Module 5 practice questions part 1
Which of the following is not a functional classification of neurotransmitters? Indirect Direct Intracellular Excitatory
Intracellular
Which of the following defines "integration"? Activating effector organs Monitoring changes both inside and outside the body Increasing the level of one substance in response to a decrease in the level of another Processing and interpretation of sensory input and determining what should be done each moment in the body
Processing and interpretation of sensory input and determining what should be done each moment in the body
During which phase of an action potential are voltage-gated K+ channels open, while voltage gated Na+ channels are closed? Repolarizing phase Depolarizing phase Regeneration Resting state
Repolarizing phase
The Nissl bodies seen in the neuron cell body represents which cellular organelle? Microtubules Rough endoplasmic reticulum Nucleus Mitochondria Centrioles
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Which of the following divisions of the nervous system is also known as the involuntary nervous system? The spinal division of the nervous system The peripheral nervous system The autonomic nervous system The somatic nervous system
The autonomic nervous system
What is the main role of the olfactory cortex? Spatial discrimination Detection of odors Sound interpretation Sight
Detection of odors
A potential of -90 mV is considered: depolarized. a graded potential. hyperpolarized. a normal resting potential.
hyperpolarized.
Match the ionic activity associated with the following phase of an action potential. _____ Opening and then closing of the Na+ channels _____ Opening of potassium gates and the rushing out of K+ _____ The sodium channels remain opened _____ All voltage-gated Na+ and K+ channels are closed _____ Increased potassium efflux as a result of sluggish closure of the potassium gates 1. Depolarization phase in the generation of an action potential 2. The resting state of a neuron 3. The repolarization phase in an action potential 4. The absolute refractory period 5. The phase in action potential known as the "after hyperpolarization"
13425
Match the following areas with the appropriate functions. _____ Thalamus _____ Medulla oblongata _____ Epithalamus _____ Hypothalamus _____ Midbrain _____ Pons 1. Sorts and "edits" information from sensory areas ascending to the cerebral cortex 2. The main visceral control center of the body responsible for maintaining homeostasis 3. Associated with the pineal gland; secretes melatonin to induce sleep 4. Controls visual reflexes that coordinate head and eye movements when we follow a moving object 5. Contains the pneumotaxic center to maintain the normal rhythm of breathing 6. An autonomic reflex center involved in maintaining body homeostasis (cardiovascular center; respiratory centers; centers for sneezing, vomiting, hiccupping, swallowing, and coughing)
163245
Match the following EEG brain wave patterns with their descriptions. _____ Beta waves _____ Alpha waves _____ Theta waves _____ Delta waves 1. Indicate a brain that is "idling"; a calm, relaxed state of wakefulness 2. Occur when we are mentally alert, as when concentrating on some problem or visual stimulus 3. Common in children; abnormal in awake adults 4. Seen during deep sleep, during anesthesia; indicate brain damage in awake adults
2134
Match the following fibers with the type of information they carry. _____ Visceral afferent fibers _____ Somatic motor fibers _____ Somatic afferent fibers _____ Visceral motor fibers 1. Skin, skeletal muscles, and joints to CNS 2. Organs in the ventral body cavity to CNS 3. CNS to skeletal muscles 4. CNS to smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, and glands
2314
Match the following areas of the cerebrum with their functions. _____ Postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe _____ Broca's area _____ Precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe _____ Occipital lobe _____ Piriform lobe 1. Motor functions 2. Sensory functions 3. Speech 4. Visual sensation 5. Smell
23145
Match the following: _____ Autonomic nervous system _____ Central nervous system _____ Peripheral nervous system _____ Somatic nervous system 1. Conducts impulses from CNS to skeletal muscles 2. Conducts impulses from CNS to internal organ muscles 3. Consists of brain and spinal cord 4. Consists of nerves carrying impulses to and from brain and spinal cord
2341
Match the following areas of the brain with the appropriate functions. _____ Limbic system _____ Multimodal association areas _____ Cerebellum _____ Reticular formation 1. Provides precise timing and appropriate patterns of skeletal muscle contraction, allowing smooth, coordinated movements and agility 2. Integrates sensory information with emotional response 3. Keeps the cerebral cortex alert and conscious and enhances its excitability 4. Includes prefrontal cortex, posterior association areas, and limbic association area
2413
Match the following cerebral structures with the appropriate functions. _____ Projection fibers _____ Commissural fibers _____ Association fibers _____ Basal nuclei _____ Cerebral cortex 1. Connect corresponding gray areas of the two hemispheres, enabling them to function as a coordinated whole (includes the corpus callosum) 2. Connect different parts of the same hemisphere 3. Enter the cerebral hemispheres from lower brain or cord centers; those that leave the cortex to travel to lower areas 4. Important in starting, stopping, and monitoring the intensity of movements executed by the cortex 5. The "executive suite" of the nervous system where our conscious mind is found
31245
Match the following diseases with their associated lesion in the CNS. _____ Huntington's disease _____ Anencephaly _____ Alzheimer's disease _____ Parkinson's disease _____ Spina bifida 1. Shortage of ACh and structural changes in the brain 2. Degeneration of dopamine-producing cells in the basal nuclei 3. Hereditary disease associated with massive degeneration in the basal nuclei and cerebral cortex 4. Absence of closure of the cephalic end of the neural tube 5. Failure to close the caudal end of the neural tube during embryonic development
34125
Match the following: _____ Neurotransmitter _____ Presynaptic calcium influx _____ Receptor/channel _____ Synaptic cleft 1. Triggers neurotransmitter release 2. Separates presynaptic terminal from postsynaptic membrane 3. Triggers voltage change in postsynaptic neuron 4. Binds to postsynaptic receptor/channel
4132
Match the following: _____ Any stimulus above this intensity will result in an action potential in a neuron _____ An insufficient stimulus _____ Numerous nerve impulses arriving at a synapse at closely timed intervals exert a cumulative effect _____ Simultaneous stimulation of many terminals, distributed widely over the surface of a postsynaptic neuron 1. Temporal summation 2. Spatial summation 3. Subthreshold stimulus 4. Threshold stimulus
4312
Match each of the following sensory areas with the appropriate description/function. _____ Vestibular cortex _____ Gustatory cortex _____ Auditory areas _____ Somatosensory association cortex _____ Primary somatosensory cortex 1. Receives information from the general sensory receptors in the skin and from proprioceptors in skeletal muscles 2. Integrates sensory inputs (temperature, pressure, etc.) relayed to it to produce an understanding of an object being felt 3. Involved in the perception of taste stimuli 4. Responsible for conscious awareness of balance (position of the head in space) 5. Permits the perception of the sound stimulus
43521
Match the following words with their corresponding statements. _____ G-protein-linked receptors _____ Reflexes _____ Saltatory conduction _____ The all-or-none phenomenon _____ Multiple sclerosis 1. The autoimmune disease that leads to destruction of the myelin sheaths in the CNS 2. The unique propagation process which occurs in myelinated axons 3. The situation where an action potential either happens completely or NOT at all 4. Indirect synaptic responses which are complex, prolonged, and often diffuse, as a result of the production of intracellular second messenger molecules 5. Rapid automatic responses to a stimulus in which the particular stimulus always produces the same motor response
45231
Match the following: _____ GABA _____ Norepinephrine _____ Serotonin _____ Endorphins _____ Acetylcholine _____ Dopamine 1. Excites skeletal muscle 2. Main neurotransmitter of sympathetic nervous system 3. "Feel good" transmitter; deficient in Parkinson's disease 4. "Mood" transmitter; target of Prozac to relieve depression 5. Generally inhibitory; found throughout CNS 6. Peptides with inhibitory, opiate-like actions
524613
Match the following terms with their definitions. _____ Ventricle _____ White matter _____ Sulcus _____ Gyrus _____ Gray matter 1. Twisters 2. Furrows 3. Groups of axons in the CNS 4. Neuron cell bodies 5. Hollow space filled with fluid inside the CNS tissue
53214
Which of the following is NOT a biogenic amine neurotransmitter? Norepinephrine Serotonin Dopamine Acetylcholine Epinephrine
Acetylcholine
Which of the following electrical events occurs when a certain threshold is reached? Resting membrane potential EPSP IPSP Action potential
Action potential
Which of the following statements best describes the membrane situation in the resting state in the neuron? All the voltage-gated Na+ and K+ channels are closed. Only the voltage-gated K+channels are open. Only the voltage-gated Na+channels are closed. Only the voltage-gated K+ are closed. Only the voltage-gated Na+ channels are open.
All the voltage-gated Na+ and K+ channels are closed.
Which of the following is a progressive degenerative disease of the brain that ultimately results in dementia? Parkinson's disease Huntington's disease Alzheimer's disease Mad cow disease
Alzheimer's disease
Which of the following meninges forms the loose, mid-layer brain covering? Casa mater Pia mater Dura mater Arachnoid mater
Arachnoid mater
Which of the following neuroglia is most responsible for the blood-brain barrier? Ependyma Oligodendrocytes Microglia Astrocytes Schwann cells
Astrocytes
Which of the following types of glial cells are the most abundant and versatile, and aid in making exchanges between capillaries and neurons? Microglia Oligodendrocytes Ependymal cells Astrocytes
Astrocytes
Which of the following types of neurons is found in the retina of the eye? Unipolar Pseudounipolar Multipolar Bipolar
Bipolar
Which of the following is a protective mechanism that helps maintain a stable environment for the brain? Pia mater Dura mater Blood-brain barrier Cerebrospinal fluid
Blood-brain barrier
What is the difference between nerves and tracts? Tracts are bundles of neuron processes and nerves are the conducting regions of neurons. Bundles of neuron processes are called tracts in the CNS and nerves in the PNS. Tracts are comprised of many nerves wrapped into long, rope-like extensions. Bundles of neuron processes are called nerves in the CNS and tracts in the PNS.
Bundles of neuron processes are called tracts in the CNS and nerves in the PNS.
Which of the following is not one of the major regions of the brain stem? Pons Medulla oblongata Midbrain Cerebellum
Cerebellum
Which of the following are the main receptive or input regions found in neurons? Ganglia Axons Dendrites Neurofibrils
Dendrites
Which of the following events is NOT involved in the transfer of information across a chemical synapse? Direct flow of ions from one neuron to the next Ion channels open in the postsynaptic membrane. Neurotransmitters bind to the postsynaptic receptors. A neurotransmitter is released by exocytosis. Calcium channels open in the presynaptic region.
Direct flow of ions from one neuron to the next
Which of the following circuit types is exemplified by impulses that travel from a single neuron of the brain, activate a hundred or more motor neurons in the spinal cord, and excite thousands of skeletal muscle fibers? Diverging circuits Reverberating circuits Converging circuits After-discharge circuits
Diverging circuits
Which of the following is not true of efferent neurons? Efferent neurons are bipolar. Efferent neurons carry impulses away from the CNS to the effector organs. Impulses from efferent neurons cause activity in skeletal muscles and glands. The cell bodies of efferent neurons are located in the CNS.
Efferent neurons are bipolar.
Which of the following neurotransmitters acts as a natural opiate? Endorphins Epinephrine Dopamine GABA Serotonin
Endorphins
Which of the following line the central cavities of the brain and spinal cord and provide a barrier between the CSF and nervous tissue? Ependymal cells Oligodendrocytes Astrocytes Schwann cells Microglia cells
Ependymal cells
Which of the following types of glial cells line the central cavities of the brain and spinal cord, where they help to circulate the cerebrospinal fluid? Microglia Ependymal cells Oligodendrocytes Astrocytes
Ependymal cells
Where do axon collaterals emerge on a myelinated nerve? From the neuron hillock From the dendrite At the terminal of the axon From the nodes of Ranvier
From the nodes of Ranvier
Which of the following areas regulates body temperature, food intake, and sleep-wake cycles? Epithalamus Hypothalamus Thalamus Pineal body
Hypothalamus
Which of the following is true of the multimodal association cortex? It allows us to tie information that we receive to previous experience and knowledge, and helps us decide what action to take. It permits the perception of sound stimuli and stores them for future reference. It integrates sensory input to produce understanding of an object being felt. It regulates our heart and other involuntary muscles in response to environmental stimuli.
It allows us to tie information that we receive to previous experience and knowledge, and helps us decide what action to take.
Which of the following factors is associated with increased conduction velocity in an axon? Large diameter Increased number of dendrites Small diameter The absence of the myelin sheath Presence of collaterals
Large diameter
__________ is a division of labor in which each hemisphere has unique abilities not shared by its partner. Cortical association Lateralization Hemispherication Hemispherical association
Lateralization
Which of the following membrane ion channels in the neuron are always open? Leakage channels Mechanically gated channels Voltage-gated channels Ligand-gated channels
Leakage channels
Which of the following regions acts as an autonomic reflex center of the brain? Pons Cerebellum Midbrain Medulla oblongata
Medulla oblongata
Which of the following diseases is directly related to demyelination? Cerebral palsy Lupus Muscular dystrophy Multiple sclerosis
Multiple sclerosis
The number of processes extending from their cell body can classify neurons structurally. Which is the most common neuron type in humans? Tripolar Unipolar All neurons have the same number of processes. Multipolar Bipolar
Multipolar
Which of the following is not a characteristic of neurons? Neurons can function optimally for over 100 years. Neurons are relatively small, simple-structured cells. In general, neurons cannot be replaced if destroyed. Neurons require continuous and abundant supplies of oxygen, and cannot survive for more than a few minutes without it.
Neurons are relatively small, simple-structured cells.
Which of the following is not a structural classification of neurons? Bipolar Multipolar Unipolar Nonpolar
Nonpolar
What is the difference between the clusters of cell bodies called nuclei and those known as ganglia? Nuclei exist in the CNS, ganglia in the PNS. There is no difference between nuclei and ganglia. Nuclei exist in the PNS, ganglia in the CNS. Nuclei exist in all cells throughout the body, and ganglia exist only within the brain and spinal cord.
Nuclei exist in the CNS, ganglia in the PNS.
Which of the following conditions would cause synaptic potentiation? Opening of NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptors Opening of voltage-gated Na+ channels Closure of NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptors Opening of voltage-gated K+ channels
Opening of NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptors
Which of the following is not a part of the diencephalon? Epithalamus Thalamus Perithalamus Hypothalamus
Perithalamus
Which of the following conditions results from viral destruction of ventral horn motor neurons? Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Paraplegia Meningitis Poliomyelitis
Poliomyelitis
Which of the following statements concerning inhibitory synapses (IPSPs) is correct? Channels allow both sodium and potassium ions to diffuse simultaneously through the membrane. The permeability of the postsynaptic membrane to sodium, potassium, and chloride is not changed. Postsynaptic membrane becomes more permeable to potassium and chloride. The postsynaptic membrane becomes less permeable to potassium. The postsynaptic membrane becomes less permeable to sodium.
Postsynaptic membrane becomes more permeable to potassium and chloride.
Which of the following substances plays the major role in generating the membrane potential of a neuron? Chloride Potassium Sodium Urea
Potassium
Choose the true statement regarding second-order neurons. Second-order neuron cell bodies reside in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. Second-order neuron cell bodies reside in the thalamus. Second-order neurons conduct impulses to the spinal cord or brain stem, where they synapse. Second-order neuron cell bodies reside in a ganglion.
Second-order neuron cell bodies reside in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord.
________ is a homeostatic brain imbalance that causes a temporary cessation of breathing during sleep. Sleep apnea Syncope Narcolepsy Epilepsy
Sleep apnea
Which of the following characteristics is NOT associated with a myelinated nerve fiber? The presence of nodes of Ranvier In the peripheral nervous system it is formed by Schwann cells. It is always associated with an axon. Rapid conduction of nerve impulses Slow conduction of nerve impulses
Slow conduction of nerve impulses
Which of the following is not one of the three basic regions of the cerebral hemisphere? The blood- and oxygen-rich red zone. The internal white matter. The basal nuclei. The superficial cortex of gray matter.
The blood- and oxygen-rich red zone.
___________ is responsible for communication between cerebral areas and between the cerebral cortex and lower CNS centers. The cerebral white matter The thalamus The hypothalamus Broca's area
The cerebral white matter
Which of the following best describes the concept of integration? The nervous system uses its millions of sensory receptors to monitor changes occurring both inside and outside the body. The nervous system processes and interprets sensory input and decides what should be done at each moment. The nervous system causes a response by activating effector organs, such as the muscles and glands. The nervous system generates neurons in order to replace or repair damaged neurons; this permits optimal communication between the CNS and the body's effector organs.
The nervous system processes and interprets sensory input and decides what should be done at each moment.
Which of the following statements about the developmental aspects of neurons is INCORRECT? The number of adult neurons is the same as the number formed during the embryonic period. They develop from neuroepithelial cells. Neurons that fail to make the appropriate synaptic contact will not receive appropriate nutrients and die. Neuroepithelial cells become amitotic during one of the three phases of differentiation they go through during maturation. Axons are attached to grow towards their "target" by multiple signals such as the nerve growth factor, the nerve cell adhesion factor, and older pathfinder neurons.
The number of adult neurons is the same as the number formed during the embryonic period.
Which criterion is used to structurally classify neurons? The number of processes extending from their cell body. The direction the nerve impulse travels relative to the central nervous system. Whether the nerve fibers are myelinated or not. Whether the neurons are found within the CNS or the PNS.
The number of processes extending from their cell body.
What is the primary difference between the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system? The somatic nervous system enables us to control our involuntary muscles, while the autonomic nervous system controls our glands. The somatic nervous system allows us to consciously control our skeletal muscles, and the autonomic nervous system controls activity that humans cannot consciously control, such as the pumping of the heart and the movement of food through the digestive tract. The autonomic nervous system allows us to consciously control our skeletal muscles, and the somatic nervous system controls activity that humans cannot consciously control, such as the pumping of the heart and the movement of food through the digestive tract. The autonomic nervous system enables us to control our involuntary muscles, while the somatic nervous system controls our glands.
The somatic nervous system allows us to consciously control our skeletal muscles, and the autonomic nervous system controls activity that humans cannot consciously control, such as the pumping of the heart and the movement of food through the digestive tract.
Choose the true statement regarding pyramidal cells. They integrate sensory input to produce an understanding of an object being felt. They provide for control of our involuntary muscles. They allow us to control our skeletal muscles. They are found within the cerebral sulci.
They allow us to control our skeletal muscles.
Which of the following is not true of chemical synapses? They transmit nerve impulses directly from one neuron to another. They communicate unidirectionally. Each is comprised of an axon terminal and a receptor region. They possess pre- and postsynaptic membranes separated by a synaptic cleft.
They transmit nerve impulses directly from one neuron to another.
Which of the following is not a function of the myelin sheath? To aid in the regeneration of damaged nerve fibers To electrically insulate nerve fibers To protect nerve fibers To increase the speed of transmission of nerve impulses
To aid in the regeneration of damaged nerve fibers
An action potential is a phenomenon that either happens completely or doesn't happen at all. True False
True
Dendrites and axons are both armlike processes that extend from cell bodies. True False
True
Which of the following membrane ion channels open and close in response to changes in the membrane potential? Mechanically gated channels Non-gated channels Voltage-gated channels Chemically gated channels
Voltage-gated channels
Which of the following neurotransmitters is thought to be the most primitive? Serotonin Dopamine acetylcholine ATP
atp
A neuron becomes depolarized during an inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP). True False
false
A reverberating circuit involves an incoming signal that travels along a chain of neurons and quickly dies out. True False
false
Acetylcholine is only found at the neuromuscular junction. True False
false
All neurons are amitotic. True False
false
Although a variety of molecules act as neurotransmitters, amino acid neurotransmitters have NOT yet been found. True False
false
Anencephaly is a result of incomplete formation of the vertebral arches, and can be caused by inadequate folic acid in the maternal diet. True False
false
In neural processing, input either travels along one single pathway to a specific destination (serial) or it travels along several different pathways to integrate in different CNS regions (parallel), but NOT both. True False
false
Over 20% of the CNS is extracellular space. True False
false
Schwann cells myelinate axons in the CNS. True False
false
The CNS is the control center for ALL human activities. True False
false
The sodium/potassium pump provides energy for neurons, but does NOT affect resting membrane potential. True False
false
Which of the following substances is NOT a neurotransmitter? Histamine Fibrin Carbon dioxide Epinephrine
fibrin
Spatial summation occurs when: an EPSP from one terminal is activated several times in rapid order. multiple local potentials occur at different times in the same cell. multiple local potentials occur at the same synapse on a cell. multiple local potentials occur at different places on the same cell at the same time.
multiple local potentials occur at different places on the same cell at the same time.
All of the structures of the CNS originate from the: cerebellum. telencephalon. neural tube. hindbrain.
neural tube.
The interior of a nerve cell has a slight excess of negative charge because: potassium diffuses out of the cell. potassium is actively pumped out. potassium is actively pumped into the cell. sodium is actively pumped into the cell. sodium is actively pumped out.
potassium diffuses out of the cell.
The sodium-potassium ion pump will: pump one sodium ion out of the cell for every ion of potassium it brings into the cell. pump one potassium ion out of the cell for every ion of sodium it brings into the cell. pump three sodium ions out of the cell for every two ions of potassium it brings into the cell. pump three potassium ions out of the cell for every two sodium ions it brings into the cell.
pump three sodium ions out of the cell for every two ions of potassium it brings into the cell.
Organelles for degradation in the axon are moved by: saltatory movement. retrograde movement. anterograde movement.
retrograde movement.
The sensory, or afferent, division of the peripheral nervous system transmits information from the _________ to the CNS. Kidney heart sweat glands skin stomach
skin
A neuron will not respond to a second stimulus of equal strength to the first stimulus to which it has already responded because: the neuron is in the absolute refractory period. the neuron is myelinated. neurons are self-propagating cells. action potential generation is an all-or-none phenomenon.
the neuron is in the absolute refractory period.
At an excitatory synapse only one type of channel is opened, allowing both sodium and potassium to diffuse simultaneously in opposite directions. This still allows depolarization to take place. True False
true
Axons are the conducting component of the neuron, whereas dendrites are the collecting, or receiving, component. True False
true
Cerebral palsy may be caused by a temporary lack of oxygen during birth. True False
true
Excitatory synapses can occur anywhere on a dendrite or soma, but it is at the axon hillock where an action potential is generated. True False
true
Spatial discrimination is the ability to identify the specific region of the body being stimulated. True False
true
The firing of one neuron can produce temporal summation. True False
true
The presence of the nodes of Ranvier speeds up the velocity of conduction along the axon. True False
true
Unipolar neurons have a single short process that is an axon. True False
true
