Mid Term Exam Prep

Many protists use photosynthesis to fix carbon dioxide and become food sources for numerous aquatic creatures. This makes them very important A. primary consumers B. primary producers C. secondary consumers D. saprobes E. decomposers

B. primary producers

Which of the following is NOT homologous to any of the others? A. the wings of a bat B. the flippers of a porpoise C. the leg of a fly D. the arm of a monkey

C. the leg of a fly

Protists using flagella to move toward nutrients would be demonstrating A. phototaxis B. scavenging behavior C. heterotaxis D. positive trophism E. chemotaxism

E. chemotaxism

In co-dominant traits, what is the phenotypic ration when two heterozygotes cross? A. 1:2:1 B. 3:1 C. 2:2 (1:1) D. 1:3 E. 4:0

A. 1:2:1

Population bottlenecks and founder effects A. both lead to genetic drift, which reduces variation in the population B. both result in genetic variation due to extreme conditions C. both result in an increased mutation rate in the population D. have opposite effects on population variation

A. both lead to genetic drift, which reduces variation in the population

The fact that humans have gill slits and tails early in embryological development that are not present when they are born indicate A. common ancestry of all vertebrate life forms is programmed into our DNA B. humans can breathe underwater as infants and swim naturally C. humans are more complicated than fish D. embryos need to breathe water in order to start developing

A. common ancestry of all vertebrate life forms is programmed into our DNA

An angiosperm species is evolving to become insect-pollinated instead of wind-pollinated. What genes are likely to become upregulated? (Select all that apply) A. genes that increase petal size B. genes that increase nectar deposits C. genes that increase stigma size D. genes that produce odorants

A. genes that increase petal size B. genes that increase nectar deposits D. genes that produce odorants

What two major factors likely contributed the most to the increased diversity of plants and insects? A. herbivory and pollination B. medicinal properties and metabolic linkages C. desiccation and photosynthesis D. mutation and disease

A. herbivory and pollination

Flower color in snapdragons appears to support the blending theory of inheritance, as the offspring of one homozygous white-flowered parent and one homozygous red-flowered parent all have pink flowers. This is actually due to: A. incomplete dominance B. co-dominance C. multiple alleles D. x-linked traits

A. incomplete dominance

Observing a novel protist under the microscope, you identify an apical complex on one end. What is this organism's normal habitat? A. intracellular B. in soil C. freshwater D. marine

A. intracellular

You are starting your Ph.D. program in evolutionary biology, and you want to observe evolution in action. To plan your dissertation on adaptive radiation, you need to find a study site. In what type of environment is adaptive radiation most likely to occur? A. island B. temperate forest C. prairie D. tropical rainforest

A. island

What is an advantage of asexual reproduction? (Select all that apply) A. it occurs quickly B. populates areas rapidly C. all organisms are clones D. high genetic diversity E. only needs one parent

A. it occurs quickly B. populates areas rapidly E. only needs one parent

Which of the following are seedless, non-vascular plants that likely represent some of the earliest forms of land plants? (Select all that apply) A. mosses B. liverworts C. ferns D. horsetails E. lycophytes F. hornworts G. pteridophytes

A. mosses B. liverworts D. horsetails F. hornworts

Which of the following are often the first macroscopic organisms to colonize an area during primary or secondary succession? A. mosses and liverworts B. green algae and horsetails C. ferns and hornworts D. lichens and angiosperms

A. mosses and liverworts

Sometimes certain tissues in an animal will undergo repeated rounds of S phase without undergoing M phase. What do you predict is the result? A. multiple copies of chromosomes within a single cell B. apoptotic cells that create gaps in tissue, like between the fingers C. down syndrome D. half the resulting cells will lack DNA

A. multiple copies of chromosomes within a single cell

Which of the following are common to all cells? (Select all that apply) A. plasma membrane B. cell wall C. cytoplasm D. mitochondria E. ribosomes F. flagella

A. plasma membrane C. cytoplasm E. ribosomes

You are interested in the evolution of multicellularity. What protists might you study to gain insight into how individual cells work together as an organism? (Select all that apply) A. plasmodial slime molds B. cellular slime molds C. the chlorophyte, Caulerpa D. the ciliate, Paramecium E. the kelp, Laminaria F. the malaria parasite, Plasmodium G. none-protists are unicellular

A. plasmodial slime molds B. cellular slime molds E. the kelp, Laminaria

Which of the following would be an example of how something normally inherited (through genes or chromosomes) is instead environmental? A. reptiles developing as males at one temperature or as females at a different temperature B. peahens preferring to mate with peacocks that have bigger tails C. dairy cattle producing less milk when fed grass instead of grain D. grizzly bears changing their diet from berries to salmon in the spring

A. reptiles developing as males at one temperature or as females at a different temperature

Sometimes when protists switch from asexual to sexual reproduction they form a metabolically inactive, protected resting stage. What advantages can be obtained by forming these types of cells? A. resistant to some extreme conditions and can be dispersed easier B. longer lifespan and more energy consumption C. gain more experience and helps stabilize the environment D. become multicellular and bigger and decrease complexity

A. resistant to some extreme conditions and can be dispersed easier

In seedless vascular plants, what is the dominant phase in the life cycle? A. sporophyte B. haploid C. gametophyte D. archegoium

A. sporophyte

Read the statement and determine which is the hypothesis: 1) The student proposed that studying one hour a day would increase their grade. 2) The student wanted to pull their grade up. 3) A student scored 55 on test 1 and realized that they were not as successful in their course. 4) The student scored an 84 on test 2 and decided that their new study methods were successful. A. statement 1 B. statement 2 C. statement 3 D. statement 4

A. statement 1

Which of the following evolved to help with the transport and access of nutrients in land plants? (Select all that apply) A. stomata B. phloem C. stems D. cuticle E. roots

A. stomata B. phloem E. roots

What is the main drawback of bryophytes having flagellated sperm? A. they require water to reproduce B. the archegonia are limited in size C. sperm can only be produced after high levels of photosynthesis for energy D. they produce triploid progeny

A. they require water to reproduce

A devastating tsunami wipes out most of the population of a frog species that lives on just one tropical island. What is the most likely outcome of this event? A. rapid adaptive evolution B. inbreeding depression C. purging of all deleterious mutations D. frequency-dependent selection

B. inbreeding depression

The primary group of animals that diversified in parallel with the angiosperms is the A. mammals B. insects C. birds D. fish

B. insects

Natural selection causes heterozygotes to increase in the population. What effect does this have on p^2 and q^2? A. no effect since they are not related in any way B. it will cause them both to decrease C. it will cause them both to increase D. this stabilizes the population causing them to remain the same

B. it will cause them both to decrease

When closely related individuals mate with each other, or inbreed, the offspring are often not as fit as the offspring of two unrelated individual. Why? A. close relatives are genetically incompatible B. the DNA of close relatives reacts negatively in the offspring C. inbreeding can bring together rare, deleterious mutations that lead to harmful phenotypes D. inbreeding causes normally silent alleys to be expressed

C. inbreeding can bring together rare, deleterious mutations that lead to harmful phenotypes

Organisms A and B are suspected to be the same species. Which of the following would provide the ultimate proof? A. detailed morphological comparisons B. studying the habitats that they live in to see if they are the same C. interbreeding and producing offspring that can breed D. determining similarities and differences in behavioral characteristics

C. interbreeding and producing offspring that can breed

How do flowers attract certain pollinators like butterflies and bees? A. colorful design appeal to insect aesthetics B. release pheromones from colored petals C. providing a pattern of low UV reflectance for targeting D. provide bait in the form of smaller trapped insects

C. providing a pattern of low UV reflectance for targeting

Which population would be more likely to affect genetic drift? A. cats in NYC B. mosquitos in Wisconsin C. snails on an island in the Mississippi River D. oak trees in Canada

C. snails on an island in the Mississippi River

What is the major difference between the punctuated equilibrium model and gradual speciation? A. geography B. reproduction C. time D. number of species formed

C. time

Almost all life cycles will have haploid and diploid phases. The transition from haploid to diploid occurs A. after DNA replication during the S phase of the cell cycle. B. once the origin of replication is complete and the septum has formed. C. during crossing over in prophase I of meiosis. D. when gametes fuse during fertilization.

D. when gametes fuse during fertilization.

You have been an irresponsible pet owner, and failed to have your cat spayed. She's a white longhair (W/W; l/l) Now, thanks to a visit from the neighbor's black short hair tomcat (w/w; L/L), you have 12 kittens that need homes. What will the kittens look like? A. black longhair B. black shorthair C. white longhair D. white shorthair E. approximately 9 white longhair and 3 black shorthair F. most will be white shorthair, but some will be white longhair, black shorthair, or black longhair

D. white shorthair

A man is a carrier of a disorder. His wife does not have the disorder nor is she a carrier. What is the probability their offspring will have the disorder or will be carriers? A. 25% will have the disease, 75% will be carriers B. 50% will have the disease, 50% will be carriers C. 75% will have the disease, 25% will be carriers D. 0% will have the disease, 100% will be carriers E. 0% will have the disease, 50% will be carriers

E. 0% will have the disease, 50% will be carriers

Those bacteria living in thermal vents deep within the ocean would need to be A. Acidophiles B. Thermophiles C. Halophiles D. Thermophiles and Acidophiles E. Thermophiles and Halophiles

E. Thermophiles and Halophiles

If Mendel's F1 plants self-fertilized to produce the F2 generation, why didn't each F2 offspring look identical to the F1 parent? A. Although the F1 parents "selfed", they did not produce a clone of themselves genetically, because of the law of segregation- they fertilized each random haploid ovum with a random, haploid pollen. B. Although the F1 plants "selfed", they did not produce a clone of themselves genetically, because some chromosomes get lost when new plants bud off from the parent. C. The offspring were genetically identical but not phenotypically identical because random chromosome inactivation caused different sets of genes to be expressed. D. Spontaneous DNA mutations caused variation in the progeny

A. Although the F1 parents "selfed", they did not produce a clone of themselves genetically, because of the law of segregation- they fertilized each random haploid ovum with a random, haploid pollen.

What domain contains organisms that are prokaryotic? (Select all that apply) A. Archaea B. Bacteria C. Eukarya

A. Archaea B. Bacteria

The room is dark. The individual infers that the light switch is turned off or the bulb has burned out. The light switch is not turned off. The conclusion is the bulb has burned out. This is A. Deductive reasoning B. Inductive reasoning

A. Deductive reasoning

Which describes the relationship between gametes and spores? A. Gametes can fuse to become a zygote, but spores chad develop into organisms without forming a zygote. B. Gametes, not spores, can only contribute to genetic diversity in populations. C. Gametes are always haploid and spore are always diploid. D. Gametes come directly from sporophytes to develop into gametophytes.

A. Gametes can fuse to become a zygote, but spores chad develop into organisms without forming a zygote.

Gymnosperms undergo alteration of generations, with the ______ state dominant. A. Gametophyte B. Sporophyte

A. Gametophyte

Most organisms on earth spend large amount of energy reproduce sexually, instead of using a more efficient method of asexual reproduction. Finding and competing for mates, meiosis and gamete production, and the complexities of fertilization could all be avoided if asexual reproduction was sufficient. Why isn't it? A. Genetic variability is of paramount importance so that organisms can complete and evolve; individuals with the benefit of genetic variability tend to have a selective advantage. B. Asexual reproduction is even more energetically costly. C. Asexual reproduction only is possible for organisms with a life cycle that supports a haploid free living form. D. Asexual reproduction would be ore advantageous, but a biological mechanism to create progeny asexually is not possible except in protists.

A. Genetic variability is of paramount importance so that organisms can complete and evolve; individuals with the benefit of genetic variability tend to have a selective advantage.

If mitosis and meiosis are similar processes, why doesn't mitosis add genetic diversity? A. Mitosis lacks crossing over between homologous chromosomes and since both chromosomes are partitioned to daughters, also lacks independent assortment. B. DNA damage checkpoint are more vigilant during mitosis than meiosis. C. The chromosomes are less exposed to damaging UV rays during mitosis that during meiosis. D. Mitosis does add genetic diversity by similar mechanisms, but the results are less apparent since an individual organism doesn't arise from the mitotic daughter cells.

A. Mitosis lacks crossing over between homologous chromosomes and since both chromosomes are partitioned to daughters, also lacks independent assortment.

In a certain marine ecosystem, an individual waste spill occurs which turns out to be uniquely deadly for the photosynthetic protists. What do you expect to see one year later? A. Since phytoplankton are primary producers, there is likely to be a reduction in populations of both invertebrates and fish. B. Without photosynthetic protists, fewer dangerous toxins will be produced, and fish populations will flourish. C. Without algae to compete for food, the invertebrate populations will increase. D. Although invertebrates and fish will have somewhat lower food resources, the corals will benefit from the absence of photosynthetic protists.

A. Since phytoplankton are primary producers, there is likely to be a reduction in populations of both invertebrates and fish.

Your study partner is trying to explain genetics to your four-year old brother. "A gene is like a recipe, and a trait is like the food made from the recipe." What would a chromosome be like? A. a recipe book B. the index card that the recipe is written on C. a grocery store D. pots and pans

A. a recipe book

Which of the following can be associated with life cycles in protists? (Select all that apply) A. alternation of generation B. multicellular haploids and unicellular diploids C. heterotrophic diploids and photosynthetic haploids D. meiosis and fertilization E. binary fission F. zygotes producing gametes

A. alternation of generation D. meiosis and fertilization E. binary fission

Ammonification is the process by which A. ammonia is released during the decomposition of nitrogen-containing organic compounds B. ammonium is converted to nitrite and nitrate in soils C. nitrate from soils is transformed to gaseous nitrogen compounds such NO, N2O, and N2 D. gaseous nitrogen is fixed to yield ammonia

A. ammonia is released during the decomposition of nitrogen-containing organic compounds

An economics student asks you, "What exactly does a biologist do?" In your reply to this student, describe types of work that biology training would help you to do. (Select all that apply) A. analyze the interactions of a virus and its host plant. B. mediate to find answers to important questions about life. C. study interactions between members of an ecosystem, and sue that information to make government policy recommendations. D. conduct inorganic chemical synthesis reactions to develop novel polymers. E. use genetically engineered bacteria to produce therapeutic drugs. F. conduct research to develop new algae-based biofuels G. develop treatments for disorders like insomnia and obesity. H. design the hydraulic controls for the grabber arm in the new Mars Rover at NASA. I. design experiments to look for extraterrestrial life at NASA.

A. analyze the interactions of a virus and its host plant. C. study interactions between members of an ecosystem, and sue that information to make government policy recommendations. E. use genetically engineered bacteria to produce therapeutic drugs. F. conduct research to develop new algae-based biofuels G. develop treatments for disorders like insomnia and obesity. I. design experiments to look for extraterrestrial life at NASA.

What statement describes x-linked traits? (Select all that apply) A. women can can be carriers because they can be heterozygous for the trait B. x-linked traits are more common in men C. males are never carriers since they only receive one x chromosome D. males inherit x-linked traits from their fathers E. women only have to have one affected gene to show the trait

A. women can can be carriers because they can be heterozygous for the trait B. x-linked traits are more common in men C. males are never carriers since they only receive one x chromosome

For a specific gene in a population, q is 0.5. Which of the following are correct for this population concerning that gene? (Select all that apply) A. p^2 is 0.5 B. 2pq is 0.5 C. q^2 is 0.25 D. p is 0.5 E. the frequency of the dominant allele is equal to the frequency of the recessive allele

B. 2pq is 0.5 C. q^2 is 0.25 D. p is 0.5 E. the frequency of the dominant allele is equal to the frequency of the recessive allele

How does metaphase in meiosis I and meiosis II differ? A. Sister chromatids are on the metaphase plate in meiosis I and tetrads are on the metaphase plate in meiosis II. B. Homologous chromosomes line up in meiosis I and duplicated chromosomes line up in meiosis II. C. All chromatids are the exact same in meiosis I and differ in meiosis II due to independent assortment. D. The ploidy level remains the same in meiosis I but will reduce in meiosis II.

B. Homologous chromosomes line up in meiosis I and duplicated chromosomes line up in meiosis II.

At the family Thanksgiving dinner, you've just announced your decision to switch your major from pre-med to paleontology. "Paleontology?" snorts your cousin, "Fossilized bones are not alive, so that's not biology. And you can't do experiments on extinct dinosaurs, so paleontology is not even science!" What points do you make in your response? (Select all that apply) A. The word "Paleontology" ends in "-ology", therefore it is a science. B. It is true that fossils themselves do not meet the criteria for life, but paleontologists use them to infer what the living organisms were like. Thus paleontology is a subfield of biology. C. It is true that paleontology is not biology, but as long as you are doing experiments like measuring carbon-14, it does count as science. D. Fossils sometimes have DNA or amino acids in them, so that makes alive. Therefore paleontology is a subfield of biology. E. Science can be done using methods besides experiments. Some scientists make observations or create models to understand how things work.

B. It is true that fossils themselves do not meet the criteria for life, but paleontologists use them to infer what the living organisms were like. Thus paleontology is a subfield of biology. E. Science can be done using methods besides experiments. Some scientists make observations or create models to understand how things work.

What was the surprising thing that Mendel observed in the F2 generation of his hybridization experiments? A. Instead of the parental traits blending, one of them would "disappear". B. The recessive traits, such as white flowers, reappeared from parents that had both the dominant phenotype(purple). C. The parental traits blended along a continuum- for instance, purple and white parents would have light purple progeny. D. The ratio was 2:2 instead of 3:1.

B. The recessive traits, such as white flowers, reappeared from parents that had both the dominant phenotype(purple).

How can commensal bacteria affect human weight? A. fermentation, produce wastes, and photosynthesis B. affect food choices, absorption, and transformation C. respiration, competition, and transformation D. antibiotics, probiotics, and competitive exclusion

B. affect food choices, absorption, and transformation

The main macronutrient, making up approximately 50% of the composition of cells, is A. water B. carbon C. oxygen D. nitrogen

B. carbon

Although prokaryotes come in a variety of shapes, the three main ones are A. vibrio, spirochete, and orthogonal B. cocci, bacilli, and spirilli C. whip, chain, and wheel D. staphylo, strepto, and bacillo

B. cocci, bacilli, and spirilli

How do seeds provide an advantage in plant sexual reproduction? (Select all that apply) A. produce food through photosynthesis B. embryo protection C. gamete development until water is available D. long periods of dormancy until good conditions E. provide nourishment

B. embryo protection D. long periods of dormancy until good conditions E. provide nourishment

The presence of a membrane-enclosed nucleus is a characteristic of A. prokaryotic cells B. eukaryotic cells C. all cells D. viruses

B. eukaryotic cells

How do agricultural methods in the US contribute to the problem of antibiotic resistance? A. too many antibiotic prescriptions requested by farming families B. extensive use of antibiotics in healthy food animals C. viral infection in chickens D. contamination of vegetables with antibiotics

B. extensive use of antibiotics in healthy food animals

Which one of the following combinations of features does NOT exist in plants? A. deciduous gymnosperm B. flowering gymnosperm C. seed vascular plant D. seedless vascular plant

B. flowering gymnosperm

What factors made the pea plant a good model organism for Mendel's studies of inheritance? (Select all that apply) A. peas have only "Mendelian" traits and no blended traits B. rapid generation time C. individuals can self-fertilize D. clear application to studying human disease E. specific crosses can be performed be hand-pollinating F. they can also be eaten G. multiple known variants (mutants)

B. rapid generation time C. individuals can self-fertilize E. specific crosses can be performed be hand-pollinating F. they can also be eaten G. multiple known variants (mutants)

What situation(s) might facilitate a rapid burst of evolution? (Select all that apply) A. large population B. smal, isolated population C. changing environmental conditions D. stable environmental conditions E. newly available food source F. catastrophic event (meteor, hurricane, volcano)

B. smal, isolated population C. changing environmental conditions E. newly available food source F. catastrophic event (meteor, hurricane, volcano)

What two biomes are still dominated by gymnosperms? A. rainforests and Mediterranean forests B. taiga and alpine forests C. temperate forests and deciduous forests D. montane forests and arboreal forests

B. taiga and alpine forests

What does the term 2pq represent in the Hardy-Weinberg principle? A. the frequency of the homozygous recessive individuals in the population B. the frequency of the heterozygous individuals in the population C. the frequency of the homozygous dominant individuals in the population D. the frequency of the recessive allele in the population

B. the frequency of the heterozygous individuals in the population

An organism has 36 chromosomes. At the end of meiosis I, each gamete contains A. 36 chromosomes, 72 chromatids B. 36 chromosomes, 36 chromatids C. 18 chromosomes, 36 chromatids D. 18 chromosomes, 18 chromatids

C. 18 chromosomes, 36 chromatids

Approximately what proportion of earth's photosynthesis is done by protests such as diatoms, dinoflagellates, and algea? A. 1% B. 10% C. 25% D. 50% E. 90%

C. 25%

Crossing over events occur between A. Sister chromatids B. Non-homologous chromosomes C. Non-sister chromatids D. Identical strands of DNA

C. Non-sister chromatids

Why is meiosis a necessary component to eukaryote sex? A. Since the maternal and paternal gametes fuse, they must be produced as diploid cells by meiosis, or the policy number will be cut in half each generation. B. A large number of gametes are needed, so producing four daughter cells is more efficient. C. Since the maternal and paternal gametes fuse, they must be produced as haploid cells by meiosis, or the ploidy number will double each generation. D. Crossing over and independent assortment during meiosis II create a high degree of genetic variability, ensuring that at east some progeny will be successful.

C. Since the maternal and paternal gametes fuse, they must be produced as haploid cells by meiosis, or the ploidy number will double each generation.

What results would predict if mutant cohesion proteins stayed tightly bound together at the end of metaphase? A. The spindle checkpoint would use special proteins to separate them. B. A second round of DNA replication would occur. C. Sister chromatids would be unable to separate, and the cell would stall in metaphase without completing karyokinesis. D. Nothing unusual- this is the normal condition until telophase.

C. Sister chromatids would be unable to separate, and the cell would stall in metaphase without completing karyokinesis.

Consider the following examples: Moths fly into electric porch lights. Dragonflies attempt to lay eggs on shiny car hoods. Prey animals use the "freeze" method-for oncoming cars. What is the best explanation for these strange behaviors? A. Evolution is random, so some species have strange, pointless behaviors. B. Some species, like lemmings, have evolved ways of killing themselves for the good of the population. C. The underlying behaviors were adaptive for millions of years, but evolution is slow to adapt to the modern environment. D. The genes that drive these behaviors are linked on the chromosome to another important gene, and so they cannot change. E. The proteins that drive these behaviors are functionally linked to other important proteins, and so they cannot change.

C. The underlying behaviors were adaptive for millions of years, but evolution is slow to adapt to the modern environment.

What was the reasoning behind the recent reclassification of brown, red, and gold algae from the kingdom Plantae to the Protista kingdom? A. protein sequencing analysis determined that this was a better classification B. protists are a more varied classification and should incorporate more organisms C. because they lack many biochemical and structural traits of plants D. because some of the algae are single celled and lack photosynthesis

C. because they lack many biochemical and structural traits of plants

Why would a plant height increase provide an advantage? A. more food farther B. water movement C. better access to light D. evaporation E. tensile strength

C. better access to light

What are the thee main types of locomotion used by protists? A. cilia, flagella, and pili B. flagella, kinesins, and pili C. cili, flagella, and pseudopods D. kinesins, pseudopods, and whips

C. cili, flagella, and pseudopods

Which of the following are the earliest groups of seedless vascular plants and consists of about 1,200 species? A. horsetails B. whisk ferns C. club mosses D. ferns E. hornworts

C. club mosses

It is said that the United States has a high frequency of six-toed cats because a six-toed cat came over on the Mayflower. If true, what is this an example of? A. assortative mating B. artificial selection C. founder effect D. inbreeding depression

C. founder effect

A cross between two different species results in a A. new species B. physiological aberrant C. hybrid D. mutant

C. hybrid

Almost all life cycles will have haploid and diploid phases. The transition from haploid to diploid occurs A. after DNA replication during the S phase of the cell cycle. B. once the origin of replication is complete and the septum has formed. C. during crossing over in prophase I of meiosis. D. when gametes fuse during fertilization.

D. when gametes fuse during fertilization.

You thought you were going to a meeting of the Finnish Engineering Student Association (FESA), but instead you find yourself in a meeting for the Flat Earth Society (FES). "Huh?" you say, "The Earth is round. You know, because of gravity." The FES president responds "Oh, gravity- that;s just a theory!" How do you respond? A. "Gravity is not just some unproven scientific theory- it's a law." B. "Yes, gravity is a theory, but it is a clearly stated, testable theory, which allows us to do experiments." C. "Biologists use 'hypotheses', and physicists use 'theories' and 'laws'. They're all the same thing." D. "When scientists use the word 'theory', they mean a robust explanation that has already been confirmed be many independent observations." E. "Gravitational theory has made it into the textbooks, so it must be true."

D. "When scientists use the word 'theory', they mean a robust explanation that has already been confirmed be many independent observations."

An organism has 36 chromosomes. At the end of meiosis II, each gamete contains A. 36 chromosomes, 72 chromatids B. 36 chromosomes, 36 chromatids C. 18 chromosomes, 36 chromatids D. 18 chromosomes, 18 chromatids

D. 18 chromosomes, 18 chromatids

You are engaged in a project to breed new color variants in snakes. A certain chromosome carries three genes that all affect pigmentation. Two of the genes, A and B are near each other on the chromosome, but gene C is further away. You are hoping to maintain the versions of the three genes from the maternal chromosomes in some of the grandchildren. What would you predict for the behavior of these genes during crossover in meiosis? A. All three genes are equally likely to be separated by a crossover event, since these are randomly distributed. B. The maternal chromosome will be transmitted as it is to half of the progeny. C. The maternal chromosome will be transmitted as it is to all of the progeny. D. Genes A and B are likely to stay together, but they are more likely to become separated from gene C since a crossover is more likely to occur in the longer space between them.

D. Genes A and B are likely to stay together, but they are more likely to become separated from gene C since a crossover is more likely to occur in the longer space between them.

Based on levels of organization, which example represents the broadest level? A. respiratory system B. alligator C. alligator, bass, long-needs gar D. Mississippi river E. school of bass

D. Mississippi river

In a population of nontoxic butterflies some have a morph that mimics the toxic monarch butterfly. The recessive allele for mimicry is m, and they wild type allele is M. Through genotype analysis you determine that the frequency of the m allele in the population is 0.3. The frequency of butterflies with the mimic morph is 17%. What do you conclude? A. The population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, so the mimic morph is not being selected upon. B. The population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The advantageous mimic morph must be being selected, but the wild type morph must have some hidden advantage as well. C. The population is not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. All butterflies carrying the m allele are being selected. D. The population is not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The homozygous mimic butterflies are being selected.

D. The population is not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The homozygous mimic butterflies are being selected.

A hypothesis is: A. a suggested explanation for an event. B. testable through experiments. C. falsifiable. D. all of the choices are correct.

D. all of the choices are correct.

Antibiotic resistance can develop when overusing antibiotics. Why shouldn't a person ill with the flu or a cold use antibiotics? A. should let nature run its course B. evolution has made these diseases weak so antibiotics are not necessary C. these strains are antibiotic resistant D. caused by viruses which aren't affected by antibiotics

D. caused by viruses which aren't affected by antibiotics

Geological activity has led to the rise of a relatively new island near the Galapagos islands. A few birds from one species of finch traveled to the island and propagated over millions of years, with mutations leading to a variety of beak shapes. What information would you need to predict which beak she is going to have the highest fitness on the new island? A. how fit similar beak types were on the Galapagos B. which beak is the strongest C. which beak is the longest D. food sources available on this island

D. food sources available on this island

What is the most important feature that defines an organism as being a eukaryote? A. having linear DNA with histone proteins attached B. having a cell membrane serving as a selectively permeable barrier C. having both rough and smooth ER D. having a nucleus surrounded by a nuclear envelope with nuclear pores

D. having a nucleus surrounded by a nuclear envelope with nuclear pores

What best sums evolution? A. evolution is always random B. evolution is always directed C. mutations are directed, but selection is random D. mutations are random, but selection can direct which mutations become fixed

D. mutations are random, but selection can direct which mutations become fixed

In order to determine the genotypes of humans with family members with sickle-cell anemia, but of individuals that themselves do not have sickle-cell anemia, one would perform A. a monohybrid cross B. a dihybrid cross C. a test cross D. pedigree analysis

D. pedigree analysis

What could account for prokaryotes being the first organisms to appear on earth? A. largest of the single-celled organisms and can use heat from thermal vents B. only organisms capable of making their own food and able to eat others C. able to form spores for reproductions and flawless for movement D. simplest cell structure and survive harsh conditions

D. simplest cell structure and survive harsh conditions

What is the multicellular reproductive structure present in the bryophytes and absent in most algae? A. sporopollenin B. ectomycorrhizae C. basidiocarp D. sporangium E. ascogonium

D. sporangium

Sometimes, the solution to one problem creates a new problem. Which of the structures below compensates for a problem with a plant feature that conserves water? A. archegonia B. shoot apical meristem C. sporopollenin D. stomata

D. stomata

Meiosis and sexual reproduction increase diversity because A. they are archaic processes. B. it allows for populations to adapt to environmental changes. C. they produce offspring extremely quickly. D. they will almost always have different offspring arise. E. they only need one parent.

D. they will almost always have different offspring arise.

Which is better for a scientist to use, inductive or deductive reasoning? A. Deductive reasoning is better, because it relies on logic and well-established theories. B. Inductive reasoning it better, because it relies on logic and well-established theories. C. Deductive reasoning is more scientific, because it uses data to make a decisions D. Inductive reasoning is more scientific, because it uses data to make a decision. E. Both are useful. Deductive reasoning uses observations to come to a general conclusion, while inductive reasoning makes logical predictions from a general principle. F. Both are useful. Inductive reasoning uses observations to come to a general conclusion, while deductive reasoning makes logical predictions from a general principle.

F. Both are useful. Inductive reasoning uses observations to come to a general conclusion, while deductive reasoning makes logical predictions from a general principle.

If you have traveled in a time machine 400 may to the Devonian, what foods would be available to eat- besides fish? (Select all that apply) A. apples B. corn C. lettuce D. pomegranates E. rice F. seaweed G. wheat

F. seaweed