Module 1 Anatomy

What is a plane ?

(Imaginary) flat surface thru a body

Pericardial cavity

Btwn pericardial layers (visceral & parietal)

How are epithelial cells bound together ?

By several types of intercellular junctions

What are the 8 cellular functions?

C^3 MS. DR. L, cover, connect, communicate, move, store, defence, repro, line

What is bone ?

Calcifies matrix arranged in osteons

What is microscopic anatomy ?

Can't be seen unaided

What is lymph ?

Intestinal fluid that goes thru lymph vessels

What is necrosis?

Irreversible damage via harmful agents or mechanical damage

somatic vs autonomic nervous system

autonomic = not conscious, somatic = perceived/controlled consciously, both = motor and sensory,

What are the two types of supporting connective tissue ?

bone and cartilage

how are the most complex unconscious motor patterns controlled?

by neurons in the cerebellum, midbrain and cerebral nuceli

how are highly variable/complex voluntary motor patterns controlled?

by the cerebral cortex, occupy highest level of processing/motor control

what is the reticular formation?

grey matter projecting thru midbrain, pons, medulla, motor/sensory components, activating system processes stimuli = keeps us alert

what are involuntary autonomic reflexes?

help maintain homeostasis, smooth/cardiac muscle contractions, or gland secretion in respond to stimulus

what is the role of the cerebellum?

receive input from sensory/motor paths, detects disparity btwn intended and actual movement; correct, transmitted to premotor and primary motor cortex via thalamus and b.stem

What are the 6 types of gross anatomy ?

reds cs; regional, embryology, developmental, systemic, comparative, surface

what are the four components of the CNS that control autonomic function

s. cord, brainstem, hypothalamus, cerebrum

what is the lowest level of motor control?

simple reflexes stimulating motor neurons, nuclei in s.cord and brainstem (also used in complex)

What are microtubules made of?

tubulin radiating from Centrosome

what is a preganglionic neuron?

the first neuron in the ANS path, cell body in brain or s.cord

What is stratified epithelium?

2+ layers, not all have apical surface or attached to b.membrane

How many abdominopelvic regions & quadrants are there?

4 quads & 9 regions

Female reproductive system

Makes HOROMONES (progest & estro) & female sex cells (oocytes)

What is the role of integral proteins?

Many varied function; span entire membrane

What are 4 types wandering cells?

Mast, plasma cells, leukocytes, free macrophages

What are the 2 classifications of organelles?

Membrane vs non membrane bound

What germ layer does connective tissue come from ?

Mesoderm

What germ layer does muscle tissue come from ?

Mesoderm

What are micovilli?

Microscopic projections from p.membrane that increase s.area (for transport), no motion

Mediastinum

Middle compartment containing heart

Median plane

Midsagittal, divides body to equal L&R

What is connective tissue ?

Most diverse and abundant tissue

What are two cell types involved in movement ?

Muscle cells of the heart & skeletal muscle cells

Two ways cells die

Necrosis & apoptosis

What are the 2 types of connective tissue proper?

Resident & wandering

What is the role of the golgi?

Revive from RER (proteins & lipids) for modification, sorting, packing

Endocrine system

Secrete hormones; regulate growth (body & cell), levels (chemicals), reproduction

What are the 4 functions of epithelial tissue?

Secretion, sensation, selective, protection

Skeletal system

Skeletal = support, hempopiesis , muscle attachment, Ca & P storage

What is the peritoneal cavity ?

Space btwn visceral & parietal peritoneum

What is the pleural cavity ?

Space btwn visceral & parietal pleura

What are nuclear pores?

Selectively permeable channels that allow specific molecules in/out of the nucleus

What are the seven integument functions?

Sensory, secrete, protection, prevent water loss, regulate temp & metabolism, immune defence,

What lines the ventral cavities ?

Serious (thin) membrane

What is a tissue ?

Similar cells & extracellular products, perform a common function

What is the function of dense irregular connective tissue?

Tensile strength in all directions

What are the lungs lined by?

The 2 layered pleural membrane

What is found in the cranial cavity ?

The brain

What is physiology ?

The study of function, (therefore related to anatomy)

What is anatomy ?

The study of structure, often implies function, to cut up/open

What is plasma ?

The watery ground substance containing protein fibres

What are lysosomes ?

Vesicles from golgi, function in autolysis & phagy

What are the two continuous layers of the pericardium ?

Visceral and parietal

What is autolysis?

When a dying cell releases autosomal lysosomes; digests cell

What is the mitosis phase?

When the cell divides

neuronal convergence vs divergence

convergence = axons from multiple preganglionic synapse on one ganglionic divergence = axons from one preganglionic synapse of multiple ganglionic

where do higher order processing/integrative functions occur?

cortex (cerebrum); involve multiple brain regions

what is a postganglionic axon?

extends from cell body to target (effector) cells

what is a preganglionic axon?

extends to second cell body (autonomic ganglion in PNS)

what is dual innervation?

found in many visceral effectors, innervation by preganglionic axons for both ANS divisions, antagonist or cooperative

Skeletal muscle tissue

multinucleate; striated, parallel fibres, voluntary, cylindrical, attached to bone (sometimes skin)

What are the two types of nervous tissue?

neurons and glial cells

what are the four cranial nerves associated with the parasympathetic division

oculomotor (III), facial (VII), vagus (X), glossopharyngeal (IX)

How many organ systems are in the body?

11

What is cartilage ?

A firm gel like ECM made of proteins and ground substance, support and withstand deformation

What germ layer does epithelial tissue come from ?

ALL THREE = ecto,endo, mesoderm

How are epithelial tissues classified?

According to shape and number of cell layers

What is the basement membrane?

Acellular structure produced by epithelial and underlying connective tissue, support/anchor epithelial tissue, barrier btwn epithelial and underlying connective

What are 4 types of resident cells?

Adipocytes, fibroblasts, fixed macrophages, mesenchymal cells

What is an organism made up of?

All organ systems

Role of gap junctions

Allow adjacent cell communication via ion and small molecule flow, directly connect cytoplasms

Where is dense elastic connective tissue found ?

Arteries

What is the role of neutrophils ?

Attack bacteria

What is the role of lymphocytes?

Attack foreign material

What are the 5 epidermal strata?

Basal, spinosum, granule, lucidium (thick skin), corenum

What is the function of areolar connective tissue ?

Bind & pack organs

What happens in a membrane bound organelle?

Biochemical activity (in the organelle) is isolated from other organelles & cytosol

What is found in the pelvic cavity ?

Bladder/urethra, internal repro organs, l.intestine (some)

What are 5 examples of connective tissue ?

Blood, bones, fat, tendons, ligaments

What are three types of cells involved in repro?

Bone marrow, sperm, oocyte

Where is nervous tissue found?

Brain, S. Cord, nerves

Cardiac muscle tissue

Branched, shorter than skeletal, striated, attached by gap junctions at intercalated discs = rapid current passage, contraction causes blood movement

Ground substance of connective tissue proper

Carbs and proteins, gelatinous, the water and salts = texture from hard (bone) to semi fluid (adipose)

What are 2 functions of the nucleus?

Cell regulation and production of ribosomal subunits

6 Characteristics of epithelial tissue

Cellularity(almost entirely cells; little ECM), polarity (top & bottom), avascular (no blood vessels), high regeneration capacity, attachment (basal attaches to basement), innervation (detect changes)

Cubodial cells

Centre nucleus, same size on all sides

Chromosomes vs chromatin

Chromatin = when DNA not dividing; unwound, vs chromosomes = tight chromatin during cell division

What are the three components of areolar connective tissue?

Collagen, elastic, fibroblasts

What are the three types of protein fibres produced by connective tissue cells and secreted into the ECM ?

Collagen, elastic, reticular

What are the 3 types of epithelial cell shape ?

Columnar, cuboidal, squamous

What are proteins?

Complex molecules made of 2 AA

What are the 3 functions of lysosomes?

Digestion (of material that enters cell via endocytosis), removal, self destruction

What is the role of collagen from fibroblasts?

Connection (attachment), form ligaments; attach bone-bone

What are the 4 ways the plasma membrane interacts w surroundings ?

Connection, communication, protection, transport

How does the plasma membrane function in communication?

Contains receptors that recognize/respond to molecular signals

What is the role of the nuclear envelope?

Controls entry/exit of molecules from nucleus and cytoplasm

Frontal plane

Coronal, divides into anterior (front) & posterior (back)

Where is the visceral peritoneum found?

Covering most digestive organs

What is the function of epithelial tissue?

Covers surfaces & lines cavities/organs

What are the 2 cavities of the posterior?

Cranial & vertebral

What is a section ?

Cut thru a structure

Digestive system

DIGESTS (chemically & mech), absorb nutrients & excrete waste

What are nucleosomes made of?

DNA + histones, make up chromatin

Where is dense irregular connective tissue found ?

Deemis

What is the dermis ?

Deeper areolar and dense irregular connective tissue

Wha is the role of lymphocytes?

Defence; produce antibodies to target antigens/invading cells

What are the three types of dense connective tissue ?

Dense regular and irregular, elastic

What is fibrocartilage ?

Dense woven collagen; durability

What are the 2 layers of the integument ?

Dermis & epidermis

What are the 3 functions of the smooth ER?

Detox, carb metabolism, lipid synthesis/storage/transport (INCLUDES STEROIDS)

What is the role of peroxisomes?

Detoxify(use O2 & catalase), convert peroxide to H2O; break down fatty acids

What separates the ventral cavities ?

Diaphragm

How do epithelial cells get oxygen and nutrients?

Diffusion from underlying tissue

Sagittal plane

Divides body into L&R, unequal

What are lacunae?

ECM that encloses chondrocytes

What germ layer does nervous tissue come from?

Ectoderm

What are cisternae?

Edges that pinch off to give rise to transport/secretory vesicles, where proteins are modified

What is cisrernae ?

Enclosed spaces, membrane bound, in the ER

What are the 3 major components of the nucleus?

Envelope, nucleoli, DNA/chromosome/chhromatin

What is an example of a peripheral protein?

Enzyme

Comparative anatomy

Examines SIMILARITIES & DIFFERENCES in anatomy of different species

Urinary system

FILTERS blood to remove waste; concentrated as urine

What is the role of muscle tissue?

Facilitate movement of skeleton or organ walls

What are the three types of cartilage ?

Fibro, elastic, hyaline

What are the 5 functions of microtubules ?

Fix organelles, maintain shape, motility (cilia/flagella), organelle movement, cell division (move chromosomes)

What are 4 cell shapes?

Flat, cylindrical, oval, irregular

Squamous cells

Flat, wide, irregular shape

What are the 3 classifications of connective tissue?

Fluid, supporting, proper

What is the role of plasma cells?

Form antibodies that bind foreign substances (bacteria, viruses)

What is the function of reticular connective tissue ?

Form stroma of lymphatic organs

What is the function of elastic connective tissue ?

Framework/support for organs

Distal

Furthest attachment from trunk

What are 4 types of intercellular junctions ?

Gap, tight, adhering, desmosomes

Respiratory system

Gas exchange (O2 & CO2) btw blood and lungs (air)

Role of tight junctions

Gatekeepers btwn internal/external, prevent movement btwn epithelial cells; molecules travel through cells

What is the glycocalyx?

Glycoproteins & glycolipids attached to the external p.membrane

Neuron function

Initiate and conduct electrical activity throughout the body, communication and control of body function

What are the 2 types of proteins in the plasma membrane ?

Integral & peripheral

What are cilia?

Grouped on cells, move objects across their surface, ex respiratory tract cells

epithelial tissue ECM

Have none/little

Cardiovascular system

Heart moves blood thru vessels; distributes nutrients, gases, hormone, picks up gas

Transfers plane

Horizontal, divides into inferior (lower) & superior (upper)

What is the most common type of cartilage?

Hyaline, also the weakest

What are the abdopelvic regions ?

Iliac, lumbar, hypochondriac, epi & hypogastric , umbilical

How do tissues vary?

In structure, function & extracellular matrix

Where are integral proteins located?

In the phospholipid bilateral spanning the entire thickness, exposed to in&outside the cell

Ribosomes

Large + small subunit, protein synthesis, fixed or attached

What are the three components of reticular connective tissue?

Leukocytes, fibroblasts, reticular fibres

Where is the parietal peritoneum found ?

Lining internal walls; don't contact organs

What is the role of epithelial cells in the S.intestine ?

Lining; Regulate nutrient movement

What is the plasma membrane composed of?

Lipids & proteins

What are flagella?

Longer than cilia, singular, propel cell, ex.sperm

What are the two types of connective tissue proper?

Loose and dense connective tissue

Where are peripheral proteins located?

Loosely attached to external/internal surface of p.membrane

Where is the visceral pleura located?

Lung surface

What is autophagy ?

Lysosome enzymes digest and remove waste & damaged organelles in cell

What are the 3 roles of microfilaments ?

Maintain/change cell shape, muscle contraction, cell division

What is interphase?

Maintain/resting phase between divisions, normal metabolic activities

What is derived from epithelial tissue?

Majority of glands

What are collagen fibres ?

Make up 25% of all proteins in the human body; most abundant protein, long, strong, resist stretching, unbranched

Male reproductive systems

Makes HORMONES (testosterone) & male sex cells = SPERM

What are the 4 types of tissues in the body ?

Nervous, muscle, epithelial, connective

Neurone vs glial cells

Neurons have axons and dendrites, but glial cells lack these processes

Is the heart in the pericardial cavity?

No, it is outside the pericardial cavity

Is there separation btwn abdo and pelvic cavity ?

No; continuous

What is pseudostratified epithelium?

Nuclei give appearance of multilayer, not all cells reach apical

What are the 3 basic parts of most human cells?

Nucleus, Cytoplasm, Plasma Membrane

What are the 7 characteristics of living organisms ?

O M G RARR; organization, metabolism, growth/Dev, repro, adapt, respond, regulate

Contralateral

On opp side

Ipsilateral

On same side

Lateral

Opp of medial; away from the midline

Smooth muscle tissue

Organ walls, wide middle tapered ends = fusiform, no striations, involuntary, contraction causes movement

What does epithelial tissue line?

Organs, every body surface & cavity

What are the 3 parts of the thoracic cavity ?

PMP ; pleural, mediastinum, pericard

Secretory vesicles

Package modified proteins, become lysosomes or do exocytosis or merge with p.membrane; insert proteins

Transport vesicles

Package proteins (from RER), pinch off from RER, fuse w cis of Golgi

What is loose connective tissue ?

Packing material in spaces around the organs

What lines the abdopelvic cavity ?

Peritoneum

What surrounds the abdominopelvic cavity ?

Peritoneum

What is the role of fixed macrophages?

Phagocytize foreign material

What is the role of free macrophages?

Phagocytosize foreign material

What are the four components of blood (fluid connective tissue)

Plasma, platelets, leukocytes, erythrocytes

What is simple epithelium ?

Single layer, apical surface, attached to b. Membrane

What is the function of neurons?

Process information and control activities

What is the role of the mitochondria?

Produce ATP (on the cristae; inner membrane) via cellular respiration; provides energy

What is the role of fibroblast?

Produce fibres & ground substance of ECM

What is the role of bone marrow stem cells ?

Produce new blood cells

What is the role of mesenchymal cells?

Produce new connective tissue; divide in response to injury

What is the extracellular matrix?

Produced by cells in specific tissue, contain water, salt, proteins and macromolecules

Serious fluid

Produced by parietal & viseral layer to prevent organ friction

Muscular system

Produced movement ; muscles = move, (heat when contracted)

What is the role of epidermal cells of the skin ?

Protect outer body surface; covering

What are the 3 characteristics of connective tissue?

Protein fibres, different cell types for different types, ground substances and proteins make up ECM

What is the cytoskeleton made of?

Proteins in cytoskeleton, hollow tubes/filaments

Role of desmosomes

Provide support and stability between cells, network of proteins in intercellular space between cells at locations of mechanical stress

What are nucleoli?

RNA/enzymes/proteins, make ribosome components, dark staining

Nervous system

Regulatory & response to stimuli, controls other systems, intelligence/consciousness

What is role the mast cells?

Release histamine & heparin; local inflammation

Oblique plane

Remember vowels; oblique = angle

Role of adhering junctions

Stabilize apical epithelial surface

What are the 5 characteristics of the anatomical position ?

Standing, Arms at side, Looking forward, Feet parallel, palms forward thumbs away TAPS F

What is found in the abdominal cavity?

Stomach & intestines, liver, spleen, kidneys & ureters,

What is the role of resident cells?

Storage, maintain/repair ECM

What is the role of hepatocytes ?

Store carbs/nutrients (as glycogen)

What is the function of adipose connective tissue ?

Store fat, insulate, protection

What is the role of adipocytes?

Store lipid reserves

What is the function of dense regular connective tissue ?

Strength and flexibility (in a single direction)

What is dense connective tissue ?

Strong, mostly collagen, packed tightly

What are the 2 roles of intermediate filaments?

Structural support, stabilize junctions btwn apposed cells

Regional anatomy

Structures within one REGION, ex abdomen, head & neck

Embryology anatomy

Study of DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGES prior to birth

Surface anatomy

Study of INTERNAL STRUCTURE as locations relate to surface markings / regions to skin

Developmental anatomy

Study of STRUCTURE CHANGES from conception through anatomy

What is cytology ?

Study of cells, micrometers (10^-5)

Systemic anatomy

Study of structures involved w a SPECIFIC ACTIVITY, ex digestion or repro

Where is the abdo & pelvic separation ?

Superior border of the hip bones

What is the function of connective tissue?

Support, protect and bind organs

What is the function of glial cells?

Support/protect neurons

What is the role of peripheral proteins?

Surface attachment

Where is adipose connective tissue found?

Surrounding kidneys and other organs

Where is areolar connective tissue found?

Surrounding nerves and vessels

What are the role of the rough ER?

Synthesize proteins (via ribosomes) for transport/storage , proteins can be used to create lysosomes or incorporated into p.membrane

Columnar cells

Tall, basal nucleus

What is found in the mediastinum?

The pericardial cavity, trachea/esophagus, thymus

What is the plasma membrane ?

The selective hydrophobic outer barrier that regulates passing of gas, nutrients, waste

What is the integument?

The skin, largest layer

What is found in the vertebral column ?

The spinal cord

What happens when muscle fibres are stimulated?

They shorten, the result of this shortening is movement

What are reticular fibres?

Thinner than collagen, branching & woven, in the stroma of liver, spleen & lymph nodes

What are elastic fibres?

Thinner than collagen, stretch, branch, rejoin; allow stretching and relaxing

What is histology ?

Tissues; microscopic

Medial

Toward midline

Trans vs cis region

Trans = shipping region, cis = reviving region

What are the 6 protein specific functions of the plasma membrane ?

Transduction (signal), transport, recognition (cell-cell), anchor (cytoskeleton), enzyme activity, connect (intercellular)

What is another name for integral proteins?

Transmembrane proteins

What are the 6 functions of connective tissue?

Transport, storage, support, binding, protection = physical & immune

Lymphatic system

Transport/filter lymph via lymph vessels, initiate immune response when needed

What is anatomic position ?

UNIVERSAL position for COMPARING structures

What are microfilaments made of?

actin

What are the three types of loose connective tissue?

adipose, areolar, reticular

what parts of the brain is involved in consciousness ?

cerebral cortex; sensation awareness, voluntary motor control, higher mental functions, reticular formation also has motor and sensory components

what part of the brain is involved in cognition?

cerebrum (association areas), also involved in integration of info btwn sensory input and motor output

Proximal

closest attachment to trunk

what are sympathetic trunk ganglia?

house sympathetic ganglion cell bodies, one per each spinal nerve

what is the role of the cerebral nuclei?

input from cerebral cortex and limbic system, output to primary motor cortex, movement needed for conscious motor activity by adjusting motor commands

what is the adrenal medulla?

internal adrenal gland, releases hormones (epi/norepi) into the bloodstream; promotes fight or flight

where are ganglionic neurons found?

terminal ganglia (close to target organ) or intramural ganglia (wall of target organ)

higher order mental functions

learning, memory, reasoning, consciousness, both conscious and unconscious processing information processing involved

what parts of the brain is involved in memory ?

limbic system, frontal cortex, insula, storing/retriving info requires higher-order mental functions and complex interactions among different regions

Where is the parietal pleura?

lines the thoracic cavity; outrermost

Where is reticular connective tissue found ?

lymph nodes, liver, spleen, bone marrow

What are the 3 components of the cytoskeleton?

microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments

Where is the parietal pericardium ?

outside layer, sac surrounds heart

parasympathetic vs sympathetic

parasympathetic = rest and digest; homeostasis, sympathetic = fight or flight; increased metabolic activity

what is the craniosacral division ?

parasympathetic division, preganglionic neurons in brainstem nuclei and in gray regions of S2-4

neurons of somatic vs autonomic nervous system

somatic = motor neruons innervate skeletal muscle = voluntary movement, single axon extends s. cord to muscle, autonomic = motor neurons innervate smooth, cardiac muscle and glands, can excite or inhibit viscera cells, two neuron chain innervates muscle and glands; pre and postganglionic neurons

What is the mitochondrial matrix?

space inside the inner membrane

What is gross anatomy ?

structures that can be seen with the unaided eye

What is the hypodermis?

subcutaneous layer; not part of the skin, under dermis, mostly adipose

What is the epidermis ?

superficial keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, several layers (strata)

what are the three types of prevetebral ganglia?

superior and inferior mesenteric ganglion and celiac ganglion

Where is the visceral pericardium?

surface of the heart

what is the autonomic plexuses?

sympathetic post and preganglionic and visceral sensory axons

what is the thoracolumbar division?

sympathetic, preganglionic cell bodies btwn T1-T2, travel w somatic motor axons to exit spinal cord and enter anterior roots then T1-L2

Where is dense regular connective tissue found ?

tendons and ligaments

what is a ganglionic neuron?

the second neuron in the pathway

What are the 2 ventral cavities?

thoracic (superior) and abdominopelvic (anterior)

what parts of the brain is involved in language ?

wernickle area = recognize written/spoken language, angular gyrus = processes words so we can speak