Midterm Art History 102

Leonardo da Vinci, Virgin of the Rocks, ca. 1485

Begins to pioneer approaches to painting that haven't bee nseen before Mary in blue, jesus under her arm Ciado scora ' Not clear crisp lines- all in a pictorial atmosphere No scriptural source says that this meeting happened - painted as an imaginary meeting

Van Eyck, Ghent Altarpiece, completed 1432

Brother Hubert also worked with van eyck Polyptych- many paneled work of art A lot to look at, suggests the limits of human vision, can be understood as the all seeing vision of god compared to limited human vision Massive work of art Exterior of work - another anunciation scne At top- gabriel (kneeling) and mary Artist united four panels - other panels, each panel treated like its own, on the exterior van eyck treated as a single register Can be seen in gold gabriels words to mary Marys words upside down in gold because they are adressed to god Interior scene in middle- windows peak out to countryside Lots of attention to drapery and clothing Bottom - donors at left and right, reminding of donors of monestary in dijon (philip bold and wife) Patrons turned praying in direction of two figures, depicted grisaille (gray) to be made out of stone John the baptist and john the evangelist Lots of depth and attention to human form in space, despite not much attention to human bodies Thanks to oil painting Interior of work Top - heavenly court scene God the father enthroned with a crown Figures - mary and john the baptist to left and right Angels singing and playing organs to left and right Far sides- images of Adam and Eve who brought sin into heavenly realm God the father details Lavish attention on tiny details in his crown, jewels, broach, tapestry behind him, no detail left to chance Adam and Eve details Light and shadow indicate inhabiting 3d space Look like real people - differentiates netherlandish art from italian Not as idealized Bottom- heavenly gathering as if everyone is converging on the same point with an altar in the middle On top of altar- lamb, bleeding from wound into cup on altar Jesus as the sacrificial lamb- bleeding, communion Knights, popes, hermits, monks, everyone coming from all corners into perfected landscape Fun fact: this painitng was stolen by nazis and stored in a salt mine

Nanni di Banco, Quattro Coronati (Or San Michele), 1409-1416/17

City assigns to each guild to fill one of the statue niches One of these statue niches done by Nanni di Banco - Quattro Coronati Four crowned figures are artists that lived in the third century, christian, emperor of the time persecuted christians, when he asked the artists to make him a pagan god statue they refuse. These artists were martyrs and died for their beliefs. This particular sculpture is made by the guild of wood and stone carvers. Paid for and made by one of them, themselves people who could make statues. They decided that the people who would be depicted who also made statues. Also another work of art that shows the rise of status of artists because the sculptors chose to highlight artists Also functions as an advertisement of artist history, heroism Relief sculpture below quattro coronati Commission that the guild makes ends up being an adveristment for the things they do - clever use of space and resources

Dürer, Self-Portrait, 1500

Classic renaissance humanist- very interested in all realms of knowledge, well traveled, scholar, studied and admired italian renaissance art Very jesus like portrait - intentional recall of the use of hand of jesus Looks like an icon of christ Straight on angle- fully frontal straight on approach as opposed to man in red turban or mona lisa, thought of as heiratic (holy) Praises artistry in focusing on an artist as well as focusing on the hand which assists in making the art Monogram on the right side of the painting - A D and date A D is another common abbreviation for ano domini- year of our lord - durer got lucky with his initial

Fra Angelico, Annunciation, 1440-1445

Cosimo commissioned a monk to paint it Angel Gabriel left, Mary right Separated by arches, Connected by gaze Very spare/unornamented area, which is unusual for depiction of Mary and Gabriel Texts beneath Our father reminds readers to connect to Mary Linear perspective Fra Angelico halos DO NOT use foreshortening

Michelangelo, Last Judgment (Sistine Chapel back wall), 1534-1541

Counter reformation About the wrath of god and suffering Sorts who did the right thing and who didn't Focuses on god of punishment that protestant reformation is less in favor of pushing

Limbourg Brothers, July page from Les Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry/The Very Rich Hours of the Duke of Berry, 1413-1416

Divide between earth and heaven Additional divide between the people who work for the duke and his wealth

Correggio, The Assumption of the Virgin, ca. 1522-30

Extreme foreshortening of the figures- look like they are above us Looking closely, Mary is near the top extending an arm Eve is seen extending an apple Adam is seen with a hand to chest gesture Appears to be jesus falling into the arms of mary

Donatello, Feast of Herod (Siena Cathedral), 1425

Herod is a king at the time of the virth of Jesus Has a stepdaughter named Salamay who is at a feast, dances to entertain guests (seen near right with twirling drapery). Dances so beautifully that herod offers anything she wants. She demands (because of her mom) the head of John the Baptist. He's a little mad at herod and herod's new wife and has spoken against salamays mother. Herod has John the baptist decapitated. Donatello depicts the story using continuous narrative (different parts of the story happening in the same image). Left side- king herod recoilingwith his hands in horror at john's head on a platter. In a background we see servant carrying out head. Beginning middle and end all included. Another relief where donatello uses sciachatto (smashing). The farther away the figures get, the less deep the relief is. Front part would be considered to be in high relief, background would be in shallow sciaccato relief.

Piero della Francesca, Resurrection (1463)

Holy tomb Banner often symbolizes resurrection Other figures don't see Jesus rise because they are sleeping Positions are not believable Man in brown self portrait of Piero Located in town hall that had been occupied by Florence Foreshortening of soldiers on ground

Botticelli, Birth of Venus, ca. 1485

Hung in a villa owned by Medici, Thought to be painted after primavera Zephyr left blowing hot air into scene, blowing her to shore Flora right giving cloth to her Aphrodite in center?

Parmigianino, The Madonna with the Long Neck, ca. 1535.

It was commissioned by Elena Baiardi, as an altarpiece for her private chapel in the church of Santa Maria dei Servi at Parma. It was started in 1534 and completed at Pentecost in 1535, but it reached its intended destination only after the artist's death. Hence it is often referred to as 'unfinished'. Described as lyrical and aloof with a cool but polished colour, it achieved widespread fame during the sixteenth century and in 1698 it was acquired by Ferdinando de' Medici, Grand Prince of Tuscany. It has been in the Uffizi since 1948. The design of the painting is based on text taken from medieval hymns to the Virgin (herself traditionally understood as an allegorical representation of the Church), which likens her neck to a great ivory column, supporting the Church of God. Thus the exaggerated length of Virgin's neck is - like the marble pillar or column in the background - a sign of the painting's religious meaning.

Da Vinci, Last Supper, ca. 1495-1498

Jesus knows someone will betray him Apostles respond with surprise at this news Last supper is the point at which catholic doctorine of communion Foundation of christian sacrament

Albrecht Dürer, The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse, 1498

Lots of anxiety surrounding 1500 Famine, death, war, and conquest are the individual riders on horses Used fear as a marketing strategy One can use lots of detail in an engraving- rendering of angel drapery, ferls and shadows, the way light comes in from the corner

Jan van Eyck, Man in a Red Turban, 1433

Often seen as a self portrait of Van Eyck Van Eyck- member of court serving duke Credited with the invention of oil painting Doesn't invent it- but is one of the first artists to master it Unusual for an artist in the middle ages- makes a name for himself by signing his works- one of the first indications of an artist claiming a new status in the renaisscance Shows three quarter profile which hadnt yet been seen Signs on the frame that he painted onto the image Called Trompe l'oiel frame- Optical illusion Writes name on the bottom in latin says name and "I made it" Top inscription translated to "as best i can" Kind of humble bragging Great detail in face Mastery in oil painting In greek and latin- puts him back to antiquity

Jacopo da Pontormo, Pietà, c. 1526-1528

Unstable composition Pastel pink Paler coloration Mary's baby blue garment much different from lapus lazule blue

Perugino, Delivery of the Keys (Sistine Chapel), 1482

key symbolizes transfer of power from Jesus to St. Peter- Peter becomes first pope. Catholic church argues supremacy on the grounds that all church popes have been linked to St Peter and given authority directly from hand of Jesus. Painting symbolizes transfer of authority

Andrea Mantegna, Camera Picta (Ducal Palace, Mantua) 1465-74

Ceiling looks like staring into open sky Putti= chubby baby Adds playfulness to the decoration of the room Unknown who black figure is Don't know if male or female Potentially first example of African slave Shows Europe was communicating with other parts of the world

Michelangelo, Fall of Man and Expulsion From the Garden (Sistine Chapel Ceiling), 1508-1512

Continuous narrative- story of adam and eve

Titian, Pietà, ca. 1576

Dark gloomy somber pieta At the center bottom of canvas, subject- virgin mary holding adult son jesus in her lap Titian began for his tomb - displayed alongside of pisaros madonna Titian didn't finish in time for his death- one of his students came to finish it Thought to be very personal for titian Surmise that the figure is perhaps a self portrait of titian (figure to the right with red robe) Diagonal line that swoops Top of diagonal- mary magdalene, then mary mother of christ Figure group sits in front of a little chapel niche/shrine or mini building with the triangular roof Moses the prohet to the left of the house Sibil (prophet from pagan times) flanking the figure group Highlights in the dark painting Up in the niche the artist intends to indicate that it is a gold mosaiced semi dome shimmering in the dark space Titian has included painting within the painting- below lion pedestal. Included a figure of himself next to his son in front of a pieta Mesonademe (?) Painting in which the figure is multiplied (?) Large scale work, 13 ft by 11.5 Painting was made to decorate architecture Meant to be hung on a museum wall

Piero della Francesca, Double Portrait of Battista Sforza and Federico da Montefeltro, 1474

Duke and wife Borrowed profile portrait idea from coin Naturalistic true to life drawing Commissioned for Battista perhaps for her death Land in background suggests all of the land they control Battista Wife of Monte Pale because of death portrayal or because of makeup trends of time Montefeltro is a condottiere general Shows details, hair on ears and back Nose broken multiple times in battle Shows moles and warts Coat color shows ranking = Duke

Pieter Bruegel the Elder, The Return of the Hunters aka The Hunters in the Snow, 1565

Flemish artist working in northern europe, in netherlands at this time some parts are protestant and some catholic, tension in air over religious divide Works really show his interest in the customs of ordinary people and daily life, very highly educated and rich man, fan of other artists like Bosche, lives in city, considered todays upper class liberal elite, interests himsefl in the lives of everyday people Rhis painting is one of a series that someone commisioned from him, 6 paintings illustrating the seasons (microseasons) every 2 months Merchant commissioned it wanted them to be panel paintings that would show the labors of the month Book of hours like Le Tre leche air Shows characteristic activity of winter in the foreground by showing hunters with a rather pitiful hunt- only one rabbit or fox on their pole, them and dogs return dejected from hunt Middle ground shows activities of winter- ice skating, dancing, playing a game like curling, enjoying the landscape Fruegal was well traveled and had been to italy, so the landscape that he makes up for his series is a combo of italy (evidenced by the mountains in the background inspired by the italian alps) and the netherlands (very flat- no mountains) constructing a landscape animated by all of the people and activities in it and looking realistic but in reality a mish mash fantasy Bruegal invents landscape painting - a tradition seen in any survey collection museum, but before his time nobody was making landscape the whole subject of his painting

Donatello, Equestrian Monument of Gattamelata, 1445-1450 (Padua)

Gattamelata from Padula (Spelling?), but fought in war on behalf of Venice Mercineri general condottiere= conducts war Commemorated by Venice Legs approx. 6 feet long "remixing" a roman statue by Aurelius. Donatello accomplishing a first, not for 1200 years has Europe seen a work of this size and type Beginning of time of renaissance commemorating an individual that's not a god etc.

Lorenzo Ghiberti, Sacrifice of Isaac, 1401-1403

Ghiberti- shows a mountain, ram on top of mountain. Reading is different due to the composition. Ghiberti wins- easy way to remember.. Bruneleschi boo, ghiberti good. Possibly influenced outcome because he was able to sculpt the panel all in one piece rather than gluing it all together Many people though ghiberti's way of making it was cheaper because there was less metal Shows that the renaiscance didn't like gore- renaiscance preffered a moment of high drama or suspense.. But just before or after. A lot like in greek tragedies, the gore happens offstage.

Albrecht Dürer, Rhinoceros, 1515

In his creative interpretation, Dürer illustrates this strongly built mammal with a thick skin of armor plating. He highlights the heavy texture of the animal's body and renders it even more apparent through the use of a woodblock. By transferring the original design from his drawing onto a woodblock, Dürer evinces the texture of the mammal's skin through the embossment left on the paper of individually printed impressions. In a further attempt to magnify the animal's strength, Dürer inaccurately arms the rhinoceros with a sharp dorsal horn, seen beside the letter 'R' on the woodcut. Even if Dürer is guilty of a misinterpretation, he effectively captures the character of the animal. This rhino is a true marvel of the animal kingdom.

Robert Campin and workshop. Mérode Triptych, 1425-1430.

Interior of Bourgeois household Coat of arms- in the window Right panel - Joseph hard at work in his workshop Mousetraps - religious writings by St Augustine about the moustrap symbolizing a trap for the devil Sometimes Merode Triptych is called the Mousetrap Triptych Clouds in middle window Joseph's panel gives a nice view of the Netherlandish skyline Shows a middle ground between holy and earthly ground Mary's body not clearly defined All of this detail is possible due to oil paint

Hans Memling, Diptych of Martin van Nieuwenhove, 1487

Martin- on the right opposite Mary St. Martin in stain glass window During this time, beureaucrats traders merchants and bankers could afford to commission art. Not just royalty anymore Martin was one of these people Martin shown in velvet Clues to his wealth Hands folded in front of a book with gold ribbed pages Books were precious becuase handwritten Ornamented stained glass windows Behind Mary, a small mirror that shows the back of Martin and Mary Indicates that they are in the same room together Incscription at bottom left panel: says who the artist is, patron, and martin's age Artist was born in Germany, worked in Belgium, influenced by van der weyden and van eyck In keeping with flemish and netherlandish tradition As seen in the details of the cushion and motifs

Lucas Cranach the Elder, An Allegory of Law and Grace, 1530

Luther is in favor of images that teach Meant to plainly illustrate the differences between the ew reformed church and the catholic church Left vs right: catholic church vs prodestant church Scene on left : average believer is trying to follow all the rules and do good works, in the world view god sits in judgement, adam and eve bring in sin, current believer is left trying to do the right thing and follow the right rules and unfortunatley can't, demons chasing him into bottom left corner (hell)- will end up in hell despite his efforts Scene on right: Crucified jesus, blood pouring out, average sinner is washed in the blood, john the baptist is teaching, jesus on the bottom right resurrected stomping on demons

Donatello, David, 1420s-1460s

Made for Medici Story of David- New Testament- David and Goliath. David conquers giant with help from God. Uses a slingshot Donatello depicts moment after victory when David has taken a sword and cut off the head of Goliath, David is standing on the head of Goliath. Further proves that the renaiscance doesn't like duing- likes it before or after. New for its time because it chose to depict the boy as nude. Likely to be the first life size free standing nude since antiquity. Able to hold up all of the metal with no support. Very very expensive work of art. Many times more expensive than if he had done the same sculpture in marble. Only a family like the medici would have been able to afford a bronze life size scultprue like this. Commissioned and put it in the courtyard of their palace- in the most public part of their private residence. Anyone who came to visit medici would be sure to see how rich they are in the courtyard. David becomes an emblem of Florence. He is almost like their mascot because like david, florence considered itself to be small against the mighty forces of Milan or Naples who were getting ready to attack Florence- both monarchies ruled by a duke or king. Florence escapes unscathed becaues the dukes of milan and naples both die in the early 15th century. Florence considers themselves to be the underdog and adopts david as their mascot. Inscription on bottom of statue that David is the defender of the fatherland. The medici felt themselves to be very much the defenders of florence and its tradition as a republic.

Rosso Fiorentino, The Descent from the Cross, 1521

Made this painting in 1521 Compares with Vanerwyden's descent from the cross almost 100 years earlier Mary isn't in blue in Fiorentino's work Mary is the almost hidden woman in the middle of two people Mary Magdalene in red? Fact that we're unsure is perfectly mannerist. Doesn't have the same focal point and isn't as clear and didactic Jesus isn't directly in the center, looks green Figures crowded in Vanderwyden's Mannerist paintings often do the same thing by pushing figures toward plane Fiorentino's work appears more fluid and in motion

Limbourg Brothers, January page from Les Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry/The Very Rich Hours of the Duke of Berry, 1413-1416

Manuscript- often copied, highly decorated and painted, ornate details Means "The Very Rich Hours of The Duke of Berry" Book of hours because different hours of the day prescribed different prayers Prayer book that depicts what you should be praying about at certain times of day Also includes a calendar This page shows a feast- in January it was typical to have feasting Symbol of France (blue circles) shown in painting International Gothic- details in fabrics he's wearing Book isn't finished - top of page where zodiac section is wasn't filled in like other months Lindenbourg brothers died before finishing, likely of the plague Duke is seen in blue with fancy hat Tapestry behind duke shows how powerful the Duke is Tapestry meant to show how much the Duke can afford and how powerful he was Devotional object which also shows how great the duke was. Kind of a paradox Very small object- 5 by 8 inches Private devotional object

Rogier van der Weyden, St. Luke Drawing the Virgin, ca. 1435-1440.

One of the earliest works that shows an artist at work Status of the artist is beginning to rise- no longer considered a laborer, beginning to be seen as intellectuals. Artists are beginning to draw artists in their paintings Oil and tempera Could have been commissioned- not sure why the painting was made Open room with Mary seated as if in throne, has a canopy over her. A queen of heaven motif Broqueted tapestry behind her Mary appears to St. Luke so he can draw an image of her St. Luke is seen as the patron saint of artists Becomes famous in the Byzantine tradition for making Mary's image. Also one of the writers of the gospel Luke sometimes shown as an ox- ox included in painting behind him Attention to detail in the broquet, checkerboard floor, being able to see out the window into the scenery

Parmigianino, Self-Portrait, 1524

Posterboy of mannerism Makes portrait at 21 Does it by looking at himself in a convex (curved) mirror Depicts that art is like a mirror- world should be depicted as seen - distorts the way we would expect to see it Painted onto a convex curved panel/canvas Conventional- smooth skin, brush strokes, raphaelesque and classical

Titian, Madonna with Members of the Pesaro Family, 1526

Ottoman turkish citiznes encroachng on venetia Venetian army defeated turkish forces in 1502 Represents military victory and venice, also a symbolic victory for christianity Mary at top with Jesus Titian gives jesus more humanistic baby features than other artists Peter below mary- idenitificablle because he has a key (his attribute) Pisaro is kneeling piously in bottom left corner Pesaros family kneeling in right Associates the pesaro with saint Battle was at st moris St Moris holds the flag of victory, has pesaro code of arms advertising their family and crest. Also has bay/laurel leaves which represents a crown during something like the olympics, stands for victory Back upper are two other saints Sacca holi blabla-iana (idk how to say it) means holy conversation- congregates people to a holy conversation in a painting if they've never actually spoken to exalt the depicted patrons Figure at left with white turban- represents muslim figure (europe sees as the other- believe they are threatening their way of life) Large painting- 16 by 9 feet One of sons of patrons looks out at the viewer- unsure of why

Michelangelo, Creation of Adam (Sistine Chapel Ceiling), 1508-1512

Painted in 1511, The Creation of Adam is the fourth scene in the chronological order of the Genesis fresco narrative, but was one of the last main panels to be completed. One of the most famous religious paintings on the ceiling, it appears in the large field of the vault of the sixth bay, between the triangular spandrels. The picture illustrates the Book of Genesis story of God breathing life into Adam, the first human being. Michelangelo's powerful image of this scene - showing the spark of life being passed from one outstretched fingertip to another - is a visual masterstroke. It has become an iconic image of Christian art, as well as a modern graphic for the transfer of physical and spiritual energy, and has an almost electrical magnetism.

Andrea del Castagno, The Last Supper, Sant'Apollonia, Florence (1445-50)

Painting located in convent for group of nuns in their Refectory (dining hall Night before Jesus is apprehended by roman guards Shows the last supper Judas (apostle who betrays Jesus) shown in front of table Holy followers and Jesus behind John next to Jesus, often shown next to Jesus sleeping in Last Supper Linear perspective Decorated in a roman style (marble walls, scaled plaster, geometric shapes on ceiling

Masaccio (Tommaso di Ser Giovanni di Mone Cassai), The Holy Trinity with the Virgin, St. John, and Two Donors, 1425

Part of wall décor in Fresco Depiction of the trinity: god the father, Jesus, Holy spirit symbolized by the dove. Dove looks like scarf on god Mary, Saint John the Baptist second level (almost always in crucifixion scenes) Donor 1, 2 at bottom Lenzy Family Sarcophagus, skeleton on tomb Memento Mori= reminder of death Latin above skeleton says: "What you are I once was. What I am you will be" Elements of triangles Masaccio first person to use Linear perspective, (scientific perspective, one point perspective) Converge to vanishing point Looks as if there are different levels Donors closest to us, Mary and john further, trinity furthest back

Raphael, The School of Athens, from the Stanza della Segnatura, Vatican Palace, 1508-1511

Plato and Aristotle in the center, Socrates in green, ancient thinkers and astronomers, mathematician, philosopher, Raphael brought together all of the thinkers in the painting.

Signorelli, The Damned Cast Into Hell, 1499-1500

Signorelli uses the painting to explore the nude human body in all positions Depiction of hell that has little to do with fire or excrement Makes physical the kind of torment that people believed one would experience if wrong choices were made 1500s image- turn of the century- not just any century 1500 nice round number Unsure of what could happen- many are convinced that this is the y4ear the world will end According to some christian doctrine once jesus comes back everybody will be sorted out Images about the end of the world become very popular around 1500

Marcus Gheeraerts the Younger, Portrait of Elizabeth I (The Ditcheley Portrait), ca. 1592

Sir Henry Lee starts living with a woman he isnt married to, she sees it as immoral, he invites her to his estate at ditcheley, games in her honor and a portrait presented to her, stormy sky balanced with a more optimistic sky, presents sir henry lees hope that the clouds over their friendship will clear and it will be good again Latin phrases in portrait- "She can but does not take revenge" - merciful she has chosen to be Reason england manages to have peace for quite some time Estate used to be a roman villa, actually a spot where a lot of downtown abbey was filmed

Unknown artist, Buxheim St. Christopher, 1423

St Christopher- patron saint of travelers, sent to have been a giant, often seen to have been ferrying travelers across a river In this scene he is transporting jesus across a river For the first time in history the average person can afford to own a work of art

Michelangelo, Pietà, 1498

Subject- lamination of virgin mary over dead son jesus To accomodate jesus' adult male body- made marys lap substantial Attention to human body from nearly nude jesus

Hans Holbein, The Ambassadors (Jean de Dinteville and Georges de Selve), 1533

The depiction of the two figures is both technically brilliant and symbolic. De Dinteville, on the left, is dressed in luxurious secular clothes - a meticulously rendered heavy black coat lined with lynx-fur, over a pink silk tunic. On his hat is the image of a skull - his personal insignia - which is undoubtedly a memento mori. The bishop and classical scholar Georges de Selve is dressed in less ostentatious clerical clothes. Significantly, his stance is less assertive than that of his colleague, and he actually occupies less space in the picture frame. Some experts also point to de Dinteville's secular roots and de Selve's clerical roots as symbolizing the dysfunctional nature of the alliance between France and the Vatican, as well as the general conflict between Church (pope) and State (Henry VIII). In addition, the image of the lute with a broken string (lower shelf) is a popular symbol of discord, either reinforcing the idea of a conflict between England and Rome, or alluding to the Continental schism between Protestants and Catholics.

Sofonisba Anguissola, Self Portrait, ca. 1556

Trained as a professional artist and did well despite female artists having a difficult time Friends with michelangelo Frames the painting with "by this very hand" Very self conscious of the skill of her hand- evidence of the fact that artists have been elevated by a new status

Michelangelo, David, 1501-4

Triumphant Story of david who beats goliath Michelangelo, unlike donatello, chooses the moment vefore david defeats the lion David is contemplating with the rock he's about to throw in his hand Contrapposto pose - natural leaning slightly on one leg No worry or anxiety Female artists are kept from being artists for a long time because women can't draw nude men Michelangelo was likely dissecting bodies to understand human form - would have been frowned upon by the church

Unknown artist, Wilton Diptych, c. 1400.

Unknown artist Not called because of a meaning title- the name of the owner Diptych- two different panels that fit like a book Left panel: kneeling figure of King Richard the second, behind him three figures Left - Saint Edmund, has an arrow (attribute) Middle- Saint Edward the confessor Right- john the baptist Richard the Second kneeling in front of the saints Other 2 have also been kings in the past- backing up richard, important company Shows where Richard derives authority, historical figures Richard also derives authority from Mary and Jesus Jesus seems to almost pull out of Marys arms toward the king- suggests relationship between Jesus and Richard despite separation of diptych Mary has angels in the background Angel holding flag of england Endorsement for the country Angels depicted as ladies in waiting image Heavenly court Richard wears an emblum on his chest of a deer, so do the angels Implies that the angels are on his team

Tintoretto, The Last Supper, 1594

Venetian painter like Titian Halo in opposition to da vinci's last supper- tintoretto is back to wondering how do we show the mystery and spirituality of this content? Different perspective than Da vinci's A lot of commotion around the scene Off balance composition - vertigo quality about it, imbalance takes away from stability and ease in finding particular details from the image

Pieter Bruegel the Elder, Peasant Wedding, ca. 1568

Went into the homes and lives of people who lived very differently from him, including peasants living off the land. Very interested in studying their customs, so he and a patron of his would disguise themselves and crash peasant weddings to observe regular life In this scene- bride all the way in the back, highlighted by her crown and green fabric hanging behind her, sits demurely and modestly, everyone else enjoys themselves, lots of drink as evidenced by the collection of empyty jugs in bottom left corner, musicians playing, set in a barn seen by the height of a large collection of hay in top left

Titian, Rape of Europa, 1559-1562

Zeuss appears on a shore as a bull and europa comes along and sas what a sweet bull, dresses it up, puts a garland on its head. Soon bull whisks her away while her friends wave panicked from the shore. Good example of titian reqorking a mythological image and capturing the mood of the story. Titian uses a looser brushwork style and you can see the strokes- you can see the way he buids up layers of paint in the impasto technique in places like the gleam of the bulls eye or foam bull runs into