family Forms and Changes Type: Factual

12. Same-sex marriage has been at the forefront of America's "culture wars" for over a decade. The striking down of the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) has further changed the marriage landscape and created a new problem. While same-sex couples enjoy greater marital freedom than ever before, one major limitation is that Select one: a. the federal tax code does not allow for same-sex couples to file a joint return. b. marriage is not recognized as legally binding in all states in the same way. c. state laws vary so widely that same-sex couples cannot ever know if they have the same rights from one state to another. d. from a cultural standpoint, Americans are not willing to change the predominant view of what constitutes a family.

B FEEDBACK: Progress in same-sex marriage has been rapid, but the major limitation is that at the federal level, there is no consistent legal structure that enjoins all states to recognize same-sex couples in the same way. This means that issues like taxes, hospital visits and child custody are far more challenging for these couples. Section: The Future of Families Type: Applied

2. Which of the following is the best example of a quantitative research method? a. interviewing people about the last book they read b. conducting a survey of how often people read c. observing children as they learn to read d. analyzing the language style of newspaper ads

B FEEDBACK: Quantitative methods seek to obtain information about the social world that is already in, or can be converted to, numeric form. A survey of how often people read could be quantified easily, though it is possible that data obtained from other methods, such as content analysis, could also be quantified. Section: Introduction Type: Conceptual

9. The text discusses the plight of the Irish immigrants in the United States in the late 1800s, when vicious, racially motivated attacks were directed toward the Irish populations. In 2014, there was a series of angry demonstrations in Waterford, a town in Ireland, directed against the Roma, a people who have been the subject of attack for hundreds of years. The Roma are sometimes called Gypsies, now a pejorative term. The irony of the attacks on the Roma in Waterford is that they reflect the same kind of __________ as was directed against the Irish a hundred years ago. Select one: a. prejudice b. racism c. discrimination d. racialization

B FEEDBACK: Racism is the belief that members of separate races possess different and unequal traits. According to the text, racist thinking is characterized by three key beliefs: (1) humans are divided into physical types, (2) these physical traits are linked to distinct cultures, personalities, and so forth, and (3) certain groups are superior to others. Both the Roma and the Irish have been targeted on the basis of perceived physical differences and a belief in their inferiority. Section: The Myth of Race Type: Applied

10. Winona is picking up her children at day-care center. Her nine-hour minimum-wage shift as a temp leaves her exhausted. As she piles her two kids into the car, she loses her temper after one of them refuses to sit still for her to fasten the seatbelt and throws a tantrum. Winona's solution is to yell at the child until he calms down and does what she asks. A sociologist might say that Winona's situation is an example of the Select one: a. way wealth creates poverty. b. parenting stress hypothesis. c. absolute definition of poverty. d. worst form of child abuse.

B FEEDBACK: Raising a child is a lot of work for anyone. Among sociologists, the parenting stress hypothesis suggests that the combination of low income, unstable employment, and other factors create high levels of stress in a parent, which give way to poor parenting practices. Section: Poverty amid Plenty Type: Applied

1. Adekunle enters a clothing store and a security guard immediately notices him and follows his actions on a security monitor. Adekunle is aware of the security guard's actions and adjusts his own behavior to avoid a potential confrontation. This is an example of which sociological concept? a. the generalized other b. double consciousness c. anomie d. positivism

B FEEDBACK: Recall that W. E. B. DuBois's concept of double consciousness involves taking into consideration the external opinions of an often racially prejudiced onlooker. Section: The Sociology of Sociology Type: Conceptual

12. The Tobachnik family has one son and two daughters. The children are assigned chores around the house. The son mows the lawn and takes out the garbage. The daughters do laundry, help with house cleaning, and clean up after meals. This distribution of the chores is an example of Select one: a. the importance of teaching children to share household management duties. b. how gender roles are learned at home. c. the natural division of labor between boys and girls. d. children bearing part of the burden of the "second shift."

B FEEDBACK: Recall that gender roles are sets of behavioral norms assumed to accompany one's status as a male or female. During the industrial era, a "cult of domesticity" emerged, which posited that true womanhood centered on domestic responsibility and childbearing (p. 462). More recently, sociologists have suggested that family is the first place that children learn to "do gender" and that the cult of domesticity has had powerful and lasting effects. Section: Family Forms and Changes Type: Applied

1. Which of the following is an example of an application of midrange theory? a. analyzing how a shopkeeper interacts with customers b. exploring the role of churches in rural areas c. examining the origins of World War II in terms of class conflict d. analyzing how a dictator rose to power

B FEEDBACK: Recall that midrange theory attempts to predict how certain social institutions tend to function. Section: The Sociology of Sociology Type: Conceptual

9. The Nazi regime's belief that it had to protect a superior race from contamination by inferior races stemmed in part from Select one: a. the concept of racialization. b. the notion of social Darwinism. c. the science of phrenology. d. concerns about racial passing.

B FEEDBACK: Recall that social Darwinism is the application of Darwinian ideas (mainly the evolutionary "survival of the fittest") to society. In Nazi Germany, Jews were believed to have innate biological differences, and the government sought to purify society so those with more desirably characteristics survived. The notion of social Darwinism is also behind the idea of eugenics. Section: The Concept of Race from the Ancients to Alleles Type: Conceptual

2. A thermometer that consistently gives readings that are five degrees cooler than the actual temperature is a. valid but not reliable. b. reliable but not valid c. neither reliable nor valid. d. both reliable and valid.

B FEEDBACK: Reliability is consistency in measurement. A thermometer can be reliable but not valid. In other words, it can provide consistent temperatures, though they may be consistently incorrect. Section: Research 101 - Validity, Reliability, and Generalizability Type: Conceptual

9. A woman whose maternal grandparents came to the United States from Norway participates in a Norwegian folk dance group and bakes Norwegian pastries for special occasions. This is an example of a. inherited ethnicity. b. symbolic ethnicity c. racialization. d. assimilation.

B FEEDBACK: Symbolic ethnicity is a nationality, not in the sense of carrying the rights and duties of citizenship but identifying with a past or future nationality. Many white Americans choose to identify with a past nationality, which illustrates the privileged positions of whites in American society. Section: Race versus Ethnicity Type: Conceptual

8. The model family in the 1950s in America was a happy, simple one. Mom stayed home and raised the kids. Dad went to work and made a good living. Even the dog was happy. In this Father Knows Best model, we can clearly see the structure of Select one: a. postmodern theory. b. sex role theory. c. Marxist theory. d. "doing gender."

B FEEDBACK: Talcott Parsons's sex role theory posits that a healthy, harmonious society exists when women and men play specific roles that fulfill societal needs. This theory is a functionalist account of gender relations. Section: The Woman Question Type: Applied

8. Marissa Mayer was appointed the chief executive officer (CEO) of Yahoo Corporation in July 2012. While not the highest paid CEO in the United States, her position suggests that more women are Select one: a. able to negotiate better salaries. b. able to break the glass ceiling. c. able to enter technical fields. d. overcoming the obstacles to better pay and prestige.

B FEEDBACK: The "glass ceiling" describes the combination of obstacles that prevent the upward mobility of women in an organization. Ms. Mayer may be the CEO of a large corporation, but her pay scale is not on par with the same position held by men in comparably sized and oriented companies. Section: Growing Up, Getting Ahead, and Falling Behind Type: Applied

6. There was an empty lot in a middle-class neighborhood that was maintained by a neighbor who lived next to it for years. That neighbor moved away and within a few weeks several bags of garbage and some old furniture were sitting in the lot. Shortly after that, an old car was parked in the lot and teenagers started to gather there to drink beer and hang out. Within a few months, there was a mugging by the lot and the police made a couple of arrests for drug dealing there. This series of events is an example of what theory? a. differential opportunity theory b. broken windows theory c. labeling theory d. strain theory

B FEEDBACK: The broken windows theory of deviance explains how social context and social cues impact the way individuals act. A setting of decay and disorder (cued by broken windows, graffiti, or other signals) may influence deviant acts. Section: Symbolic Interactionist Theories of Deviance Type: Applied

4. There have been many cases of what are termed feral children. Many of these are simply stories, but more recent cases have provided concrete substance to the way children develop. The case of the young girl named Genie is the most carefully documented and well studied instance of what happens to a child who does not experience adequate contact with other people during infancy and childhood. Genie was locked in a room alone for nearly 13 years and never developed language skills the way most children do. Obviously, part of this case is due to severe parental neglect, but the other question is whether abilities like language are innate. Fundamentally, this case is about nature versus nurture and whether Select one: a. the physical or the social environment has a larger impact on culture. b. biology or socialization shapes human behavior c. parents or peer groups influence children's behavior. d. physical or cognitive traits influence socialization.

B FEEDBACK: The debate over the roles of nature and nurture involves whether our genetic makeup or our social interactions make us who we are. Which side is correct? Neither. Today, most social scientists agree that socialization cannot explain everything about someone's behavior, and most biologists and their colleagues recognize that socialization influences behavior. Language, and cases like Genie's, are one way we can examine this problem. Section: Limits of Socialization Type: Applied

6. In order to combat rising crime rates, a state introduces tough new sentencing laws. The hopes of politicians and law-enforcement officials for a subsequent decrease in crime are based on Select one: a. Foucault's theory of discipline. b. deterrence theory. c. differential opportunity theory. d. labeling theory.

B FEEDBACK: The deterrence theory of criminal justice arises from the view that crime results from a rational calculation of its costs and benefits. In this view, tougher sentencing laws might increase the cost of committing a crime. Section: Crime Reduction Type: Conceptual

11. During World War II, the U.S. economy suffered, and due to imposed price and wage controls, employers were often in the position of not being able to offer raises to employees despite long hours and hard, sometimes hazardous, work. Instead, many companies began to offer free health care as a benefit to make up the difference. This is often cited as the origin of Select one: a. safety monitoring in the workplace. b. employer-based health care system. c. laws that prevented the government from imposing price controls. d. tax laws that allowed individuals to deduct benefits from their taxes.

B FEEDBACK: The need for wage and price controls led to the offering of free health care, and this is the origin of the employer based health care system that has continued to dominate the health care market. Section: The U.S. Health Care System Type: Applied

7. How did the post-World War II economic boom contribute to a blurring of the lines between the middle class and the working class? Select one: a. The need for manufacturing jobs increased due to the economic boom, and both middle-class and working-class laborers were needed to fill the roles. b. Higher wages for working-class whites gave these individuals greater access to markers of a middle-class lifestyle, such as home ownership, a college education for their children, and more leisure activities. c. Higher wages for working-class laborers meant that many women from working-class families who had worked during the war were able to quit their jobs and stay home to fulfill the ideal of the traditional family. d. More working-class individuals were able to take part in leisure activities - vacations, sports, cultural events - that brought them into greater contact with people in the middle class and resulted in blurred class boundaries.

B FEEDBACK: The post-World War II boom led to the enrichment of many white manual workers-they were able to buy homes, send their children to college, and so on. Section: How Is America Stratified Today? Type: Conceptual

10. In the United States, the poverty line is established by Select one: a. looking at regional variances in income and cost of living as well as changes in the percentage of household budgets spent on three major categories of necessities. b. estimating food costs based on meeting minimum nutritional requirements and assuming that different types of families spend about one-third of their budget on food. c. estimating minimum food, housing, transportation, and health insurance costs for different types of families. d. calculating the country's median income and then setting a percentage of that median income as the threshold by which poverty is measured.

B FEEDBACK: The poverty line is calculated by estimating food costs based on meeting minimal nutritional requirements, estimating this cost for a variety of families, and multiplying this figure by three based on the assumption that families spend about one-third of their budget on food. Section: Poverty amid Plenty Type: Factual

11. In the United States, the infant mortality rate is highest for which of the following groups? a. Latinos b. African Americans c. Native Americans d. Asians and Pacific Islanders

B FEEDBACK: Though it is hard to imagine, inequalities begin before birth and influence life right after birth. The infant mortality rate for African American babies is the highest out of the four groups listed; in fact, African American babies are more than twice as likely to die as their white counterparts. Section: The U.S. Health Care System Type: Factual

2. Both quantitative and qualitative methods - the way sociologists can gather data about a social issue or problem - are approaches that attempt to establish a __________ between social elements. Select one: a. correlation b. causal relationship c. numeric relationship d. commonsense relationship

B FEEDBACK: Whether one uses a qualitative approach and collects data that is in (or can be set up as) numeric form, or a qualitative approach and collects data that can be used to decipher meanings, the goal is to establish causal relationships in order to lend certainty to the result of the investigation. Section: Introduction Type: Factual

10. According to William Julius Wilson, how do factors such as deindustrialization, globalization, suburbanization, and discrimination contribute to high rates of welfare-dependent, single-mother families? Select one: a. Such factors mean that many poor people have to travel further from their communities to find jobs, which creates tensions and stress that often destroy marriages and lead to men abandoning their families. b. Such factors have contributed to a net shrinkage of the pool of employed, unincarcerated men, thus greatly limiting women's opportunity to find a stable life partner c. Such factors mean that low-income workers must take on two or more jobs to earn a living wage, which means that they spend all their time working and no longer participate in the community, where they are most likely to find a spouse. d. Such factors have led to a decline in marriage rates for young men under 30 because they cannot afford to move out their parents' house, which makes it more difficult to find a stable life partner

B FEEDBACK: Wilson argues that welfare is a minor consideration with respect to labor and marriage markets within inner cities. Instead, deindustrialization, globalization, discrimination, gentrification, and other factors led to a dearth of employed men for heterosexual women to marry. Section: Culture of Poverty Type: Conceptual

12. According to the text, what is one of the reasons why many women often "bite the second shift bullet" when the threat of a divorce looms? Select one: a. The threat of abuse forces them into this decision. b. The financial shock following a divorce leads them to this decision. c. The shocking cost of childcare leads them to this decision. d. The appeal of the "supermom" role leads them to make this choice.

B FEEDBACK: Women still earn only about $.81 for every $1.00 earned in a comparable job by a man, and that often means that the financial realities following a divorce hit women particularly hard. Section: The Chore Wars Type: Conceptual

6. In her interview with Dalton Conley, Devah Pager discusses her fieldwork in Milwaukee and New York in which job applicants, both having a fake prison record, differed in race. The white applicants were far more likely to be called back for an interview. Stepping past racism, Pager talks about unconscious stereotypes that are part of the mindset of the persons doing the hiring. The link between prison, race, and anticipated behavior formed in their mind is almost an expectation, part of how things are. This can be understood as a manifestation of a. mechanical solidarity. b. organic solidarity. c. racial solidarity. d. nationalist solidarity.

B FEEDBACK: Émile Durkheim utilized a functionalist approach to explain how people form social bonds. He established two ways that society is held together. These include mechanical solidarity - social cohesion based on sameness - often characterized by premodern societies, and organic solidarity - social cohesion based on difference and interdependence - often characterized by modern societies. In Pager's work, the interdependence - the "expectation" that white felons were okay and black felons were not - tends to reinforce preexisting ideas of how our society "just is" the way it is. Blacks have bad prison records and whites do not. Section: What Is Social Deviance? Type: Vocabulary

2. Which of the following data collection methods are commonly used in social research (choose all that apply)? a. audit studies b. surveys c. interviews d. historical methods e. participant observation f. laboratory experiments g. content analysis h. censuses i. natural experiments

B C D E G

2. Which of the following elements describe feminist approaches to social research (choose all that apply)? Select one or more: a. observing female behaviors exclusively in order to better understand women b. listening critically and carefully to how social scientists conceptualize and describe both women's and men's lives c. taking the role of the researcher into account d. ensuring that no male is present during ethnographic interviews. e. engaging in research that may bring about policy changes to help improve women's lives f. identifying and eliminating all possible sources of male-centered bias in field research.

B C E

12. What are the strongest predictors of sibling-on-sibling violence (choose all that apply)? Select one or more: a. genetic factors b. fathers with short tempers c. poverty d. physical punishment by mothers e. single-parent households f. low educational attainment

B D

10. In the Moving to Opportunity study done as a follow-up to the Gautreax project, which of the following were positive outcomes for either children or families (choose all that apply)? Select one or more: a. increased neighborhood violence b. increased happiness c. decreased welfare use d. better test scores e. decreased truancy rates f. decreased asthma rates g. no changes in health h. no changes in employment

B D E F

4. Symbolic interactionism is a micro-level theory that has which of the following tenets (choose all that apply)? a. We act towards ideas, concepts and values based on innate value assigned to those things. b. Meanings are filtered on the basis of their function in a society. c. Meanings are filtered on the basis of an individual interpretive process. d. We act toward ideas, concepts, and values based on meaning inherent in those things. e. Meanings are the products of social interactions. f. Meanings are the products of economic interactions. g. Meaning defines boundaries between people based on biological facts that everyone can agree upon.

B. Meanings are filtered on the basis of an individual interpretive process., D. We act toward ideas, concepts, and values based on meaning inherent in those things., E. Meanings are the products of social interactions.

2. After almost a year and half in college, you notice that lack of sleep seems to yield poorer grades. That is, when you (and your friends) don't get enough sleep, your grades seem to go down. It makes sense, right? But if you wanted to do a little research on this and really "tell the story," you might also notice that for some students, lower grades leads to lack of sleep - the worry over those sinking grades keeps them up at night. What kind of relationship between the two variables - lack of sleep and lower grades - are you noticing here? a. causal b. coincidental c. correlation d. time-ordered

C FEEDBACK: A correlation is a relationship between two variables. Here, we notice a relationship between sleep and grades. To achieve a causal relationship, though, we need more than a simple correlation. Section: Research 101 - Causation versus Correlation Type: Applied

2. Hypothesis: Children in families that eat dinner together at least four times per week experience fewer behavior problems in school. In this hypothesis, what is the dependent variable? a. the number of times per week that a family eats together b. how much time children spend with their families c. how often children misbehave in school d. the types of behavior children exhibit in school

C FEEDBACK: A dependent variable is the outcome that a researcher is trying to explain. Section: Research 101 - Variables Type: Conceptual

2. Which of the following is an example of a panel survey? Select one: a. a survey of 1,000 high school seniors that is repeated with a new group of seniors every year for 10 years b. a onetime survey of 25 percent of each of the four grades in a particular high school c. a study of 1,000 high school seniors who are then contacted every 2 years for a 10-year period to participate in a follow-up survey d. a survey of 1,000 high school seniors conducted by a panel of sociologists with different specialties

C FEEDBACK: A panel survey is a survey that tracks the same respondents, households, or other social units over time. It is also known as a longitudinal study. Section: Research 101 - Data Collection Type: Conceptual

4. Which of the following is an example of a total institution? a. an elementary school b. a sports team c. a convent d. a political party

C FEEDBACK: A total institution is an institution in which one is totally immersed and that controls all the basics of day-to-day life. Section: Agents of Socialization Type: Conceptual

7. In his interview with Dalton Conley, Jeffery Sachs highlights many social, structural, ecological, and historical aspects of global inequality, with a focus on Africa. The legacy of unequal starting places and failed economic development has worsened a growing global inequality, particularly in Africa. For many countries the way out of poverty, disease and economic stagnation is via development. Natural resources, exports, and many other products and services are all possible paths to improvement. Given what you understand about inequality and social stratification, which of the following issues might be least likely to be embraced by African nations? a. railroad development b. corruption control c. climate change d. disease control

C FEEDBACK: According to Jeffrey Sachs, there are many reasons for inequalities between countries in Africa and countries around the world, including colonialism, Africa's geography, and a higher burden of disease. Climate change, a global problem that must be solved through global participation, may impose a high burden on developing countries in the form of emissions reduction, scaled back natural resource development, and other measures. African nations may be among those least likely to benefit and most likely to resist such measures. Section: Global Inequality Type: Conceptual

11. What is the paradox of the use of antibiotics to fight bacterial infections? Select one: a. Antibiotics are very effective at fighting bacterial infections, but they can also trigger other illnesses in patients who use them. b. As antibiotics have become more effective and available, their price has actually increased, making it more difficult for the people who need them most to obtain them. c. Antibiotics are very effective at fighting bacterial infections, but their increased use has led to the development of antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria d. As antibiotics have become cheaper, pharmaceutical companies choose to focus on developing more profitable drugs, so there has been a significant decrease in research and development for basic antibiotics that could help millions worldwide.

C FEEDBACK: Although antibiotics represent one of the greatest medical achievements, antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria have been quick to develop. This has been exacerbated by the prescription of unnecessary antibiotics and the mixing of antibiotics into animal feed. Section: Global Health Type: Factual

9. Why are Asians sometimes labeled a model minority group? Select one: a. Asians have experienced very little discrimination because they have adapted so well to American culture. b. In general, Asians have not tried to hold onto their ethnic identities and have instead adopted most American traditions. c. Compared to other minorities, the majority of Asians have achieved much success in the United States in terms of educational achievement and income. d. Historically, Asian immigration has mostly brought highly educated and highly skilled people to the United States

C FEEDBACK: Asian Americans are often labeled a model minority due to their high average socioeconomic status and educational attainment. However, this label ignores the discrimination that Asian immigrants have faced in this country as well as the continuing poverty and discrimination faced by some Asian ethnics today. Section: Ethnic Groups in the United States Type: Factual

1. Auguste Comte developed very early ideas about sociology at a time when concern for proper behavior was a dominant part of life. A major part of his approach revolved around the idea of a secular morality. What aspect of life at that time would likely have made acceptance of Comte's ideas difficult? a. the emergence of scientific thought b. the social and political upheaval following the French Revolution c. the predominance of religion in daily life d. the early beginnings of the Industrial Revolution

C FEEDBACK: Auguste Comte called for the development of social physics and felt that the application of science could illuminate the social. He believed we could understand societies through equations. His assertion that we could determine right and wrong without resorting to higher powers and religious concepts was a direct challenge to religious institutions. Section: The Sociology of Sociology Type: Conceptual

1. Using the sociological imagination helps sociologists a. create an image of how people in other societies live. b. focus on individual lives. c. develop the ability to see the connections between our own personal experience and the larger forces of history. d. understand the theories developed by Karl Marx, Max Weber, and Émile Durkheim.

C FEEDBACK: C. Wright Mills, who coined the term sociological imagination, put it this way: "the idea that the individual can understand his own experience and gauge his own fate only by locating himself within his period." Section: The Sociological Imagination Type: Factual

7. Why do the three partners who own a small graphic design business fit into what Erik Olin Wright calls contradictory class locations? a. While their level of educational attainment would categorize them as upper class, their income potential puts them in the middle-class category. b. Each of them spends some time performing highly skilled tasks and some time performing clerical tasks. c. The fact that they own their own business puts them in the capitalist class, but they do not control the labor of others. d. They are part of a high-prestige field, but within the field they are at the low end in terms of income.

C FEEDBACK: Contradictory class locations is the idea that people can occupy locations in the class structure that fall between the two "pure" classes. Erik Olin Wright created this term because Marx's two-class model of the bourgeoisie and the proletariat did not seem to fit modern society. Section: Forms of Stratification Type: Conceptual

6. The tobacco industry has been closely scrutinized in regard to its advertising practices, which many claim are deceptive. The U.S. surgeon general published a report in 1964 that clearly outlined the health dangers. In 1994, the government began what would become a decades long effort to prosecute the tobacco companies for fraud - criminal misrepresentation of the health issues and deliberate intent to deceive and cover up evidence about tobacco. Despite this, the tobacco industry continues to market tobacco products. In 2014, 50 years after the initial report, the industry agreed to publicly state that their advertising campaigns lied. Taken all together, this could be understood as a protracted case of a. environmental crime. b. street crime. c. corporate crime d. white-collar crime.

C FEEDBACK: Corporate crime, unlike other forms of criminal activity, is not inherently violent, and is not always property based. Often, the victims of corporate crime may not even see themselves as victims. Section: Crime Type: Conceptual

6. Since the 1970s, both violent and total crime rates have gone down, while at the same time, incarceration rates in the United States have Select one: a. steadily decreased. b. cycled through various highs and lows. c. remained steady. d. risen dramatically.

D FEEDBACK: Today there are higher rates of incarceration than ever before in American history. Crime rates often fluctuate according to how we define deviance. Section: Crime Reduction Type: Factual

10. Poverty is a persistent problem in nearly every human society. In the United States, it is usually thought of as a condition of deprivation due to economic circumstances that is so severe as to prevent the individual from living with dignity. Despite decades of effort and billions of dollars, poverty continues unabated. Recent research suggests that poverty is a kind of proxy - a "stand-in" - for the a. inability of the government to develop successful programs to halt poverty. b. failure of the tax code to fairly levy taxes on income. c. underlying social disease of inequality and economic segregation. d. failure of a capitalist market to provide food supply points in poor areas.

C FEEDBACK: Defining poverty as a condition of deprivation due to economic circumstances has been one way to look at the problem and has resulted in limited success. More recent work draws attention to more fundamental problems - inequality and economic segregation. Section: Introduction Type: Applied

6. Differential opportunity theory links what two things in analyzing deviance? a. crime rates and penal codes b. formal and informal social sanctions c. economic opportunities and crime rates d. recidivism and rehabilitative justice

C FEEDBACK: Differential opportunity theory states that in addition to the legitimate economic structure, an illegitimate opportunity structure also exists that is unequally distributed across social classes. Thus, crime should rise or fall according to the relative returns on opportunities in legitimate and illegitimate economies. Section: Crime Type: Factual

12. The Industrial Revolution had a dramatic effect on the division of labor between men and women, changing the nature of gender roles entirely and shifting kinship networks. This represents a major shift in the a. importance of women in industry. b. role of children in the family. c. realms of the public and private. d. increasing importance of wages as a marker of social importance.

C FEEDBACK: During the Industrial Revolution, the public and private realms split into two, especially for middle-class white families. Men left household production for wage work in factories, while women were in charge of raising children and running the household. Section: Family Forms and Changes Type: Applied

9. You're traveling with a group of people in a foreign country. The people and places are all very different, and your group has chosen to do "homestays" where everyone is invited into the home of one the local inhabitants. You are given a meal and a place to sleep, and then the next day, you resume your group travel. On one particular morning, a member of your group remarks that the meal he had last night was horrifying: roasted dog! "No one eats dog!" he exclaims. "It's almost barbaric!" This person is speaking from a perspective of Select one: a. nationalism. b. equality. c. ethnocentrism d. ethnicity

C FEEDBACK: Ethnocentrism is the tendency to view all other cultures from the perspective of one's own. This also involves the belief that one's own culture or group is superior to others. Section: The Concept of Race from the Ancients to Alleles Type: Applied

8. What does the example of the nadle in Navajo tribes teach us about gender? a. Indigenous cultures more easily embrace nonstandard notions of gender. b. Western notions of gender have been imposed on non-Western cultures. c. Concepts of gender are not absolute and unchanging. d. Gender can change on a daily basis.

C FEEDBACK: Gender categories are social constructs that vary across different cultures. For example, the nadle are one of three genders in Navajo tribes. They perform both what we think of as masculine and as feminine tasks. Section: Gender: What Does It Take to Be a Woman (or a Man)? Type: Conceptual

4. Transgendered students have created an interesting challenge for some colleges that are founded as all women's or all men's colleges. Wellesley College, a women's college, is trying to figure out how best to deal with the increasing numbers of students admitted as female who, while attending, decide to transition to male identities. Now, from bathrooms to books, Wellesley and other colleges are trying to adapt, sometimes over the voices of the very students they serve. The meanings of "male" and "female" are changing here, challenging what we understand as Select one: a. master statuses. b. sex roles. c. gender roles. d. conflictual roles.

C FEEDBACK: Gender roles are deeply engrained from birth and are often very difficult to overcome. We are all assigned a gender at birth, and changing that is both a personal and now, an institutional, challenge. Section: Social Interaction Type: Applied

4. You go to a party and across the room you spot your best friend's former girlfriend, someone you have really wanted to meet and get to know well. You're unsure how to start the conversation, and feel that it's best to wait for a signal that it's all right to have a conversation. You're exercising what is called Select one: a. politesse. b. social awkwardness. c. civil inattention. d. saving face.

C FEEDBACK: Generally, interactions begin with an opening to signal the start of an encounter. Civil inattention means refraining from directly interacting with someone until there is an opening signal. Section: The Social Construction of Reality Type: Applied

7. In 2013, the tragic situation of 32 mentally disabled workers at a turkey-processing plant in Iowa resulted in a jury awarding them $240 million dollars in damages and back wages. The workers had been forced to work despite illness or injuries, were denied bathroom breaks, locked in their rooms, and worse. This kind of modern-day slavery is not uncommon, sadly, and is an example of what sociological concept? a. the elite-mass dichotomy b. the status hierarchy system c. the master-slave dialectic d. status-attainment model

C FEEDBACK: Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel developed a theory about inequality called the master-slave dialectic (two-directional relationship). In his theory, the slave is dependent on the master because the master provides shelter, food, and protection. The master is also dependent on the slave if only to ensure the master's continued way of life. Modern-day economics have led to a reevaluation of Hegel's ideas, however. Section: Views of Inequality Type: Applied

11. Health maintenance organizations (HMOs) were an early attempt to control health care costs. In this model, the provider - the doctor - receives a capitation, which is a fee per person and not a fee per treatment. The major shortcoming of this approach is that a. it still requires the patient to pay a fee. b. the incentive is to keep you healthy. c. it may lead to under treatment. d. doctors may see a patient once a week or once a year.

C FEEDBACK: HMOs were originally developed to hold down costs by paying doctors a salary based on the number of patients they take on rather than the number of treatments. But this can lead to undertreatment, as the doctor generally does not get much extra money each time she or he sees a patient. Section: The U.S. Health Care System Type: Applied

11. In the text, the discussion about the "height gap" describes how taller men benefit from their height. When Mayan Indians were studied, those who came to the United States gained height after 15 years, due in part to healthier lifestyles. This leaves open the question of why Dutch men are the tallest in the world. One theory holds that is about inequality, something we have studied. In the United States, the gap between rich and poor is huge, but in the Netherlands, that gap is far smaller. What problem in health care does this problem highlight in the link between health and inequality? a. Earning more money leads to poor health due to poor diet and exercise habits and excessive work. b. Taller men in general lead much healthier lifestyles. c. The psychological stress induced by inequality exacts a toll via stress reactions. d. The Americans spend less money on junk food when they are rich.

C FEEDBACK: Health care in general is a minor factor in determining health, but the psychological stress induced by inequality leads to an increase in stress responses, which leads to a decline in our health due to how we process these responses. Section: The U.S. Health Care System Type: Conceptual

12. Which of the following scenarios represents a common gender imbalance of domestic chores in the United States? Select one: a. Kimya is primarily responsible for the children as well as cooking and cleaning during the week; Pablo takes on all those responsibilities on the weekends. b. Chandra does most of the cooking and cleaning; Shawn usually picks the kids up from school and helps them with homework. c. Marta does most of the grocery shopping, cooking, and laundry; James mows the lawn, makes chili on special occasions, and cleans the garage twice a year. Amy does most of the laundry, cleaning, and gardening; d. Lucas does most of the cooking and usually walks and feeds the dogs.

C FEEDBACK: Household tasks are patterned around gender. For example men are typically in charge of outdoor, stereotypically masculine tasks, while women generally do work inside. Section: The Chore Wars Type: Conceptual

10. According to the bell curve thesis, a theory developed by two academics, genes have a key impact on children's outcomes. This argument is an updated approach to the idea that _________ is the dominant factor in the creation and persistence of poverty. Select one: a. education b. parenting c. biology d. socioeconomic status

C FEEDBACK: In The Bell Curve, Charles Murray and Richard Herrnstein argued that genes, rather than poverty, education, or parenting, ultimately have the most impact on children's outcomes. This idea is an update on an old theme that we explored in the previous chapter on race, that biology is somehow the major force in our lives and predisposes us to problems like poverty. Section: The Culture of Poverty Type: Conceptual

1. Sociology is distinct from other academic disciplines in its attempt to a. embrace quantitative and qualitative research. b. ask probing questions about how societies function. c. detect patterns in how different societies respond to similar phenomena d. examine human interaction on the micro level

C FEEDBACK: Lines between academic disciplines are often blurred. However, sociology generally focuses on making comparisons across cases. Section: Sociology and Its Cousins Type: Factual

10. Why did the negative income tax experiment lead to more women leaving their marriages? a. People could make their earnings from a low-wage job stretch farther because they paid less income tax, which made some women feel financially independent enough to leave their husbands. b. Two single people received a better payment than a married couple, so the financial incentive motivated couples to split up to earn more money. c. The guaranteed payment that people received through the program meant that many women were no longer financially dependent on a man. d. A larger percentage of men than women took their guaranteed payment and essentially "blew through it" quickly. In order to have more control over their money, some women found it better to leave their husbands.

C FEEDBACK: Many women in the treatment group left their marriages because they were no longer financially dependent on men. Section: The Culture of Poverty Type: Conceptual

10. In What Money Can't Buy, sociologist Susan Mayer challenged the common assumption that poverty directly causes poor health, behavioral problems, and many other problems for children. One important result of Mayer's work is that it clearly demonstrates how Select one: a. the welfare system encourages dependence on government handouts. b. many welfare recipients do not want to transition to work. c. documenting an association between two factors is very different from showing that poverty caused these social ills. d. low-income neighborhoods influence welfare dependence, crime, and divorce.

C FEEDBACK: Mayer argued that the effects of income poverty on children had been overstated and that the impact of income on children was somewhere between trivial and minor. While this finding is significant in and of itself, it is also important to notice that much previous work on poverty - drawing a correlation between two factors and poverty - was itself deeply flawed. Section: Culture of Poverty Type: Applied

6. In Discipline and Punish, the French theorist Michel Foucault examines how the modern penal system a. discriminates against minorities. b. unfairly incarcerates drug addicts. c. represents a transformation in social control d. gives special treatment to white-collar criminals.

C FEEDBACK: Michel Foucault argued that penal system was indicative of social control outside of the system as well. Today, the prison system is much more private than punishment of the past, and it targets what Foucault calls "the soul" of the prisoner. Section: Foucault on Punishment Type: Factual

8. We often think that the role of women in Western societies prior to the 1960s was pretty much the same thing - a matter of doing what women were expected to do. During World War II, however, the role of women silently upended conventional ideas about gender roles. Women worked as bomb makers, in factories, and were later revealed as having been a key part of the code breaking effort that won the war. These examples lend insight into how we create our identities through interactions and not through fixed definitions. As such, they reflect ideas posited by a. psychoanalytic theory. b. conflict theory. c. microinteractionist theory. d. postmodern theory.

C FEEDBACK: Microinteractionist theorists argue that gender is not a fixed identity that we take with us into social interactions but a product of those interactions. This "doing gender" perspective is rooted in Erving Goffman's theories, which argue that gender roles have open-ended scripts. Section: The Woman Question Type: Conceptual

1. An interesting innovation created quite a stir in 2003. The Schipol airport in Amsterdam fitted the men's restrooms with urinals that had a detailed picture of a fly on the inner wall. The idea was to reduce the mess - and it worked. In order to understand how this could work, the company that made the urinals would have had to do some careful research - focus groups, interviews, and the like - and apply the methods of what kind of sociology? a. macrosociology b. conflict theory c. microsociology d. positivist

C FEEDBACK: Microsociologists focus on local interactional contexts and rely on data gathered through participant observation and other qualitative methodologies. Section: Divisions within Sociology Type: Applied

7. In the book, we are presented with a mobility table. As you look at this table, you can begin to see what happens to the sons- the rate of occupational change is surprisingly low. That is, the sons largely wind up in the same occupational category as the fathers. One of the conclusions from the mobility table analysis suggests that Select one: a. education may not be as necessary as previously thought to ensure individual mobility. b. individuals trading jobs eventually balances out and is not cause for concern. c. despite the American belief that we live in the land of opportunity, mobility rates have declined significantly in the past decades. d. young people today need to be very concerned that opportunities for employment in prestigious occupations is declining significantly.

C FEEDBACK: Mobility tables are used to analyze individual mobility. They traditionally included occupational categories of parents and children in order to facilitate comparison in occupational statuses between generations. They can help us counter some common beliefs about opportunity. Section: Social Reproduction versus Social Mobility Type: Applied

12. The common media myth is that welfare mothers are lazy and wasteful, preferring to remain on welfare than to work.It is also noted that the welfare system traps women who want to move off welfare rolls because they face lower earnings and fewer benefits if they do so. In the research by sociologists Kathryn Edin and Laura Lein, what is the finding that both contradicts the media myth and would seem to encourage single mothers to stay on welfare? Select one: a. It took as long as eight years for the welfare system to process a request to move off of welfare. b. Single mothers on welfare stayed only long enough to qualify for welfare-to-work programs. c. All single mothers prefer self-reliance to welfare. d. Most single mothers do not seek job training that would allow them to get off welfare.

C FEEDBACK: Most women face lower earnings and fewer benefits when they move from welfare to work. Kathryn Edin and Laura Lein not only found that mothers on welfare preferred self-reliance, but that they could only could cover about three-fifths of their expenses. In low-wage jobs, they faced a larger gap between earnings and expenses, in part to cover the costs of transportation, child-care arrangements, increased rent, and fewer food stamps. Section: Swimming and Sinking Type: Factual

2. You would like to understand why middle-school children in an inner-city school are drawn to drug use. After thoroughly operationalizing the terms, developing well-honed variables, and identifying a sample, you must apply to an institutional review board in order to conduct the research. One of the main concerns is that a. you are required to get the consent of the parents. b. you are dealing with the school administration. c. you are dealing with a protected population group. d. your questions ask about illegal activities.

C FEEDBACK: Protected populations are segments of the population that a researcher may need special approval to study, often because they are particularly vulnerable. This includes children and also incarcerated populations, people with disabilities, and others. Section: Ethics of Social Research Type: Applied

6. According to Durkheim, why is a society predominantly bound by mechanical solidarity more likely to apply punitive justice rather than rehabilitative justice to a person who violates a law or social norm? a. Such societies do not yet have the intellectual capacity to develop more sophisticated punitive measures. b. A society characterized by mechanical solidarity exhibits little social control over criminals and noncriminals. c. People in such a society are bound by sameness, and any violation of social norms must be punished severely in order to reinforce the boundaries of acceptable behavior. d. People in such a society view themselves only as agents of social order and not as objects of social order as well.

C FEEDBACK: Punitive justice defines and reinforces the boundaries of acceptable behavior; the group punishes the criminal in an act of collective vengeance. Section: What Is Social Deviance? Type: Factual

9. In her interview with Dalton Conley, Jen'nan Read discusses the meaning of Arab and Muslim. Prior to the terrorist attacks of 9/11, Arab Americans were mostly unnoticed in the United States. Since then, Arab Americans have been the targets of racism and discrimination, and have now been effectively racialized because Select one: a. the census has determined that all Arab Americans are Muslim. b. of the interest in identifying members of the same ethnic group. c. of the tendency to conflate Arab and Muslim as the same thing d. right-wing proponents of nativism have enacted laws that identify Arab Americans as Muslim.

C FEEDBACK: Racialization is the formation of a new racial identity, in which new ideological boundaries of difference are drawn around a formerly unnoticed group of people. Section: Racial Realities Type: Applied

4. A group of people is waiting to be helped at a customer service desk in a store. A woman in the waiting area suddenly clears her throat and spits on the floor. Everyone else in the room is taken aback and gives her horrified looks. How can this reaction be explained in sociological terms? a. There is probably a sign on the wall that says "No Spitting," and the others in the room cannot believe that the woman has breached this overt rule. b. The status of the others in the room is threatened by the actions of the woman who spit on the floor. c. The woman who spit on the floor is not conforming to social norms that are shared by the other people in the room. d. The others in the room have been socialized to think that it's okay for a man to spit on the floor but not a woman.

C FEEDBACK: Recall that social norms are values that tell us how to act in the social world. Perhaps the woman is actually a sociology student conducting a breaching experiment! Section: The Social Construction of Reality Type: Conceptual

11. Being made to wait in order to see a doctor is evidence of the Select one: a. individualized objectivity demonstrated by doctors. b. scarcity of doctors in the United States. c. power and prestige of doctors in our society d. problem of supplier-induced demand.

C FEEDBACK: Typically, professions requiring very high levels of education have very high levels of power and prestige. This power dynamic is revealed when we are made to wait before being seen by a doctor at her or his office. Section: The Rise (and Fall?) of the Medical Profession Type: Conceptual

2. You're a Facebook user, and are interested in investigating the extent to which users can really "say what they feel" online. You've recently learned that many of your family members are now online too, and you have accepted your mom and dad, your sisters and a brother, a cousin, and an uncle and aunt as your Facebook friends. You decide that it would be useful to start your investigation by interviewing all your family members. What is one of the significant factors you are likely to encounter with such an approach? a. an opportunity to learn things about your family you may not have been able to discover otherwise b. the ability to be completely objective c. a lack of reflexivity in conjunction with interviewing family members d. a lack of reliability due to a limited number of family members to interview

C FEEDBACK: Reflexivity allows researchers to analyze and critically consider their role in, and their effect on, their own research. It means being aware of the effects that researchers have on the processes and relationships they are studying, and disclosing this. Since you're studying your own family, there are lots of ways that their response would be suspect. Section: Research 101 - Role of the Researcher Type: Applied

4. In her interview with Dalton Conley, Annette Lareau discusses the work found in her book, Unequal Childhoods, and gives numerous examples of the ways in which different parenting strategies play out in the home, and the results of those different strategies. Socioeconomic class differences - middle-class, working-class, and poor - figure prominently into the results, and she notes that the success of the child often hinges upon the knowledge and acceptance that what matters is that Select one: a. the intrinsic nature of the parents' strategy matters the most. b. parents must ensure that their child understands plagiarism. c. children enter institutions, and institutions have rules. d. parents must manage their child's experience with all institutions

C FEEDBACK: Regardless of parent strategies, both parent and child must recognize that a child leaves home and enters institutions. Whether these institutions are a college, a job or, sadly, prison, they all operate under a set of rules. Section: Theories of Socialization Type: Conceptual

In his experiment, Duncan Watts created a website where respondents could rate songs. His sample size was 14,341 respondents. If Watts selected a new sample of 14,341 different respondents and their average ratings of each song were significantly different than the first sample, what problem would Watts's research suffer from? Select one: a. reverse causation b. low reflexivity c. low reliability d. low response rate

C FEEDBACK: Reliability refers to how likely you are to obtain the same result using the same measure if you conduct the study again. Section: Introduction Type: Applied

4. Resocialization would be most likely to occur in which of the following situations? Select one: a. A mother decides not to return to work after giving birth to her first child. b. A child gets a new teacher halfway through the school year. c. A woman just out of college decides to accept an offer of a full-time job in Saudi Arabia. d. An electrician who has never left the United States takes a two-week vacation to Kenya.

C FEEDBACK: Resocialization is the process by which one's sense of social values, beliefs, and norms is reengineered, often deliberately, through an intense social process that may take place in a total institution. Large life changes - relocations, major career changes, major illnesses, or accidents - are more likely to require reengineering of values, beliefs, and norms. Section: Agents of Socialization Type: Conceptual

2. HIV/AIDS has devastated many different populations. Efforts to reduce the spread of the disease have often focused on sexual behavior. Many studies in Africa have presumed that awareness of high HIV rates would lead to a change in sexual behavior - the higher the prevalence rate, the fewer risky sexual behaviors should be observed (the dependent variable). Following widespread educational efforts (the independent variable), the actual change in HIV rate showed little to no change. This is an example of a. causality. b. correlation. c. reverse causality. d. a spurious relationship.

C FEEDBACK: Reverse causality is a common problem - initially we think A causes B, but in fact, we discover that B causes A. The dependent variable in this example was a very prevalent assumption, one that was in fact borne out as true in the United States - that an awareness of the prevalence of HIV would result in lower prevalence. The opposite result has led researchers to reexamine underlying assumptions and design new reduction efforts. Section: Research 101 Type: Applied

4. In her interview with Dalton Conley, C. J. Pascoe talks about the ways in which boys in high school police the boundaries of masculinity, specifically by using the term fag; that what is at stake is not sexual orientation, but norms of what is perceived as "masculine." In 2010, Billy Lucas, a 15-year-old high school student, hung himself after repeatedly being called a "fag" by his peers for "looking different." The persistent use of a pejorative term against a student who does not obviously cross the masculine boundary can lead to what sort of sociological problem for the student? Select one: a. role conflict b. resocialization c. destruction of the generalized other d. dramaturgical performance

C FEEDBACK: Role conflict is the tension caused by competing demands between two or more roles pertaining to different statuses. Student like Billy are both students and males, yet they are perceived - and tormented by peers - based on a set of unspoken perceptions about who peers think they are. Section: Social Interaction Type: Applied

12. Why might same-sex married couples spend twice as long doing domestic chores as their heterosexual equivalents? Select one: a. Both people work and earn the same amount of money, so the need to work harder at home forces them to do this. b. Same-sex couples with children must do twice as much in order to compensate for the lack of parenting skills. c. Same-sex couples see domestic work as legitimizing their households, which makes domestic work a validating activity. d. Same-sex couples do not have children in the same numbers as heterosexual couples, and therefore have more time to devote to domestic work.

C FEEDBACK: Same-sex couples have, in the past, been highly marginalized, and often secretive. The recent changes in same-sex marriage, and its legalization in many states, has led to a blossoming of these marriages, and many such couples feel that housework is a way to claim legitimacy, and in so doing, validate their lives together. Section: The Chore Wars Type: Conceptual

6. In the United States, public nudity has generally been seen as socially unacceptable. Women, in particular, who have tried to change this by going topless have been arrested, summoned to court, and evaluated by psychiatrists for their mental stability. Having transgressed this boundary once, with consequences, those who continue to transgress might be seen as expressing Select one: a. primary deviance. b. public indecency. c. secondary deviance d. lewd and lascivious behavior.

C FEEDBACK: Secondary deviance refers to deviant acts that occur after primary deviance and as a result of being labeled deviant. Section: Symbolic Interactionist Theories of Deviance Type: Applied

9. In many urban environments surrounding large American cities, it is nearly impossible to obtain basic foodstuffs without resorting to a lengthy journey to some other part of the city. This is referred to as a "food desert" and is a significant problem for people whose personal resources - money, cars, and so forth - are limited. Often, a lack of public transportation exacerbates this problem. Based on what you have read in the text, the food desert can be seen as a possible marker of Select one: a. discrimination. b. racialization. c. segregation. d. apartheid.

C FEEDBACK: Segregation is the legal or social practice of separating people on the basis of their race or ethnicity. This is a paradigm for minority-majority relations. This is a paradigm for minority-majority relations. Poverty, unequal (or absent) education, and unemployment are all symptomatic of segregation. Section: Minority-Majority Group Relations Type: Applied

1. The chapter notes that Duke University has changed its name twice and yet remains the same institution, and that the tobacco company Philip Morris changed its name to Altria in order to remake itself into a different institution. These two examples explore the idea of social identity as Select one: a. a construct that no longer has meaning in the postmodern era. b. a collection of social roles that an institution will or will not fill. c. a collection of individual stories told between individuals d. determined by the social group into which people are born.

C FEEDBACK: Social identity involves how people or institutions define themselves in relation to groups they associate with or disassociate themselves from. Social identity can also be thought of as a grand narrative comprised of many individual stories. Section: What Is a Social Institution? Type: Applied

8. In 2011, a Toronto police officer, during a crime prevention talk, said "women should avoid dressing like sluts in order not to be victimized." The remark prompted formation of a protest movement dubbed SlutWalk, whose stated objective was to stop oppression by slut-shaming and "of being judged by our sexuality and feeling unsafe." While controversial in many respects, the effort sparked a larger debate on rape culture, socially acceptable dress and appearance, and the idea of slut shaming. The idea that women are supposed to dress within a particular set of largely unspoken social boundaries, and thereby avoid being called sluts, speaks to the a. need to police female sexuality. b. sharp divisions between biological male and female. c. maintenance of a gender order d. role of language in society.

C FEEDBACK: Society imposes a rigid boundary in order to maintain a gender order. SlutWalk and slut-shaming are markers of both our belief in a sharp, clear division between male/female, and the power of the scripts around gender behavior. Section: Gender: What Does It Take to Be a Woman (or a Man)? Type: Conceptual

8. Nursing is a profession that has seen a significant increase in the number of men as nurses. Since 1970, the U.S. Census Bureau reports that there has been about an eight percent jump in the number of male nurses. The pay disparity also exists, with male nurses being paid about 20 percent more than their female counterpart. This change in gender balance in this profession seems counter to the idea that Select one: a. a profession becomes less competitive and there is a greater emphasis on communication when it is largely a female dominated profession. b. there is no significant difference between male and female numbers in many professions c. a female dominated profession is the result of fewer men entering the field, with the corresponding increase in women in that field. d. men in any given profession may initially feel threatened, but they ultimately learn to work with women and view them as equals.

C FEEDBACK: Sociologists Barbara Reskin and Patricia Roos argue that women end up in some jobs, like book editing because these once male-dominated occupations lose (or have lost) their attractiveness to men. When men flee professions for better-paying ones, women enter those professions and they become resegregated as women's work. Section: Growing Up, Getting Ahead, and Falling Behind Type: Applied

7. In his interview with Dalton Conley, Jeffrey Sachs notes that the idea that women in Africa should be provided with free access to birth control has been suggested as a way to speed up a demographic transition and thereby help reduce Select one: a. unemployment. b. starvation. c. stratification. d. anarchy.

C FEEDBACK: Stratification is structured social inequality between groups of people. These inequalities arise as intended or unintended consequences of social processes and relationships. A lack of birth control in many countries in Africa, where resources are already scarce, leads to more births, higher infant mortality, and persistent poverty as parents try to support their large families. This in turn induces social stratification. Section: Introduction Type: Applied

1. Examining the interactions between people with a focus on how the people talk, dress, and use body language is an example of which theory? a. postmodernism b. conflict theory c. symbolic interactionism d. midrange theory

C FEEDBACK: Symbolic interactionism is a micro-level approach that focuses on how face-to-face interactions create the social world. Section: The Sociology of Sociology Type: Conceptual

9. Your good friend Narayan is visiting from India. You both have just finished checking out in the department store. As you walk to the exit, the burly white security guard stops Narayan and insists that he open his parcel for inspection. However, you, a white person, are allowed to continue. One of the likely reasons for this is that people Select one: a. from South Asia are often considered suspicious following 9/11. b. persons are randomly spot-checked for honesty in large department stores. c. who are white are usually ignored in situations like this. d. who are white are targeted just as often, but not in this case.

C FEEDBACK: Unfortunately, whiteness today is often taken for granted and for many in a position of power, such as a security guard, that can mean there is an automatic set of assumptions about what that means. Section: The Myth of Race Type: Applied

11. There has been a lot of interest lately in the effects of gluten in our diet. Celiac disease, a known, well-understood problem, affects a moderate number of people worldwide. Gluten intolerance, though, is more widespread, not well known or understood, and difficult to evaluate clinically (whereas celiac disease is quite straightforward to test for). Diet fads come and go, and a gluten-free diet is popular these days. But a recent, very thorough clinical study has found that even when subjects were given a strictly controlled placebo diet, they reported a worsening of symptoms that agreed with commonly reported symptoms of persons complaining of gluten intolerance generally. This is an example of a. a common form of hypochondria b. the reactions of others to a chronic illness. c. how people learn the sick role and behave appropriately. d. how a stigma can be attached to anyone.

C FEEDBACK: Talcott Parsons proposed that people could learn a sick role when they fell ill, and in so doing, would then comply with society's expectations about how to behave when ill. Gluten intolerance has, unfortunately, been swept up into the mania over diets and fitness, with the result being that it is increasingly difficult to try and determine who is really having a problem and who is reacting by behaving as expected when they believe they may be ill. Section: What Does It Mean to Be Sick? Type: Applied

8. Prior to the 1800s, it was believed that both male and female orgasms were required to ensure successful conception. When the female could not achieve orgasm, a midwife was sometimes called to assist the woman in achieving orgasm by use of genital massage with essential oils. The idea that both male and female orgasm was needed challenges our current model of a Select one: a. one-sex system b. binary gender system. c. binary sex system. d. biological basis for gender.

C FEEDBACK: The binary sex system has not always been the standard model. A "one-sex" model dominated Western biological thought from the Ancient Greeks to the mid-eighteenth century. This system saw female bodies as "inversions" of male bodies. Section: Sex: A Process in the Making Type: Applied

11. Kimberly is a successful television producer who is married to an attorney and has two children. She overhears a conversation at work about the dangers of bisphenol A (BPA) exposure from the use of certain types of plastic bottles. Over the next couple of weeks, she does some research on the Internet and contacts her family doctor to ask questions. Ultimately, she learns that you can buy products made without BPA, so she replaces all her family's plastic drink cups and bottles with non-BPA products. The fact that Kimberly learned about BPA dangers and then was able to research the subject and take action to protect her family is an example of which interpretation of the theory that social position causes health outcomes? a. materialist interpretation b. drift interpretation c. fundamental causes interpretation d. psychosocial interpretation

C FEEDBACK: The social determinants theory argues that social status determines health. There are three general reasons proposed for why this might be the case. One of them, the fundamental causes interpretation, focuses on the greater ability of higher-status individuals to make use of new information and health resources as they become available. Section: The U.S. Health Care System Type: Applied

12. In his interview with Dalton Conley, Andrew Cherlin states that the most politically and religiously conservative states in the United States have the highest levels of divorce. How does he explain this seemingly contradictory finding? Select one: a. Divorce has only recently become socially acceptable in these states, leading to a large influx in divorce levels in recent years. b. The average age of first marriage is comparatively younger in these states, and young marriages have higher odds of ending in divorce. c. Personal economics, not personal values, may contribute to rocky marriages, and these states are relatively poor. d. Higher fertility levels in these states are associated with increased strain and pressure on families, which is detrimental to the health of marriage

C FEEDBACK: The states with high divorce rates are relatively poor, and a sizable number of their citizens struggle to find jobs with decent wages. Andrew Cherlin explains that personal economics, not personal values, may contribute to rocky marriages. Couples who cannot provide themselves a middle-class lifestyle may begin to question the utility of their marriage. Section: The Future of Families and There Goes the Nation! Type: Factual

10. Think for a moment about the story in the text of Marlin, how his life turned out, and how he wound up where he is today. Based on all you have read about him throughout the entire chapter, which of the following seems most likely as a way to understand his life and his story? a. Poor nutrition, lack of medical care, and unsafe environments directly affected Marlin. b. Low income, unstable employment, and lack of resources affected Marlin's mother, which in turn affected Marlin. c. Marlin's mother suffered from many problems herself, which led to a detrimental outcome for Marlin. d. Marlin's father was never in the picture, which had a negative impact on his life.

C FEEDBACK: There are three main theories about poverty and child outcomes. Some researchers focus on the material deprivations that low socioeconomic status induce - poor nutrition, lack of medical care, and unsafe environments. Other theorists focus on how poverty influences stress among parents - low income, unstable employment, and lack of resources. The third theory asserts that there is no direct relationship between poverty and child outcomes, suggesting that parenting characteristics lead to detrimental outcomes in children. While none of these theories is conclusive in its own right, it would seem, based on what we have read, that the third is a plausible explanation for Marlin's case. Section: Poverty amid Plenty Type: Conceptual

6. Under Adolf Hitler, the Nazis developed a carefully planned network of concentration camps. These were designed to hold all those deemed "undesirable" by the Nazi leadership. An individual consigned to a camp was forced to work, given a specific uniform that was the same as all other prisoners, given a limited ration of food, no access to amenities, and faced a near certain death by poison gas. This tragic episode in human history is an extreme example of Select one: a. an attempt at applying rehabilitative justice. b. an attempt to control and suppress deviance. c. life in a total institution. d. an attempt to mandate normative compliance on individuals.

C FEEDBACK: Total institutions, which break down barriers separating spheres of life, strip people of their identity and self-control. Under the Nazis, most of those confined to and executed in concentration camps had committed no crime, nor did they pose a threat to society. Section: Crime Reduction Type: Conceptual

11. How did the development of licensing standards in the nineteenth century affect the medical profession? Select one: a. Licensing standards led to an increase in demand for medical training as the profession became more appealing. b. Licensing standards led to the emergence of more specialties and subspecialties in the field of medicine. c. Licensing standards made the medical profession more exclusive and gave doctors more economic power. d. Licensing standards gave patients the power to hold doctors accountable for their actions through legal action.

C FEEDBACK: Until the mid-nineteenth century, medicine was basically considered philanthropic. Doctors had no way to seek legal action if patients could not pay their bills. But after licensing standards were put into place, doctors gained the power to sue those who did not pay and thus gained economic power. In addition, licensing boards restricted the number of medical degrees awarded. Section: The Rise (and Fall?) of the Medical Profession Type: Factual

1. In her interview with Dalton Conley Julia Adams talks about the differences between sociology and history. As a self-identified historical comparative sociologist, Adams makes the point that sociologists are less concerned with uniqueness than they are with commonalities. Consider Henry the VIII of England during the mid-1500s. Henry's succession of marriages - six wives in all - is often seen as a unique case. Six wives is a lot, and by many European standards, it is a unique case. A sociologist, however, might well look at it by considering the ways in which Henry's marriages... a. adversely affected his wives. b. changed the Pope and Catholicism. c. affected religious life in England then and now. d. were unique as divorce cases.

C FEEDBACK: While certainly unique in the annals of history, the entire chapter of Henry the VIII led to major upheavals in religious life in England then and now. It created a new church entirely - the Church of England - and fostered a different way of looking at marriage, divorce and even religious freedom. Section: Sociology and its cousins

10. In his interview with Dalton Conley, Matthew Desmond talks about the "Aspen Effect," wherein those who must work to live at fashionable places like Aspen, Colorado, are forced to commute long distances to make it work. But Desmond notes another factor that has a major impact - eviction. Families that cannot pay their rent must move and find a new place to live. The major challenge faced by those being evicted is that a. after moving due to eviction, the commute times become even longer. b. eviction takes a lot of money to fight in court. c. eviction takes a lot of time and forces you to miss work. d. eviction forces families into bad neighborhoods.

C FEEDBACK: While the problems associated with long commutes are part of the challenge, Desmond's observations about the difficulties that poorer families face from eviction are noteworthy. Section: The Culture of Poverty Type: Applied

7. What are the commonly associated indicators of socioeconomic status that sociologists use today (choose all that apply)? a. occupation b. intelligence c. wealth d. investment holdings e. income f. professional memberships g. education

C,E,G

7. One of your closest friends works as a repairman for an elevator company, and he pulls in a good six-figure salary. While at a social event together, you overhear a conversation in which your friend is jokingly dismissed as a "common laborer" and a "member of the proletariat." The people making these rude remarks are misconstruing their views on what form of social stratification? Select one: a. meritocracy b. estate c. caste d. class

D FEEDBACK: A class system implies that social cleavage is primarily economic. Influenced by Marx and Weber, class tends to correspond to a role, not the individual. Your friend is thus perceived as being in a particular role, even though the disparaging remarks suggest that others may look down on him for who he is as an individual. Section: Forms of Stratification Type: Applied

2. One of the classes you are enrolled in is not only full, but the other students seem to rave about it. It's not due just the subject and it's not due to the professor, and that makes you curious. You have a theory as to why this is so, and you decide to test your theory by building a hypothesis, asking other students a few questions, and then seeing if the results fit your theory. As a sociologist, you are employing what kind of research in your search for answers? Select one: a. a participant observation approach b. a cross-disciplinary approach c. an inductive approach d. a deductive approach

D FEEDBACK: A deductive approach starts with a theory, followed by formation of a hypothesis, making of empirical observations, and then analysis of the data to confirm, reject, or modify the original theory. Conversely, an inductive approach starts with empirical observations and then moves toward formulation of a theory. Section: Research 101 Type: Applied

6. Which of the following are examples of rehabilitative justice (choose all that apply)? Select one or more: a. requiring sex offenders to register in a database and notify their neighbors. b. directing a drug user to participate in a recovery program. c. mandatory monthly drug tests for five years after being paroled on a drug offense. d. entering a work training program after being released from prison e. losing the right to vote after a felony conviction. f. requiring a teenager to participate in community service following a shoplifting conviction.

D FEEDBACK: A rehabilitative social response is designed to transform the transgressor into a productive member of society. According to Durkheim, this type of justice is more typical of societies characterized by organic solidarity. Section: Functionalist Approaches to Deviance and Social Control Type: Conceptual

6. Devah Pager's research on how criminal records deter potential employers illustrates the consequences of Select one: a. secondary deviance. b. strain. c. anomie. d. stigma.

D FEEDBACK: A stigma is a negative social label that changes behavior toward a person as well as that person's own social identity. In Pager's experiment, the stigma of having a criminal record (as well as race) influenced the decisions of potential employers. Section: Symbolic Interactionist Theories of Deviance Type: Conceptual Feedback

4. In India, there is an elaborate system of social classification called the caste system. This has existed for thousands of years, and still dictates, to a great extent, the social and economic status of an individual. This particular status is an example of Select one: a. achieved status. b. master status. c. status set. d. ascribed status.

D FEEDBACK: An ascribed status is essentially what you are born into. This is contrasted with an achieved status, which is what you become. In the caste system, individuals may have a difficult time changing their status. Section: Social Interaction Type: Applied

4. Kalani has busy summers planned for her daughters. They take music lessons, soccer lessons, and basketball lessons and attend summer school classes. This is an example of Select one: a. natural growth. b. resocialization. c. role strain. d. concerted cultivation.

D FEEDBACK: Annette Lareau's research on parents' social class showed that middle-class families practice what she termed concerted cultivation - structuring children's time with formal activities. Often, this means that children learn how to interact with adults, follow rules, and manage schedules. By contrast, many lower-income families focus on the "accomplishment of natural growth" by allowing their children to decide how they want to structure their free time. Section: Theories of Socialization Type: Conceptual

10. Family wealth means debt subtracted from salable assets. Given the prevalence of debt for those in poverty, what are the possible implications for those in poverty as regards their children when they die? Select one: a. The debt is passed to their children, making debt heritable. b. The courts may excuse inheritors (the children) from any financial obligations incurred by the parents, meaning that poverty is not inevitably heritable. c. All assets owned by the deceased are used to pay off the debt, making the inheritance to the children of poor people low or nonexistent. d. Since those in poverty rarely have salable assets such as a house, there is usually anything to pass on to their children.

D FEEDBACK: Being poor means that the odds are against owing significant assets. In many large American cities, it is common to see a person pushing a shopping cart piled high with an array of material items - clothing, old luggage, goods salvaged from a dumpster. These are the assets held by the poor. There is nothing to pass on to any children, and this is a marker of difference that describes the experience of those in poverty. Section: Poverty amid Plenty Type: Applied

9. A Muslim classmate from your introductory sociology course helps organize and participates in a march protesting discrimination against Muslim Americans on campus. Over 300 Muslim American students from area colleges show up to participate. What type of action is this representative of? Select one: a. withdrawal b. code switching c. straight-line assimilation d. collective resistance

D FEEDBACK: Collective resistance is an organized effort to change a power hierarchy on the part of a less-powerful group in society. Section: Group Responses to Domination Type: Applied

8. Which of the following statements offers an essentialist explanation for gender differences? Select one: a. Women find themselves in lower-paying jobs with fewer opportunities for advancement because these jobs make it easier for them to balance work and family. b. Women take on more responsibility for domestic tasks because men still think of these tasks as women's work. c. There are far fewer women professors in the hard sciences because women are encouraged to study the humanities and social sciences. d. Women are overrepresented in professions such as nursing, teaching, and social work because they are inherently more nurturing and caring than men.

D FEEDBACK: Essentialism is a line of thought that explains social phenomena in terms of natural ones. Section: Sex: A Process in the Making Type: Conceptual

1. Allison is concerned with the messages that her little sister receives from her elementary school teacher about suitable careers. For example, class lessons portray nurses and secretaries as female but doctors and engineers as male. Allison's concerns reflect her own outlook as a a. functionalist. b. positivist. c. conflict theorist. d. feminist

D FEEDBACK: Feminist research focuses on inequalities based on gender categories. Feminist theorists have explored women's experiences at home and in the workplace as well as gender inequalities in social institutions. Section: The Sociology of Sociology Type: Applied

1. Every four years, the United States elects a new president. The entire process of swearing in and recognition of the new office holder is an elaborate ceremony, with a great deal of symbol and pomp. Despite the enormous expenditure of time and resources, we continue to hold this ceremony, suggesting it has a crucial purpose in our society. A sociological examination of this particular American rite might well apply ideas from what branch of sociological theory? a. postmodernism b. conflict theory c. symbolic interactionism d. functionalism

D FEEDBACK: Functionalism was a large part of American sociology in the twentieth century. It considered the various institutions in a society as parts of a whole, and how vital each was to the functioning of the society. Functionalism began with Durkheim and is still applied today. Section: The Sociology of Sociology Type: Applied

8. At a party, you listen in on a conversation about sex. One person states that he has had sex in some pretty far-out places. He is referring to Select one: a. sex. b. gender. c. biology. d. sexuality.

D FEEDBACK: He is talking about sexuality. Sexuality refers to desire, sexual preference, sexual identity, and behavior. Sexuality is not the same as sex (biological differences) and not the same as gender (social position). Section: Mars and Venus Type: Applied

2. You're at a friend's house, enjoying a party with others. One of the guests strikes up a conversation about apathy in voters and claims he has a pretty good idea as to why voter apathy is so high, calling it a "well-educated hypothesis." You point out that his idea is really nothing more than a guess (much to his annoyance). He would need to do what in order to call it a hypothesis? a. cite existing studies that support his educated guess b. develop a comprehensive explanation for why voter apathy is so high. c. test the relationship between an independent and dependent variable d. propose a relationship between two variables

D FEEDBACK: Hypotheses propose relationships between two variables. They usually include the direction of the relationship; in other words, they usually include whether the variables move in the same direction (positive) or in opposite directions (negative). Section: Research 101 - Variables Type: Applied Feedback

7. Offshore outsourcing is an increasingly popular approach by industry to reduce costs. While the displacement of jobs in such industries as automobile and steel making has been unfolding over the past 40 years, more recent trends reveal a shift in what are termed white-collar jobs - computer systems design and similar work. What is left behind when companies do this are the low-paying service sector jobs - baristas, wait staff, and the like. This is an example of what kind of mobility? a. social mobility b. lateral mobility c. individual mobility d. exchange mobility

D FEEDBACK: In exchange mobility, some people move up into better jobs and others move down into worse ones, but the overall number of jobs stays the same. In offshore outsourcing, jobs are shifted from one person to another and from one geographical location to another. Both persons still have jobs, but now, one person has a higher-paying job and the other has a lower-paying job. Section: Social Reproduction versus Social Mobility Type: Applied

1. Justin decides to conduct research for a class project by recording and assessing how public transit companies can persuade people to take a public bus to and from work. Which type of sociology is this? a. feminist b. positivist c. microsociology d. macrosociology

D FEEDBACK: Macrosociology considers social dynamics at a large scale - across a particular segment of a population. Recall that microsociology seeks to understand local interactional contexts and focuses on everyday human social interactions. If Justin were a microsociologist, he would be more concerned with personal dynamics. In that case, he might choose to study how people choose their seats on the bus. Section: Divisions within Sociology Type: Applied

6. The chapter includes an example of a very poor, frugal man who wins the lottery, and is left with a deep feeling of anomie. His formerly successful patter for living is rendered moot, and he lacks a behavioral template with which to guide himself. The man is now a social deviant. According to Merton, this is an example of Select one: a. internalization. b. nonconformity. c. selfishness. d. strain theory.

D FEEDBACK: Merton's strain theory posits that we learn what society considers appropriate goals and appropriate means for achieving them by giving us certain behavioral templates. Strain arises when the means fail to match the ends. Section: Functionalist Approaches to Deviance and Social Control Type: Applied

2. What is a moderating variable? Select one: a. a factor that is positioned between the independent and dependent variables but does not affect the relationship between them b. a factor that affects only the independent variable in a hypothesis c. a factor that affects only the dependent variable in a hypothesis d. a factor that affects the relationship between the independent and dependent variables

D FEEDBACK: Moderating variables affect the relationship between the independent and dependent variables. Section: Research 101 - Hypothesis Testing Type: Factual

1. In an attempt to better understand the experience in college - that of the students as well as the teachers - you ask a professor for the chance to lead the class without her being in the room. Your professor grants your request. "Thinking sociologically," this follows the methodology proposed and developed by which of the following early sociologists? a. Émile Durkheim b. Georg Simmel c. Karl Marx d. Max Weber

D FEEDBACK: One of Max Weber's most important contributions was the concept of Verstehen, which emphasized that sociologists should approach social behavior from the perspective of those engaging in it. Section: The Sociology of Sociology Type: Applied

10. Activities such as illegal work, multigenerational living arrangements, multifamily households, serial relationships in place of marriage, and swapping all reflect ideas about the Select one: a. failure of government programs. b. cycle of dependence. c. problem of unintended consequences. d. culture of poverty

D FEEDBACK: Oscar Lewis developed the culture of poverty concept after observing the poor in Mexico. The argument was that poor people adopt certain practices that differ from those of "mainstream" society in order to adapt and survive. In the United States, this may include multigenerational households or illegal work. Section: The Culture of Poverty Type: Applied

7. What has the pattern in income growth among low-, middle-, and high-income earners in the United States over the past 30 years looked like? a. Middle-income individuals have experienced greater income growth than those at the highest and lowest ends of the bracket. b. Incomes at the highest end of the bracket have stagnated, while low-income and middle-income individuals have experienced slow but steady growth in their incomes. c. Incomes at all levels have increased at about the same rate. d. Income growth for high-income individuals has far outpaced that of middle- and low-income individuals.

D FEEDBACK: Over the past three decades, the expected salary of corporate chief executive officers (CEOs) in the United States has increased by 81 percent. The income of a waitress has decreased by 1 percent over that same time period, and the income of a middle-class family with two parents and two children has increased by about 15 percent. Section: How Is America Stratified Today? Type: Factual

9. How was racism expressed in Ancient Greece? a. Non-Greeks were generally enslaved and formed the bulk of the agricultural labor force. b. People were categorized according to their abilities as warriors rather than by physical traits. c. The Ancient Greeks tended to view people from the Far East with great suspicion because they had minimal contact with them. d. There is no evidence that racism, as we know it today, was a part of Ancient Greek culture.

D FEEDBACK: Racism, as we know it today, did not exist in Ancient Greece. In fact, modern racial thinking did not develop until the mid-seventeenth century. Section: The Concept of Race from the Ancients to Alleles Type: Factual

6. Devah Pager's research on employment prospects for individuals with a prior criminal record exemplifies the serious consequences for certain stigmas. If an individual with a criminal record cannot easily find a job and decides to return to committing crimes to support his or her family, what sociological idea is this an example of? a. strain theory b. primary deviance c. general deterrence d. recidivism

D FEEDBACK: Recidivism occurs when an individual who has been involved with the criminal justice system reverts back to criminal behavior. Section: Crime Reduction Type: Applied

11. Which of the following is a professional norm for doctors? a. their social prestige and respectability within a community b. the level of education required to become a doctor and the high economic value of their services c. their ability to analyze medical data about patients d. the intimate but objective nature of their conversations with patients

D FEEDBACK: Remember that you learned in Chapter 3 that norms are the ways in which values tell us to behave. For doctors, conversations with patients are intimate but objective, and this ability to be both intimate and objective is one of the reasons we accord them so much prestige. Section: The Rise (and Fall?) of the Medical Profession Type: Conceptual

1. "Thinking like a sociologist" means that you a. apply analytical tools to things you've always done without a lot of conscious thought. b. reconsidering your own assumptions about society. c. making the familiar strange. d. All of these are correct

D FEEDBACK: Remember, sociology is the study of human society. "Thinking like a sociologist" helps you be a better thinker in any field.

The decision to marry is a major life step. We do so with certain expectations - that our partner will love and care for us, will share the duties of managing a household based upon which partner is willing to do what tasks, and will support us in our lives with challenges such as a difficult job or family problems. When that partner completely steps away from any of these things, our ability to understand them may be challenged as their behavior is suddenly out of keeping with what we expected at the outset. This is an example of Select one: a. status. b. gender division. c. sexism. d. roles.

D FEEDBACK: Robert Merton's role theory provides a language about social interaction. Roles refer to duties and behaviors associated with a particular status. For marriage, we learn the expected status and role while growing up from parents and others, and when we marry, those expectations have predefined those same things in our partner. Section: Social Interaction Type: Applied

11. In his interview with Dalton Conley, Jeffrey Sachs explains that malaria has been a major cause of economic failure in Africa, but not in Asia. Morbidity is very high with malaria, and it can literally destroy an entire village. From what we have learned about socioeconomic status and its relation to health, it is clear that malaria is an impediment to improved SES, and in that way it is linked to inequality. One of the major reasons why malaria is a big problem in Africa and not in Asia has to do with a. the failure of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) to provide adequate antimalarial programs. b. the widespread corruption in African governments, which siphons money from health programs. c. the Vedic farming system, which was not able to succeed in Africa due to the prevalence of discriminatory attitudes against Hindus by African peoples. d. the absence of a mixed animal-crop system, which prompted a different predator-prey relationship between mosquitoes, on the one hand, and primates and humans, on the other

D FEEDBACK: Sachs notes that the simultaneous surge in sleeping sickness, which affects cattle, led to a failure of that farming system - only cattle were used in African farming. When malaria moved from one primate type to another - from chimpanzees to humans - the parasite had to seek alternative prey in order to survive. Humans were the obvious target, and malaria became widespread. Section: Global Health Type: Conceptual

1. Which of the following is an example of a social institution? Select one: a. education system b. government c. marriage d. all of these are correct

D FEEDBACK: Social institutions do not have to be established by any particular organization or group and do not necessarily have physical locations. Section: What Is a Social Institution? Type: Conceptual

12. How did social scientists in the 1960s view the strong role held by women in many African American families? Select one: a. as the inevitable result of years of poverty and discrimination that stripped black families of their husbands and fathers b. as an anomaly that was the result of increased job opportunities for black women after World War II c. as a positive characteristic that ultimately would bring more balance to relationships and make African American families stronger d. as a negative characteristic that served to emasculate black men and ultimately increase social problems in African American communities

D FEEDBACK: Social scientists like Daniel Patrick Moynihan argued that matriarchy in black families undercuts the role of the father and leads to many problems. Moynihan also portrayed the matriarch as a stereotypically bad mother who is bossy and not feminine. Section: Swimming and Sinking Type: Factual

4. At a friend's housewarming, you meet a nice couple from India. They are engaged and tell you that their marriage was arranged - the young woman was "given" to the young man when they both very young (she was 12, he was 14). They seem happy with this arrangement, but you're quite taken aback. Later on, you have the chance to be alone with the young woman. You ask her about the arranged marriage, and indeed, she seems very happy about the impending nuptials. By your standards, this all seems very hard to take, but since the couple is happy, you let it go. This is an example of Select one: a. symbolic interactionism. b. operationalization. c. social interaction. d. socialization.

D FEEDBACK: Socialization is the process by which people learn the values, beliefs, and norms of a given society. Sometimes, these values and beliefs are very different from our own. Section: Socialization: The Concept Type: Vocabulary

8. Your introductory sociology professor believes that gender roles serve a purpose in society to fulfill certain functions. What type of theoretical background is your professor espousing? Select one: a. conflict b. postmodern c. feminist d. structural functionalism

D FEEDBACK: Structural functionalism is a theoretical tradition that claims that every society has certain structures, like gender roles, that exist in order to fulfill some set of functions (reproduction of the species, production of goods, and so on). Section: The Woman Question Type: Applied

12. The text discusses the concept of the "second shift" - the extra domestic duties that women do to take care of the family in addition to the full time paid job they have. Why, then, have the time-saving devices and products such as dishwashing machines, disposable brooms, and so forth, resulted in a continued housework gap between women and men (with women doing more)? Select one: a. Technology gains have been impressive, but the manufacturers of these products have not yet attained the kind of product placement and success that they desire. b. Technology advances have helped bring more women into the workforce, but have not made the kinds of gains hoped for. c. Technology advances have attempted to sell to men unsuccessfully, resulting in women "picking up the slack." d. Technology advances have raised the bar on levels of acceptable cleanliness, and domestic housework has long been seen as "women's work."

D FEEDBACK: Technology advances began in the 1930s and 1940s, and have gradually led to a perception that more cleanliness is better. At the same time, more women have entered the workforce full time, while still being expected to maintain the household to this ever higher standard. Section: The Chore Wars Type: Applied

11. The importance of the Whitehall Study was to show that a. equal access to health care levels the playing field - in terms of health outcomes - for people of different socioeconomic backgrounds. b. universal health care is a better predictor of positive health outcomes than socioeconomic status. c. social networks impact health outcomes in both parents and their children. d. social factors such as where a person lives, what a person does for a living, and how much money a person earns have a great influence on health

D FEEDBACK: The Whitehall Study focused on one occupation sector, civil servants, and examined the differences among men of different social classes in similar occupations. Its many findings showed that social factors such as socioeconomic status and where a person lives influence health. For example, the study found that men in lower-ranked positions had much higher rates of common illnesses. Section: The U.S. Health Care System Type: Conceptual

7. In India, marriages are often arranged, often when children are young. Parents must consider many factors before approaching either a matchmaker -who can make the most informed choice - or the potential spouse (usually the parents of the potential bride). Religion, culture, horoscope, profession, and status all figure into the decision. One of the larger obstacles that both parents and newlyweds-to-be must face is a cultural expectation of endogamy - marriage within one's group (in this case, their caste). This is a manifestation of which form of social stratification? Select one: a. status hierarchy system b. estate system c. status-attainment model d. caste system

D FEEDBACK: The caste system is a predominantly religion-based system of stratification. Despite the extent of change in places like India, the caste system still is strongly characterized by little or no social mobility. In marriage, one is expected to marry within caste. Section: Forms of Stratification Type: Conceptual

7. Which of the following scenarios is an example of the free-rider problem? a. Except for elite runners, people gain access to the New York Marathon through a lottery system. Everyone has the same chance of being picked, except that if you apply three years in a row and do not get in, you are automatically admitted the following year. b. Four campers go to gather wood for their respective families. Though they agreed to gather equal amounts of wood, one person hurts her ankle and is not able to gather as much wood. Nevertheless, before returning to their families, the four people divide the wood up evenly between them. c. Four friends wait in line overnight to get the best seats to see a popular band. As they are finally entering the arena, another friend of theirs strolls into the VIP section. They later learn that he was able to secure a VIP pass through his family's connections. d. A group of six teenagers is trying to get 100 signatures for a petition. They meet three days before their deadline to see how they are doing. Two of the teens have collected 25 signatures each, totaling 50. But the other four teenagers have only collected 25 signatures between the four of them, so the group is still 25 signatures short. The two teens who collected the most signatures are irritated about the poor results from the other four.

D FEEDBACK: The free-rider problem is the notion that when more than one person is responsible for getting something done, each individual has an incentive to shirk responsibility and hope others will pull the extra weight. Critics of the notion of equality of outcome often point to the free-rider problem in their critique, noting that without the selfish incentives of capitalism, progress would halt. Section: Standards of Equality Type: Conceptual

4. Which of the following is an example of recognizing the "generalized other"? a. There are several children at a pool party. One little boy is very shy and isn't joining in the games. After a while, a slightly older child encourages him to play with the others. b. A little girl lives with her parents, siblings, and grandmother; the grandmother uses a cane. One day the girl sees a neighbor who is about her grandmother's age and asks where her cane is. c. A child goes to his friend's house for dinner and announces that they must bless the food before they eat, because that's what they do in his home. d. A child is taught to hold the door for her parents or siblings when they are carrying something into the house. While at the mall, she holds the door for a stranger who is carrying several bags.

D FEEDBACK: The generalized other is an internalized sense of the total expectations of others in a variety of settings, regardless of whether we have encountered those people or places before. Section: Theories of Socialization Type: Conceptual

8. In 2014, the top 10 models in the fashion industry all had earnings well over $1 million, with a few - Kate Moss and Heidi Klum - earning over $10 million. In her interview with Dalton Conley, Ashley Mears points out that top male fashion models quickly hit a limit as to how far they can go in modeling work, while a small number of women can continue on to be top, obviously well paid, models. According to Mears, this particular career is an example of what in reverse? Select one: a. equal pay for equal work b. discrimination against working mothers c. the glass ceiling d. the glass escalator

D FEEDBACK: The glass escalator refers to the promotional ride that usually applies to men as they ride to the top of a work organization, especially in female dominated career fields. In fashion, however, Mears demonstrates that there is a complete inversion of this effect, with women reaping the reward. Section: Growing Up, Getting Ahead, and Falling Behind Type: Applied

10. The level of income inequality in the United States is Select one: a. lower than that of most other advanced democracies. b. higher than that of most other advanced democracies. c. about equal to income inequality in most other advanced democracies. d. higher than that of all other advanced democracies.

D FEEDBACK: The level of income inequality in the United States is higher than that in other advanced democracies. In the United States, over 17 percent of the population has incomes less than 50 percent of the median. Section: Why Is the United States So Different? Type: Factual

7. Tina believes that inequality is necessary to keep Earth's population in check. Her view is most consistent with the views of which theorist? Select one: a. Adam Ferguson b. John Millar c. Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel d. Thomas Malthus

D FEEDBACK: Thomas Malthus believed that the human population grows faster than its ability to produce food. In his view, inequality was necessary to prevent massive overpopulation, starvation, and conflict. Section: View of Inequality Type: Applied

11. Paul is a successful manager earning a six-figure income at a Fortune 500 company. At age 48, he receives a diagnosis of multiple sclerosis, with an uncertain prognosis. Over the course of the next nine months, Paul finds it increasingly difficult to do basic tasks - driving, typing, and even walking become daily challenges. As his disease progresses, he has good days and bad days, but he is eventually terminated from his job, leaving him unemployed and his family of five suddenly in a position of having to sell their house and seriously downsize. Gradually, friends he has had over the years stop calling. Invitations to social functions taper off. Paul and his family have been "downgraded" in their socioeconomic status, and one reason might be attributable to the drift theory. In this model it is argued that a. the relationship between higher morbidity and income is spurious. b. one's social status determines health. c. differential access to a healthy life is the result of socioeconomic factors. d. health causes social position

D FEEDBACK: Three main theories have been suggested to explain the correlation between socioeconomic status and health. One, the drift explanation, suggests that good health helps a person achieve high socioeconomic status. In this example, the reverse seems true - Paul lost socioeconomic status as his health declined and he was unable to work. Section: The U.S. Health-Care System Type: Applied

1. Which of the following is an example of using one's sociological imagination? a. being comfortable in unfamiliar surroundings b. creating different hypotheses to explain an individual's behavior c. creating a story to explain unfamiliar social customs d. thinking about why people in a particular country greet each other in a certain way

D FEEDBACK: Using your sociological imagination allows you to recognize how the social world works and why. It also allows you to see connections between your personal life and larger forces of history. Section: The Sociological Imagination Type: Conceptual

1. Which of the following American sociologists applied Émile Durkheim's theory of anomie to explain African American crime rates? Select one: a. George Herbert Mead b. Louis Wirth c. Jane Addams d. W. E. B. DuBois

D FEEDBACK: W. E. B. DuBois theorized that the newfound freedom of the slaves resulted in the breakdown of norms. He argued that this anomie was a factor in the high crime rates among African Americans in the South. Section: The Sociology of Sociology Type: Factual

2. In the effort to stop the spread of HIV/AIDS, organizations and countries have marshaled a vast number of resources, including research designed to understand how the virus is spread among a population. Often, this research involves an investigation into the nature of "having sex." Here, one the challenges is to precisely define what exactly is meant by having sex in order to then consider the variables related to such a study and the methods needed to gather the data. This challenge is crucial to any good sociological study and is called Select one: a. defining the dependent variable. b. hypothesis testing. c. defining the independent variable. d. operationalization.

D FEEDBACK: What a particular term means is critical to the success and usefulness of a study. Operationalization is the process of clearly defining a term so as to assign a precise method for measuring the defined term. Section: Research 101 - Hypothesis Testing Type: Applied

12. The divorce rate in the United States has been rising steadily since the nineteenth century. In his interview with Dalton Conley, Andrew Cherlin suggests that one of the primary reasons for this paradox of the "love of marriage" and the increasing divorce rate is due to Select one: a. dramatic shifts in our economy since the 1900s. b. the "sexual revolution" of the 1960s. c. increases in poverty in many states. d. the pervasive idea of individualism in America since the colonial period.

D FEEDBACK: While it is commonly thought that the divorce rate has skyrocketed since the 1950s, it has actually been steadily rising since the nineteenth century (when divorce became less of a social taboo). Cherlin suggests that at the heart of this paradox is American individualism. Section: The Future of Families, and There Goes the Nation! Type: Factual

6. According to Émile Durkheim's theory of suicide, which of the following factors have the most impact on suicide rates (choose all that apply)? Select one or more: a. informal sanctions b. anomie c. formal sanctions d. social integration e. conformity f. social regulation g. deviance h. recidivism

D F

7. Fill in the blanks for each of the standards of equality on the right with all of the corresponding standards listed on the left. choices: equality of condition,outcome,or condition 1. is the "standard model" in a bourgeois society. 2. means that the rules of the game are the same for everyone. 3. means that everyone starts at the same place. 4. means that the rules might need to be changed to make it happen. 5. means that everyone ends up with the same amount 6. means that the game might not be "fair."

equality of opportunity equality of opportunity equality of condition equality of condition equality of outcome equality of outcome

1. There is no implicit hierarchy. 2. I define who I am. 3. It's exclusive 4. It's fluid and multiple. 5. It's planar. 6. Someone else defines you. 7. What you are is great, and what I am is great too. 8. It's involuntary - you don't have a choice. 9. Physical differences are of key significance. 10. It's about power conflicts. 11. It's strongly hierarchical. 12. It's cultural.

ethnicity ethnicity race ethnicity ethnicity race ethnicity race race race race ethnicity

6. An outgrowth of Robert Merton's strain theory suggests a number of different "behavioral templates" that can identify different social types. Match the social type on the right with the characteristics on the left. rejection of socially acceptable means to achieve goals. choices: innovator, rebel, retreatist, conformist, ritualist 1. rejects traditional goals and means and seeks to destroy or alter social institutions of which they are a part. 2. rejection of both goals and means and does not participate in society. 3. accepts socially acceptable strategies to achieve socially acceptable goals. 4. rejection of socially defined goals but not the means.

innovator rebel retreatist conformist ritualist

7. Match the thinker on the right with the ideas on the left. 1. Smallpox, slavery, and child murder are defensible. 2. People lack any notion of personal ownership. 3. Both physical and social inequality exists. 4. Geometric versus arithmetic increases mean disaster. 5. Inequality results from having too much. 6. History is a master-servant dialectic. 7. Society moves forward toward more freedom and democracy

jean-jaques rousseau jean-jaques rousseau jean-jaques rousseau thomas malthus thomas malthus Georg Freidrich Hegel Georg Freidrich Hegel

9. Match the concepts on the left with the descriptions on the right. 1. humans as distinct types 2. fear of different cultures 3. essential, unchangeable traits 4. some types as simply better than others 5. replaces biology with culture 6. ignores individual merit, acts in a harmful manner 7. "race neutral" rhetoric 8. reliance on culture and nationality

old racism new racism old racism old racism new racism old racism new racism new racism

8. Match the term on the left with the corresponding characteristics on the right. male 1. biological differences 2. female 3. sexual preference 4. sexual identity 5. behavior 6. normative sex categories 7. social position

sex sex sex sexuality sexuality sexuality gender gender

8. Match the theory or concept with the ideas. Birth and children identify women with domestic life. Women are property. Women identified with danger of nature. The sex-gender system is the result of human interaction. Nuclear family reproduces workers and is ideal. Sex, sexuality, and gender are stable and dichotomous. Mothering is reproduced in a cycle of role socialization. Gender develops via family socialization. Division of labor induces process of forming gender identity. Gender is the driving force of history. Women are economically dependent on men's incomes. Gender is the product of our interactions. Gender roles have open-ended scripts.

structural functionalism structural functionalism structural functionalism structural functionalism structural functionalism sex role theory sex role theory psychoanalytic theory psychoanalytic theory psychoanalytic theory conflict theory conflict theory microinteractionist theory microinteractionist theory

7. Make the appropriate connections between stratification types on the right with the listed characteristics on the left. Note that not all characteristics are agreed upon in sociology. Some may represent past thinking, and others may represent present thinking. choices: upper, middle, working class or poor 1. income from investments 2. pay above the poverty line, blue or white collar jobs 3. low-wage service sector 4. unemployed or pay below the poverty line

upper class middle class working poor

12. Which domestic tasks are most likely to be done by men and women? prepare the Sunday meal clean out the gutters repair a torn pair of trousers replace the toilet paper cook hamburgers on the grill give children a bath take the children to the park on Saturday change the oil in the car

women men women women men women men men