Music Final

Bill Haley and the Comets

"Rock Around the Clock" 1955, first rock song to be a best-seller. Like Paul Whiteman, an important popularizer of previously marginalized style, making black R&B palatable for a white audience. country side of things.

Sam Cooks's hits

"Touch the Hem of His Garment" and pop hit "Twisting the Night Away" (connects to the Twist dance craze)

The Ramones image

'50s rock 'n' roller (blue jeans, leather jackets, sunglasses). Toured the UK in 1975 and started the punk revolution there.

Disco sound

120 bpm; relentless 4-on-the-floor kick drum; offbeat open hi-hat syncopations; cyclical song forms, elaborate studio productions; funky bass lines; chicken-scratch rhythm guitar with effects.

David Bowie

1947 - 2016. A rock'n'roll chameleon and icon. Consistent musical innovation, reinvention and striking visual presentation. Introduced androgyny.

Cover Versions

1950s often meant a near-identical copy of a song first recorded by black artist, then "covered" by a white artist

Tomorrow Never Knows

1966 Album Revolver. One of the first psychedelic recordings. Written by John Lennon, lyrics adapted from Timothy Leary's "The Psychedelic Experience". Influence of LSD and Indian music. Strophic form, total studio construction.

What event changed The Wailers course

1966 visit of Ethiopian emperor Haile Selassie to Jamaica. Wailer became more musical and spiritual course (embracing Rastafarianism)

Raw Power

1973 produced by David Bowie.

Search and Destroy

1973, The Stooges

I wanna be sedated

1978, Nihilistic attitude.

Found of job

1978, The talking Heads

Heart of Glass

1979, Blondie

Whip It

1980, Devo

Glam/Hair Metal

1980s offshoot of heavy metal that marks a return to rock and roll as "party music". Less focus on instrumental virtuosity and the dark lyrical themes and imagery of metal.

Thrash Metal

1980s subgenre of heavy metal that is characterized by its extremely fast tempos progressive elements and aggression. Emerged in the US.

How will I know

1986, Houston's 2nd #1 single, first hit video.

Satisfaction

1st US #1 pop (summer of 1965). Monumental fuzz tone guitar riff, became prototype for all feature guitar-based bands. Controversial lyric about disillusionment.

The Ramones

1st punk rock band, formed in 1974 in NYC. High-speed, energetic, loud sound.

Jefferson Airplane

1st to receive national prominence. 1965, folk rock band that played Dylan songs. Embraced improvisation and open form jams. First psychedelic band to sign major record deal, spawning many imitators.

Standard band format

2 guitars, bass and drums fronted by songwriters.

Single

7 inch, 45 rpm doubled sided disc, dominated by Rock'n'roll

Paul's Boutique

A commercial failure, but influential for being composed almost entirely of samples. "Shake you Rump"

Riot grrl

A feminist movement in the early 1990s tied to the third wave of feminism. Focused on female empowerment and reclaiming the experiences and feelings of girlhood. Centred around Portland Oregon and Olympia Washington

G-Funk

A hip hop subgenre 1992 to 1996 associated with Dr. Dre and Death row records.

Yo! MTV Raps

A show dedicated to rap music that attracted the largest audience in channel's history. 1988

Alternative R&B

A style of R&B that emerged in the 1990s that fuses soul-style singing with elements of Hip-Hop, Funk and EDM. Artists often sing and rap. Same theme are original R&B.

Footwork

A style of related music and street dance that originated in Chicago during the 1980s. Fast movement of the feet with accompanying twists and turns, and usually takes place as part of a "battle".

Hardcore

A sub-genre of punk rock originating in US in early 1980s.(DIY) Do it yourself philosophy, left-wing politics, straight edge (no drinking/no drugs)

Drum & Bass (Jungle)

A type of electronic dance music that emerged in the early 1990s on pirate radio stations in the UK. Characterized by very fast tempos, intricate sub-bass lines and aggressive timbres.

Disco

A type of funk, soul, and world beat-influenced pop music of the mid-to late 1970s, intended mainly to be danced to at disco clubs. Came out of black gay club in New York late 1960s. Set as club culture.

British Blues Revival

AKA London R&B. White, working class musicians who discovered an affinity for African American electrics blues. An elitist bohemian attitude toward "authentic music" particularly Chicago blues. Example groups: The Rolling Stones, The Yardbirds, John Mayall & the Bluesbreakers, The Animals.

Peter Gabriel

Achieved fame in proh-rock group Genesis in the 1970s. Embraced digital recording technology, videos, and world music. Combined synthesizers and sampled sounds with acoustic and traditional electric instruments (guitars, keyboards).

Country/Roots Rock's musical elements

Acoustic instruments, including fiddles and banjos. Live-focused recordings, rather than studio experimentation. Standard country lyrical themes of love, heartbreak and nostalgia.

Pop Punk Sound

Against both the dark themes and general no-fun-ness of grunge and the artificiality of hair metal. Songs and videos often feature humour and a general playfulness

You ought know

Alanis Morissette's Jagged little Phil. Started a trend for women who sang openly about sex, werent shy about addressing their issues with men and used profanity.

AOR

Album Oriented Radio; aimed at white male rock fans from 13-25. Which means rock albums made as coherent statements rather than a collection of potential hit singles. Pink Floyd, Led Zeppelin, King Crimson

Coherent Narrative

Albums as complete artistic statements based on the possibilities of the 12 inch LP format. No longer a collection of distinct singles.

12 inch 33 rpm vinyl

Allowed for the creation of albums, which were initially collections of unrelated songs

1990s Musical Styles

Alternative rock/grunge, EDM/drum and Bass/Techno, Alternative Hip Hop, New Country, Boy bands/girl groups, crossover r&B, conscious Rap, Riot Grrl, Women's music, adult contemporary, and Alternative XYZ

Controversy 1982

Always controversial with his sexualized image and lyrics Tight, funk songs that combine synths with "real" instruments. By Prince.

British Metal influenced

American 1980s, metal bands such as Metallica, Slayer and Megadeth.

Madonna

American pop singer, songwriters, producers, actress, dancer , author. Started as a dancer and model on New York's dance club scene. 8 top 10 album between 1984 and 1994, over 50 million albums sold. Elevated music video to status of art.

Kanye West

American rapper, singer and record producer. Started out as a producer influenced by Wu Tang Clan, worked with Jay Z. Transition to rapping hindered by his lack of "street cred" as suburban, middle class person.

Ray Charles (1930 - 2004)

American singer, pianist and songwriter. The first to controversially merge sacred and secular idioms. Synthesized many different elements of "American" music, appealed to and challenged fans of different genres.

Spirituals

An oral traditional of Christian themed songs created by slaves in the United States. Told old testament stories while describing the hardships of slavery. Originally unaccompanied monophonic (unison) songs, they are best known today in harmonized choral arrangements.

Key part of the "80s sound"

Analogue and digital rhythm programmable machine designed to replace or supplement drummers. Can play rhythms that a human could not play and to keep those beats going for as long as desired.

The big 4

Anthrax, Megadeth "Peace Sells", Metallica "Battery", Slayer "Angel of Death"

Chuck Berry (1926 - 2017)

Archetype for rock'n'roll guitar playing, singing and song writing. Synthesized blues, R&B, and country music. Huge influence on - Elvis, The Beatles, The Rolling Stones, Jimi Hendrix. Biggest hit, Johny B. Goode. Focuses on electric guitar.

Pop Disco

Artists/songwriter based. Live instruments mixed with studio instruments. Pop hooks, standard pop song structures (verse/chorus)

42 minute album

As a coherent composition and the album as a narrative rather than a collection of hits (Frank Sinatara was one of the first to do this)

Hip Hop developed

As people found new ways to make and dance to music in these harsh urban conditions.

The Rolling Stones' Legacy

Attitude is (nearly) everything in rock and roll. Rock's original sources (blues and country) remain its most fertile ones. Chuck Berry-derived rhythm guitar is rock's essential sonic vehicle. Lyrics are most evocative when just short of indecipherable. Jagger created the persona of the front-man and Richard as the sidekick.

Punk

Back to basics rock reacting against commercialism and pretension of corporate rock music (disco, prog rock, heavy metal, glam rock). Did not receive commercial success until 1990s in US.

Synth-Rock

Bands that combine synthesizers with rock guitars, acoustic drums and bass. Dominated the charts in the 1980s after the initial synth-pop wave crashed.

Reggae sound

Bass and drums, bass has strong melodic character, often the main "hook" of the song, "up stroke" on the guitar. Innovative recording techniques, studio engineers/producers became a popular as the artists.

Key events in rock in 1970

Beatles disband, Jimi Hendrix, Janis Joplin, and Jim Morrison die of drug overdoes, two people murdered by Hells Angels at a Rolling Stones concert

Bob Marley's influence

Became "Third World's" first international recording star, first non-American black artist to have an impact on US popular music.

Rap

Becomes huge business, presents an entirely new way of making music and new marketing demographic.

Dr. Dre

Becomes the most important producer on the West Coast and the prototypical rap business person

Live aid

Benefit concert for famine relief in Ethiopia. Organized by the Irish musician Bob Geldof, key moment in 1980s music history. July 13 1985, ran for 16 hrs at London Wembly stadium and Philadelphia JFK stadium. Raised $67 million for Ethiopian famine relief. Queen steals the show.

In house

Berry Gordy, "Smokey" Robinson, and Brian Holland, Lamont Dozier and Edward Holland, Jr

Contemporary Example of 1980s Big singer

Beyonce, Christina Aguilera, Alica Keys and Lady Ga Ga

Rebel girl

Bikini Kill

Riot grrrl bands

Bikini Kill, Sleater Kinney, Bratmobile

Nirvana

Blend of hardcore punk, heavy metal and pop moved alternative rock into the mainstream. Their success ended the chart domination of hair metal bands. "never mind" album.

Bob Dylan's hits

Blowin' in the wind 1962 - topical yet ambiguous lyrics strophic form

Country/Roots Rock artists

Bob Dylan, The Byrds, Creedance Clearwater Revival, The Band, Neil Young

The Wailer

Bob Marley formed a bad with Peter Tosh and Bunny Wailer in 1963. Signed to Island Records in 1972.

Livin on a prayer

Bon Jovi, Hair rock

Iggy Pop and the Stooges

Born James Newell in Ann Arbor, Michigan. Formed The Stooges in Detroit, who played loud, droning, repetitive psychedelic music, to which Pop improvised lyrics. Signed to Elektra Records.

DJ Kool Herc

Born in Kingston, Jamaica, April 16 1955. Immigrated to SOuth Bronx, 1967. Graffiti artist, MC, DJ: The "Father of Hip-Hop". Credited with inventing the basic hip hop turntable techniques, including beat-matching two records.

Afrika Bambaataa

Born in South Bronx, 1957. Founded Universal Zulu Nation: black activist, advocated for peaceful resistance and a return to African warrior culture. Claimed to have coined the term "Hip Hop"

Style of "I want to Hold Your Hand"

Brings back 1950s rock'n'roll: carefree exuberance, high energy, but well-mannered sentiment. Tin Pan Alley AABA song form. Novel chord progression; dual lead and vocal harmonies; falsetto screams.

British Punk

British invasion in reverse, inspire young Britons to take up guitars and play aggressive music. More intense social frustration (reflected in music).

Black Sabbath

British pioneers of heavy metal. Start out as electric blues band, develop a new riff-based sound based on slow grooves. Dark, ominous songs influenced by horror films.

Rapper's Delight 1979

Build on the instrumental track of Chick's disco hit "Good times". Sued by Nile Rodgers, in a royalty settlement. First rap hit and lawsuit.

Bro Country

By 2012 the most popular genre in America, based on sales. Lyrical themes of drinking partying, trucks and girls.

Planet Rock

By Afrika Bambaataa. Second national rap hit. Sampled "Trans Europe Express" by German electro-pioneers Kraftwerk.

Believe

By Cher, autotune as an effect, rather than a corrective.

The chronic

By Dr. Dre, widely regarded as one of the most important albums of the 1990s and one of the best produced hip hop records. Aint nuthin but a G-Thang

No long talks

By Drake, grime-influenced pop record.

Hungry like the wolf

By Duran Duran, huge hit that combined guitars with synths.

Eruption

By Eddie Van Halen. Highly influential instrumental recording. Scales, bend, dive-bombs, 2-handed tapping technique to create rapid fire arpeggios; just tuning; Quotes Rudolphe Kreutzer, Caprice study No. 2 for Violin

Knots

By Gentle Giant, rapidly changing textures and instrumental virtuosity.

Kemistry

By Goldie, from the album Timeless, which became a crossover hit, introducing drum and bass to a mainstream audience.

The Message

By Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five.

Dookie

By Green Day, achieved wide-spread popularity starting. Which produced hit singles.

Unknown Tongues

By JLine, from the album Dark Energy, on the record label Planet Mu.

Funk

By James Brown. Characteristics: decreased emphasis on melody, harmony, form, and lyrics - "sound over sense", prioritizing poly-rhythmic dance rhythms and foreground role for bass and drums. "Same library" for hip hop

Cold Sweat

By James Brown. Repeating two bar pattern. Active bass line. Interlocking dual guitar parts poly-rhythmic drum part. Minimal semantic content in the singing. Simple, repetitive horn part. Drum break in the middle of the tune. Cyclical form.

808s and Heartbreak

By Kanye West, pioneers the use of auto-tune to create a kind of sing-rapping on 808s and Heartbreak (2008), creates the template for Drake and the pop-hip-hop to follow.

The College Dropout

By Kanye West, which the urban/Suburban divide by foregrounding his middle-class status to create new space in the rap sphere for "middle class" rap/.

Starless

By King Crimson. Complex rhythms, extended instrumental solos.

Vogue

By Madonna, #1 house-influenced record. With its focus on experimentation and new technology, electronic dance music had long been plundered by pop singers after a "contemporary" sound.

Beat it

By Micheal Jackson, crossover hit with electric guitar riff and solo by Eddie Van Halen.

Scream aka Itchin

By Missy Elliot, Drum and Bass influenced pop record.

Ace of spades

By Motorhead

Smells like teen spirit

By Nirvana, Loud-quiet-loud song formula. First alternative rock single of the 1990s to enter the top 10.

Flash Light

By Parliament, influential use of synth/keyboard bass.

Ride on

By Parliament, wild costumes, elaborate stage sets, science fiction themes. Reconfigured black popular music as a positive moral force.

Horses (1975)

By Patti Smith, is number 44 on the Rolling Stone list of top 500 albums.

Graceland (Diamonds on the souls of Her shoes)

By Paul Simon. One of the biggest selling records of the 1980s. Featured a collaboration between Simon and musicians from South Africa. Recorded and released at the height of the apartheid era in South Africa.

So

By Peter Gaberial, one of the "Big Albums" of the 1980s.

In your eyes

By Peter Gabriel. "World music" instruments (percussion,flutes), featured Senegalese singer Youssou N'Dour.

Sledge hammer

By Peter Gabriel. Innovative and elaborate video helped make it a hit, demonstrated the importance of videos. Part of the 1980s trend of western pop singers exploring non-western music.

Soft Soul

By Philadelphia International records (PIR); heavily orchestrated, lush string arrangements, non-political, smooth, romantic, latin percussion.

Purple Rain

By Prince wrote, stared and directed a semi-autobiographical movie. Soundtrack made Prince a rock star. #1 LP for 24 weeks; won a Grammy; 5 hit singles.

When Doves cry

By Prince. Minimalist fun groove built from simple repetitive rhythmic layers, no bass part and all instruments played by Prince.

All Hail the Queen

By Queen Latifah, first album. "Ladies First" (with Monie Love)

Invisibu Boogie

By RPBOO

I'm against it

By Ramones, example of the Punk ethos.

Jump (Dubstep)

By Rihanna, dubstep-influenced pop record.

Altamont Music Festival

By Rolling Stones as the "West Coast" Woodstock, held outside San Francisco on 6 Dec 1969. Free concert, 300 000 people attended. Hell's Angels hired as security. Marred by violence; 1 murder, 4 accidental deaths, riots. "Sympathy for the Devil"

Subdivisions

By Rush, progressive rock champions get with the times

Any man of mine

By Shania Twain.

Outshined

By Soundgarden, distorted guitar riff, melodic vocals, dark lyrical themes.

Shake it off

By Taylor Swift, turned country to pop.

Pale shelter

By Tears for Fears, programmed drums with synth soundscapes

Jump

By Valen Halen, Controversial use of synths by guitar god

Close to the Edge

By Yes. Complex song forms, elaborate staging, instrumental virtuosity.

Heart

By sisters Anna and Nancy Wilson. Founded in 1973, moved to Vancouver where they established their sound and developed a following. Influences with folk sound. Sold 35 million album, 20 top ten singles, in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.

The Night They drove Old Dixie Down

By the Band, 1969. Had three strong singers who traded lead and backing vocals, sang in loose harmony.

Roxanne

By the Police. Fuses reggae-style verses with a punk chorus and unusual words about a prostitute.

Next to you

By the Police. Started out as a punk band, but with lyrics about romantic relationships.

F*** the police

Called one of the greatest protests songs of all time by Rolling Stone magazine.

Hardcore/Industrial Techno

Came out of the UK rave scene of the early 1990s. Noisy, agressive music; distorted, heavy bass drum, up-tempo. Connected to metal, punk, and hip hop with confrontational sounds.

The Band 1969

Canadian group who defined the Americana sytle. 4 Canadians from southern Ontario, drummer Levon Helm was from Arkansas. Rose to fame after Bob Dylan went electric. Focused on songs and ensemble playing rather than studio experimentation and long solos. Used traditional acoustic instruments along with electric guitar.

Bowlderization

Censoring texts so that they will be less offensive to the target audience.

The Twist (1960)

Chubby Checkers records, a song about dance that crossed age barriers brought rock'n'roll to the center of American culture. Contributed to the creation of a distinct marketing category of popular music called "dance music".

Public Enemy sound

Chuck D raps in a deep, authoritative voice, Flavor Flav provided coloyr commentary and Terminator X composed hard hitting beats sampled from a wide range of sources

Please Please Please

Classic live performance on the TAMI show in 1964. Brown reduces lyrics to rhythmic sounds creating intense emotion with very little grammatical content.

Buddy Holly

Clean cut, safe as opposed to Elvis' dangerous sex appeal. Formed a band called Crickets, inspired Beatles. A skilled guitarist, recording engineer, and song writer. Combined country R&B and mainstream pop. Vocal style derived from country music. Pioneered the standard band format. Killed in plane crash.

Now

Clearing of sampls- authorization involving an upfront fee and/or a cut of the royalties.

Alan Freed (1921 to 1965)

Cleveland-Based DJ who played black Rhythm & Blues on the radio. Coined the term rock'n' roll, to market Black music to the White. Charged with accepting "Payola".

Pop Punk

Combines the short songs, fast riffs and distorted guitars of 1970 punk with pop-influenced melodies and lyrical themes.

Blending

Combining 2 recordings together

Musical Diversity

Connection to Jamaican: "White man in the Hammersmith Palais. The Clash.

A Day in the life

Consider their greatest achievement. Song about disenchantment withe the mundane. Written by Lennon with middle section by McCartney. Two sections joined by apocalyptic multi-tracked orchestral gliss. Use of non-instrumental sounds. Music for headphones: mixed in stereo with sounds moving around the stereo field. Final chord played on 3 pianos, microphones moved to simulate long sustain.

Urban folk-pop

Continued to grow, appealing to younger and older audiences who weren't interested in rock'n'roll

To the Extreme, hit single "Ice Ice Baby"

Controversial for being white, from a middle class background, from the south, and lacking "street cre". Appealed to a white audience, the "rap Elvis". Opened doors for white "rap" artists.

Progressive rock lyrics

Cosmic, abstract or mystical themes (Avoidance of romantic themes or sexual prowess)

Earyl 1990s

Costly court settlements reduced the number of samples used in hip hop.

CBGB

Country, Blue Grass and Blues. Legendary music club located in New York City that was center of New York punk scene in the early 1970s.

Progressive/art rock

Cream directly inspires young musicians to be really good at their instruments.

MTV

Creates a new generation of "attractive" celebrities, making image more important than ever. Profit rise with the huge stars and big albums of the 1980s.

Beat Juggling

Creating new rhythms by manipulating drum breaks using the above techniques

Synthesis

Creating new sound through the manipulation of sound waves and electric currents. Electronically manipulating recorded acoustic sounds (sampling). Often have a keyboard interface, but not necessary. Sites of experimentation in art and popular music.

Hand Sown and Home Grown

Credited as the first alternative country album by Lina Ronstadt (1969).

1963

Cross Bronx Expressway cut neighbourhood off from the rest of the city

Afro-Futurism

Cultural aesthetic that combines elements of science fiction, historical fiction, fantasy, and Afrocentrism with non-Western cosmologies in order to critique not all the present-day dilemmas of black people, but also to revise, interrogate, and re-examine the historical events of the past.

Four Elements of Hip Hop

DJ-ing, Rap, Graffiti Art and Break dancing.

Pink Floyd

Dark side of the moon. 1973 album based on the theme of madness and what drives us to it. Unified thematic content and overall down-beat mood. Sold 25 million copies, stayed on charts for 14 years. Popular cause it reflects the literary aspiration of rock songwriters.

Ziggt Stardust

David Bowie's famous stage persona, an alien rock star who falls prey to the danger of fame and destroys himself.

Glam rock artists

David Bowie, T. Rex, Alice Cooper, Queen, Kiss

Chicago subgenres

Deep House, Acid House, Progressive House

Intertextuality

Dennis Edward, Erik B and Rakim and Tupac Shakur

Wall of Sound

Dense instrumentation, thick texture, orchestral instruments, lots of reverb, closely recorded vocals. Phil Spector.

Just Cant get enough

Depech mode, their mission was to make girls dance in clubs. Synth-pop.

Amen Break

Derived drum beats from this, which is sliced up and restructured. Tempo 160- 180 bpm.

Motown Records

Detroit-based record label, founded in 1960 by Berry Gordy. Largest black-owned corporation in the US at the time. All African staff. 70% white consumer base - music was aimed at a crossover audience, but primarily mainstream, middle-class people. "The sound of Young American"

Urban folk music

Developed as a distinct form from rock'n'roll and pop. Acoustic guitar, traditional and original political/topical songs modeled on Woody Guthrie's work.

Synth pop

Develops in England in the late 1970s as a response to punk and the emergence of new electronic instruments. Musicians often built their instruments from kits purchased through electronics magazines. Music for dancing.

Alternative Rock in the 1980s

Develops out of the punk scene in the US, mainly in college towns. Local, anti-commercial, guitar-based music that blends the DIY sensibility of punk with the heavy sonic textures of hard rock and pop melodies.

Deadheads

Devoted fans of the grateful dead, followed the band on their constant tours in Volkswagen vans

Chicago House

Disco-influenced dance music named after the Warehouse gay club in Chicago where it was developed. Roland 303 bass synth. Sound quickly appropriated by white pop singers.

Detroit Techno inspired by

Disco/Funkadelic, Motown and German electronic music (attempted to make funk records without a band)

British Punk result

Disillusionment of British youth (high unemployment, inflation, racial tensions). Associated with white working-class youth subculture.

Grime sound

Distinct UK sounds, with MCS emphasizing UK accents and life-styles rather than trying to sound American. Few samples, primarily drum machines and synths.

Rock'n'Roll songwriters and producers

Dominant convention in rock in that musicians write their songs. The increasing importance of recording led to a new role in the music business: the producer, in charge of creating particular sounds for particular artists.

Euro Disco Artists

Donna summer, Gloria Gaynor, Diana Ross

Snoop

Dr Dre launches his career with his first record Doggy Style. Whats my name samples George Clintons "Atomic Dog"

Hardcore image

Dressed-down T-shirt, jeans, combat boot shaved or crew-cut hair. Violent slam dancing and stage diving.

Synth-Rock atrists

Duran Duran, Tears of fears, the cars and the Rush

British Band Sound

Each of these bands synthesized African American blues and rock'n'roll and sold it back to the home culture as popular music with a bit of exoticism mixed in.

Thank you (Falletinme Be Mice Elf Agin

Early Funk

MC5 (Motor City Five)

Early metal, inspired by the San Francisco psychedelic rock scene, attempted to do similar things in Detroit. Precursors to punk.

Sugar Hill Gang

Early rap group from the Bronx. Built songs from samples of other songs and floating pools of phrases. No Dj or sampling, they had to hire a band to replicate Chic's tracks.

Beatles were influenced by

Early rock'n'roll by Elvis, Chuck Berry, Buddy Holly, Bill Haley and Little Richard

Counterculture's life

Eastern spirituality (buddhism, hinduism, zen, taoism), vegetariansim, sexual freedom, drugs, communitarian living, anarchism, libertarianism.

Famous Rock'n'roll artists

Eddie Cochran, Frankie Lymon and the Teenagers

Stadium tours

Elaborate light shows and staging become common; Led Zeppelin breaks the world record for concert attendance in 1973.

The Beach Boys sound

Elaborate orchestration, electronic instruments, complex harmonic progressions, changes in mood, unorthodox song structure.

Riot Grrrl instrumentation

Electric guitar, bass, drums, voice and harsh timbres.

Nostalgic Rock

Elton John "Crocodile Rock" 1972 - a rock song about the good old days of rock

Dubstep

Emerged as a dance club phenomenon in South London in the mid-2000s. Focus on deep, sub bass sounds, engineered for club sound systems. Desire to make the sound physical.

Grime

Emerged in the late 1990s on UK pirate radio as a reaction against "pop" style dance music. Influenced by dub. Combined drum and bass with hip hop, with MCs rapping bars on top of aggressive beats. Connected to East London, focus on live performances by MCS.

Bob Dylan (1941)

Emerges as a leader in the scene with his original songs and idiosyncratic aggressive singing style.

Girl groups example

En Vogue, Destiny's Child, All Saints, Wilson Philips

The Clash

English punk rock band, part of the first wave of British punk. Formed in 1976.

Love to Love you Baby

Eurodisco record built from synths and drum machine . One of the first disco hits on the pop charts. Features orgasmic groans, became iconic for its celebration of female sexuality.

Sweet Dreams

Eurythmics, first international Synth-pop hit, starts a trend.

New wave

Example groups: The Cars, Blondie, Elvis Costello and the Police.

The Slits sound

Experimental sound influenced by reggae and dub. Unorthodox instrument playing, searched for new sounds and new ways to playing. Toured extensively with the Clash.

Detroit Techno sound

Experimental, futuristic, forward-thinking, yet intended for dancing; funky dance music on cheap synthesizer

The Talking Heads sound

Experimented with loops, cut and past studio composition. Strong hooks and danceable beats anchored by Tina Weymouth's monstrous bass. Cerebral adventurousness made them critic's favourites.

The Police sound

Experimented with synths and extensive guitar effects.

Live in 1972

Extended improvised jam. Form: not goal oriented (no climax) but ebb & flow from loud and soft, to high and low vocal and instrumental. Lots of repetition and gradual development. Songs extended and lined through improvisation, band moves in and out of songs live. Played very long concerts.

Alternative Hip Hop sound

Featured wide-ranging samples from jazz and popular music combined in often psychedelic ways; called sampledelic. Accessible sounds, but challenging ideas in the lyrics.

The British Invasion

Feb 9th 1964 with the Beatles on the The Ed Sullivan Show - viewed by 73 million. British groups occupied #1 pop for 52 weeks between 1964 & '65.

Expansion of timbral palette

Feedback, distortion, effects, loud volume. Contributed to San Francisco Sound.

Bob Dylan goes electric

Fifth studio, Dylan used electric instruments, which caused controversy. Defining performance at the Newport Folk Festival in 1965.

MP3

File compression algorithm that allows for the reduction of an audio file to fraction of its actual size.

Syncronicity

Final album of the police, disbanded in 1986 following the tour.

I feel you 1977

First big hit produced entirely on synthesizer. Produced by Gorgio Moroder.

Whats Going on

First hit LP for Motown. Concept album, unifying theme of social justice. Influenced Steve Wonder, George Clinton and Sly and the Family Stone.

Cant Explain

First hit single

Dance to the Music

First mainstream radio hit

The Rolling stones

First popular British blues group form in 1962. Mick Jagger, Brain Jones, Keith Richards, Bill Wyman and Charlie Watts. Current brand "The World's Greatest Rock'n'Roll Band".

The Kings of Rhythm record "Rocket '88" in 1951

First rock'n'roll song- distorted electric guitar, high energy

Little Richard

Flamboyant performer, panio player. suggestive songs coded as nonsense, embodied the outrageous spirit of rock'n'roll. Ambiguous sexuality, product of the visual medium of television. Formative influence on James Brown, The Beatles, and Prince.

1960s/70s genre

Focus on authentic, unmediated expression; intimate, confessional, personal, serious, story telling songs. Informal folk-like performance style. Main instruments, acoustic guitar, piano.

Soul Music characteristics

Focus on vocals (few instrumental solos), call and response, melisma, guttural vocal effects (screams, shouts, moans, groans), improvisation & lyrical extemporization and ecstatic moments.

"Bring the Noise"

Follows suits, collaborates with thrash metal and Anthrax on Bands shared an aggressive, noisy aesthetic.

Example of Cross Marketing

Footloose 1984. Mixed reviews but made over $80 million in the US. Title song by Kenny Loggins went to #1 on Billboard and was nominated for an Oscar. Soundtrack sold over 9 million copies. Film and soundtrack related by same company.

British Metal

Formalized the genre pioneered by late 1960s bands like Led Zeppelin and Black Sabbath. Embraced "outsider" status, speaking to marginalized working class youth.

The Beatles (1960 - 1970)

Formed in 1957, lived in Liverpool and met in highschool. John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison and Ringo Starr. Template for the self-contained rock group. 21 #1 singles and 18 #1 albums. After 1966 world tour, became a studio band.

Sex Pistols

Formed in 1975 in London, Uk. Created and formed by Malcom McLaren- a kind of punk "boy band". Broke up during 2-week US to

The Slits

Formed in 1976 with the merger of two bands: The Flower of Romance and the Castrators.

The Police

Formed in London in 1977 by Steward Copeland (drums), Andy Summers (guitar) and Gordon Somner aka Sting (bass, vocals). Synthesized reggae, punk and pop, became one of the most successful bands of the 1980s.

New York Dolls

Formed in New York in 1971. Dressed in women's fashions and make-up, modelled look after David Bowie. Amateurish performance, "dont care" attitude.

Corporations

Found that hip-hop artists sold albums and made money, so their lawyers began to search out people who illegally infringed upon their records. Lawyers made money for the corporation, but very little went back to the original artist.

Mass mediated charisma

Founded on the idea that the fan can have a personal relationship with a star through images and sounds.

Beach Boys

Founder Brian Wilson, modelled his elaborate production style on Phil Spector's. Started out as conventional rock group, branched out (through studio technology) to create more artful music. Clean cut image, matching uniforms and vocal harmonies . Sue by Chuck Berry for copyright infringement. Influnced Beatles and competed with them. "Self-conscious". Relased rock's first "concept album".

Chicago house formative producers

Frankie Knuckles, Jesse Saunders and Phuture.

Reggae lyrics

Frequently political lyrics about social justice

Gloria

From Debut album Horses. Reinterpretation of Van Morrison song with proto-punk sensibility and queer point of view.

Fast Domino 1928

From Louisiana, piano player and singer. Played R&B that is indistinguishable from what became called "rock'n'roll" to a mainstream (white) audience. Merged R&B with Tin Pan Alley songs, recorded "My Blue Haven" - a sort of reverse cover version to appeal to a white audience.

Shania Twain

From Timmins, Ontraio. Best selling female country artist of all time. Brought a big, pop sound to country music that echoed stadium rock of the 1980s-set the template for other country artists to follow. Provocative videos.

Once in a lifetime

From album Remain in Light (1980). Produced and co-written by Brain Eno. Fusing rock/pop technology & craft with African polyrhythms (influence of Afro-Beat music of Fela Kuti). Minimalism, studio effects & experimentation (delay loop on voice).

Footwork evolution

From an earlier musical style, juke, a change pioneered by R.P.Boo. Uses very fast drum patterns, vocal samples, and minimum bass.

Sister Rosetta Tharpe

From black church music tradition, played electric guitar and sang. Created controversy by mixing sacred and secular musics. Flamboyant, ecstatic performer, innovated electric guitar playing, known as "Original soul sister" and "Godmother of Rock and Roll". Set template for Chuck berry and Jimi Hendrix.

Led Zeppelin drew inspiration

From many genres; blues, folk, Arabic, Celtic, reggae, occult

David Byrne

From the Talking Heads. Geeky awkwardness became a new kind of cool.

Parliament/Funkadelic

Funk group comprised of a rotation of 40 musicians led by George Clinton. The foundation of Dr. Dre's west coast G-funk.

1970s Music Styles

Funk, Psychedelic Soul, Soft Soul, MOR (Middle of the Road) Rock, soft rock, hard rock, glam rock, heavy metal, progressive rock, punk rock and disco

Sly and the Family stone's influence

Funkadelic, Herbie Hancock Earth, Wind & Fire, Kool & the Gang

The Bestie Boys sound

Fused hard-core punk with black hip-hop style, and a generally junvenile sense of humour. Connected with young, white, urban males.

Hardcore/Industrial Techno subgenres

Gabba, happy hardcore, splittercore, doomcore, terrorcore, etc

New country artists

Garth Brooks, Shania Twain, Like Bryan and Taylor Swift

Cars

Gary Neuman, first mainstream synth pop hit in the UK. Synth-pop.

Kraftwerk

German band who began working with synthesizers in the mid-1970s. "Trans Europe Express", created entirely with "homemade" electronic instruments. "Pocket Calculator"

Whipping Excursion

Giggs

C'mon lets go

Girlschool

1989

Grammy Awards and Billboard add rap categories

Eminem

Grammy and Oscar Award-winning American rapper, record producer. Known for his highly developed rapping skills and wit. Rap Elvis.

Merry Prankster's "Acid Test"

Grateful dead is the backing band, where people took acid to see the effect it had.

Pop Punk groups

Green Dat, Blink 182 and Sum 41

The Funk Brothers

Group of Detroit studio musicians who performed on every hit from 1959 to 1971.

Rastafarianism

Growing dreadlocks, incorporating local musical traditions into their own.

Synth Rock

Guitar based hard rock bands to incorporate synthesizer into their sound in a quest to "modernize" their sounds.

Glam Rock

Hard rock genre popular in early 1970s, mostly in UK. Artists wore costumes, makeup and created fictitious stage personas.

The Motown Look

Has a "charm school" run by beauty-school owner Maxine Powell.

Image of early Hip Hop

Hats, gold, chains, untied ADIDAS shoes - 1.5 million promo deal from ADIDAS after their song "My ADIDAS" became a hit

Smokey Robinson

He wanted to write songs that were 2:15 instead of 3:15, so it can be played more.

1970s alternative musics

Heavy Metal, Disco, Reggae, punk, New Wave and Hip Hop

P-Funk Sound

Heavy syncopated bass lines; loose interlocking rhythms; psychedelic guitar solos, jazz-influenced horn arrangement, r&b harmonies, call and response vocals synthesizer.

Glen Campbell

Hosted a network variety show, had crossover hits including "Gentle On My Mind" 1967 (Country)

Being Boiled

Human League, experimental electronic sounds in a pop context. Synth-pop.

Album format

Important in classical music, Broadway shows, jazz and comedy records

West side story, Bye Bye Birdie and Fiddler on the Roof

Important musicals from the 1960s

The Harder They Come

In 1973, it became popular internationally, soundtrack still the top selling reggae album.

The Police popularity

In Asia, Europe and Africa before breaking in the US.

The Brill Building

In Newyork, 1619 Broadway. Similar to Tin Pan Alley. Songwriting teams, Carol Kind and Gerry Goffin; Barry Mann and Cynthia Weil; Jeff Barry and Ellie Greenwich. Phil Spector main customer.

Rock

In the 1970s, become big business, the primary money marker for the music industry.

African tradition

In the black Christian church: music is central to worship, ecstatic trance states, call and response between preacher and congregation.

The Clash style

Incorporated styles reggae, ska, rockabilly, etc into their sound.

Thrash Metal sound

Incorporates the sound of British Heavy Metal with the speed and aggression of hardcore punk. Low-register, fast or complex guitar riffs, virtuosic guitar shredding solos, double-kick (or pedal) patterns, Gruff vocals with dark, intelligent lyrics, Lyrical subjects: war, religion, inequality.

Patti Smith

Influential American singer, poet, author. Built on Bob Dylan's legacy of making "literate" rock. Brought feminist, queer, and intellectual perspective to punk.

Led Zeppelin 1968- 1980

Influential and popular rock group of all time. Continued hippie aesthetic into 1970s. Band known for elaborate guitar and drum solos and high pitched, operatic singing.

Jimi Hendrix (1942 - 1970)

Influential electric guitar player: pioneered new sounds using extreme volume and external effects: feedback, distortion, whammy bar, wah-wah, phasers. Elaborate physical gestures that sexualized guitar playing. Extensive studio experimentation.

Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five

Innovated, not a party oriented rap but about the dark side of life in the Bronx. Early example of social realism in rap. Not a sample, but a newly composed song using keyboards and samplers.

1960s African American "Beat" poetry

Intellectual movement that fused music and poetry.

Sex Pistols songs

Intentionally provocative songs like "God Save the Queen" and "Anarchy in the UK".

FM radio

Invented in 1928 as an improvement on AM - sounds better, can broadcast in stereo.

The Number of the Beast

Iron Maiden

Say it Loud, I'm Black and I'm proud

James Brown a hugely important figure in the civil rights movement . Activism through music, speaking out about equal rights. Expanded the role of "entertainer" to include activism.

Brids in the Sky

Jammer ft D Double E

Example of 1980s Small singer

Janet Jackson, Madonna, Paula Abdul

Piece of My Heart 1968

Janis Joplin's Biggest hit

San Francisco Sound's bands

Jefferson Airplane, Santana, The Grateful Deaf

White Rabbit 1967

Jefferson Ariplane. Inspired by LSD and Lewis Carroll's Alice in Wonderland. Sound: exotic, drone-y, icy vocal sound

Power trio

Jimi Hendrix expreience, Noel Redding (bass), Mitch Mitchell (drums)

Musicians from counterculture

Jimi Hendrix, Janis Joplin, Brain Jones, Jim Morrison

The Electric Guitar

Jimi Hendrix: Loud, distorted, virtuosic Robert Fripp: Solo guitar, manipulated electronic sound, atmospheric layering Jennifer Batten: Shredding, extremely fast playing Sonic Youth: Rock'n'Roll destruction

Prince was influenced by

Joni Mitchell, James Brown, Jimi Hendrix; sound a combination of funk, rock, new wave and folk.

The 'Belleville Three'

Juan Atkins, Derek May and Kevin Sauderson

Breaking the Law

Judas Priest

British Metal example

Judas Priest, Iron Maiden, Girlschool, Motorhead

Conscious rappers

KRS-one and Public Ememy

Progressive rock artists

King Crimson, Yes, Genesis, Gentle Giant, Emerson Lake & Palmer, Jethro Tull, Pink Floyd, Rush

Elvis Presley

King of Rock'n'Roll. The biggest selling solo artist in any period and style. Born in Mississippi and lived in Memphis. Discovered by Sam Phillips. "That's all right momma" was first hit, played on the black and white radio. Integrated R&B, country and gospel into his sound. Made Rock'n'roll a mass market, starred in films, multi media star.

The Clash lyrics

Known for political lyrics addressing social justice and inequality- clear socialist agenda. "Skilled" rock musicians.

R&B disco band

Kool and the Gang, Earth Wind and Fire, Chic

Synth-pop bands

Kraftwerk, OMD, Human League, Depeche Mode, Gary Neuman

Grunge women-led rock bands

L7, The Breeders, Hole, Lush and Jale.

Like a Rolling Stone

Landed him on the rock charts for the fist time, in 1965.

Head Bangers

Largely white male youth

FM

Late 1960s was home to "alternative" musics, stations played longer songs and even entire albums

Major pop music innovators:

Laurie Siegel, Gorgio Moroder, Herbie Hancock, Thomas Dolby

Minimalism

Layering of simple patterns to build complex teture.

Hard Rock/Heavy Metal standard instruments

Lead vocals, lead electric guitar, rhythm gutar, bass, drums

Willie Dixon

Led Zeppelin copied songs from him. And lost copyright infringement.

Hard Rock/Heavy Metal Bands

Led Zeppelin, Black Sabbath, The MC5

Whole Lotta Love

Led Zeppelin, first hit single in US.

The Ocean

Led Zeppelin, heavy metal; spectacle, loud, aggressive, guitar driven

Cassettes

Led to increased "pirating" of music - copying commercially released cassettes onto blank cassettes.

Progressive rock sound

Less emphasis on blues; greater influence of classical music. Longer compositions (sometimes in movements or suites)

Alternative Hip Hop

Less noisy and confrontational than groups like Public Enemy and NWA but with thoughtful, political, Afro-Centric lyrics.

Papa's Got a Brand New Bag/I feel Good Medly

Live in performance on the Ed Sullivan show in 1966. Focus on rhythm and timbre rather than melody, harmony and lyrical content. Interlocking syncopated rhythms link to African musical styles.

The Who

London rock band, followed the success of the Beatles in the US. Loud, agressive, literate rock music. Set template for "wild" rock performances: smashing instruments on stage, feedback, distortion, "windmill" guitar playing, explosive drum moves. Godfathers of punk rock.

Beatles commodification

Lots of Beatles merchandise, including lunch boxes, dolls, coffee mugs and movies.

Glam/Hair Metal sound

Lyrics about partying, romance and working class life; simple riffs and pop song forms. General attempts to appeal to female audience rather than alienate them.

Please Hammer Dont Hurt 'em, hit single "You Can't touch this"

MC Hammer, very accessible pop sound, with non-threatening, inspirational lyrics and imagery in the videos. Criticized for lack of skills as a rapper, and for selling out. Opened doors for other "pop" rap artists.

Kick out the Jams 1969

MC5

Dolly Parton

Made inroads into the pop charts and as a pop culture icon with hits like "Jolene" 1973

Digitization of sound

Made it easier to create, record and consume music. Personal computers could now do the work of a full recording studio. Made it possible to sample older musics, and to preserve old recordings.

David Bowie influences

Madonna, Lady Ga Ga and Prince

Vogue

Madonna, sound and vision. 1st #1 house-influenced record.

Like a Prayer

Madonna, sound and vision. Censured by the Vatican, caused Pepsi to cancel a sponsorship deal, was a huge hit.

Glam/Hair Metal look

Male musicians with big hair, make up, often in "women's" clothing, androgynous but still very heterosexual.

Boy Band

Male popular music groups of the late 1990s and early 21st century. Teen-pop genre who typically perform complex dance choreography. Modelled on the doo-wop vocal groups of the 1950s and the Jackson 5 in the 1970s.

The Stax Records

Memphis- based record from 1959 - 1976. Distributed by Atlantic Records. Major player in formation of southern soul style. Featured in-house songwriters, production team, and band (Booker T and MGs). Featured fist integrated popular music groups: Mar-keys and Booker T and the MGs.

Thriller album

Micheal Jackson's broke the colour barrier on MTV.

Little Red Rooster vocals

Mick Jagger influenced by African American Singing style, blends sexual energy and cockiness into unique singing style .

Countrypolitan

Mix of country with urban pop music. Stars wore suits,, tuxedos, evening gowns and stylized outfits.

Reggae

Mixture of Caribbean folk music and American R&B, developed in Jamaica

Girl Groups

Modelled on the Brill Building and Motown Girl Groups of the 1960s: The Ronettes and the supremes. Added element of elaborate dance choreograohy, sexualized image.

Beatles Fashionn

Mop-tops, breads and long hair

Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band

Most influential rock album of all time, 900 hours of studio time over 4 months. Direct response to the Beach Boys' Pet sounds. Popularized psychedelia and psychedelic drug use. Innovative in every sense. Hippy movement and the summer of love in 1967.

Janis Joplin (1943 - 1970)

Most successful white blues singer of the 1960s, inspired by Bessie Smith and Big Mama Thorton . Joined Big Brother and the Holding company became the main attraction. Known for intense, growling vocals and ecstatic stage performances .

Bubblegum soul

Motown has success with this song, its by Jackson 5. Catchy dance songs about teenage love.

Saturday Night Fever

Movie, brought disco to the (white,straight) mainstream. Theme upward class mobility. 15 million copies and second best-selling soundtrack of all time.

Cultural Impact of Beatles

Music suggested infinite possibilities, that rock could be experimental. Unprecedented breadth and appeal. Created sound of the '60, artist from Bob Dylan to Jimi Hendrix.

Alternative

Music that somehow challeneges the status quo (independent, local, anti-corporation). A lucrative niche market that corporation can exploit.

Cross-marketing

Music video/music tie-ins, growth of music soundtracks

Country/Roots Rock

Musical genre that combines the energy and spirit of rock'n'roll with elements of country music. Alternative to psychedelia.

New Wave

Musical movement based in the US and UK in late 1970s and early 1980s.

Soul Music

Musical style popular since the mid-1950s that combines the raw emotionalism and singing-style of gospel music with rhythm & blues. Controversially merged religious and secular themes.

Folk-rock

Musicians quickly seized on the commerical success of the Bydrs and Dylan and began combining folk with pop rock instumentaion.

MAD

Mutually Assured Destruction

Straight outta compton

NWA

American Bandstand

Nationally broadcast, a television program where young people danced to rock'n'roll record. Was a platform for promoting records and dances.

Sex Pistols Debut LP

Never Mind the Bollocks, Here's the Sex Pistols (1977), hugely influential

Jet Boy

New York Dolls

Boy Band example

New kids on the block, Bel Biv Devoe, N'Sync and One Direction

New Country

New marketing strategies and sales-tracking technology. Made 1990s country the most popular genres. Combing traditional country with production and performance styles drawn from stadium rock.

Grunge bands

Nirvana, soundgarden, hole, L7, Alice in Chains and pearl Jam

Janet Jackon

Not a virtuosic singer, pioneered a more reserved, intimate vocal style. Videos and live shows feature complex choreography and visuals. Early music with an innovative fusion of rhythm and blues, rap vocals, funk, disco and synthesized percussion.

Ann Wilson

One of the greatest rock vocalists. Feminist icons for their perseverance.

Patsy Cline (1932 - 1963)

One of the most famous and influential country singers. Worked in the Nashville system. Slight vocal twang, powerful crooning style. Elaborate studio arrangements: strings, backing vocals. Crossed over to the pop music charts. AABA form.

Prince (1958 - Forever)

One of the most flamboyant, controversial influential and popular artists of '80s. Grew up in Minneapolis, still lives there in a home/studio compound called Paisley Park. Between 1982 and 1992 had nine alums in the top 10, sold 80 million albums, average an album a year.

Prevalence of long jam-sessions

Open-ended forms, slower harmonic rhythm. Contributed to San Francisco Sound.

Adult-oriented

Orchestral pop music that offered a contrast to youth-centric rock and soul music.

Gospel

Original christian songs written for performances in church services. Draw on popular music forms and rhythms, add sacred lyrics. Virtuosic, highly melismatic singing. Solo voice and backing group alternate. Usually performed in large groups, songs have positive uplifting messages.

OMFUG

Other Music For Uplifting Gormandizers

Stax Artists

Otis Redding, Sam and Dave, Wilson Pickett

Sound systems

Outdoor dance parties hosted by a Dj and MC on the weekends in Jamaica. Stared in the 1950s.

Progressive Rock (Art rock or Prog rock) 1969 - 1979

Outgrowth of psychedelic rock in UK; expanding limitations of popular music and aspiring to create serious music.

Love's theme 1973

PIR, prototypical disco song: love limited orchestra

Eric Clapton

Part of Cream. A guitarist who had a close counter influence to Jimi Hendrix.

Importance of disco

Part of hip hop music in the late 1970s and techno a few years later

Cream

Part of the second wave of the British blues revival, played riff-based blues rock. First super-group, made up of musicians from former bands. Muscianship "hip" in rock: elevated instrumental skill in rock to that normally accepted in jazz or classical music.

Yesterday 1965

Paul McCartney- Penned song. Mature lyrical themes: nostalgia sadness, growing old. Tin Pan Alley AABA form. Use of string instruments with guitar, chamber music-aesthetic. One of the Beatles' most covered songs. Showed interest in song-craft and experimentation.

Psychedelic

Pertaining to or causing a state of extreme calm, heightened senses, aesthetic perception, and hallucination and distortion of perception.

The Who songwriter

Pete Townshend wrote about growing up, being working class and Child sexual abuse.

Famous producers

Phil Spector, George Martin and Chet Atkins

Soul music instruments

Piano, organ, guitar, bass, drums, horn section and/or b. vocals.

Other psychedelic jams

Pink Flyod - Astronomy Domine The Byrds - Eight Miles High

Sam Cooke (1931 - 1964)

Pioneering soul singer and songwriter. Started in the Soul Strirrers. Caused controversy in the gospel community by going "secular" as a solo artist. Started the crossing over trend.

Afrika Bambaataa innovation

Pioneering use of 808 Drum machine, which became an essential part of the sound of hip hop. Added electronics sounds to sampling template or early hip hop.

Glam/Hair Metal bands

Poison, Guns and Roses, Bon Jovi, Motley Crue

Talk Dirty to me

Poison, Hair Rock

1980s musical styles

Post-punk rock, pop punk, synth pop, synth rock,glam/hair metal, thrash metal, crossover R&B, "Big singers", rap, techno/house and world beat.

1960s

Predominately Black, Puerto Rican and Caribbean neighborhood

Counterculture defined

Predominately white, middle class people. Used drugs: marijuana, LSD/Acid. Alcohol and other drugs.

I wanna be your lover

Prince

Boderline

Produced by Nile Rogers, synth pop influenced. Artists Madonna, sound and vision.

Euro Disco

Producer-based studio constructions. Orchestral instruments (strings), synthesizers, drum machines. Recordings for Djs to play, rather than performance

Cream composed of

Psychedelic pop songs on record, but live focused on extended improvised blues jams. Borrowed directly form the "country blues" of Robert Johnson, with added electric volume. "Cross road blues" to Crossroads

It takes a nation of millions to hold us back

Public Enemy's break through album.

Riot grrrl sound

Punk-style music focus on energy, aggression, and claiming space for women and sexual minorities. Asserted that sexuality in rock is constructed and contested.

Donna Summer

Queen of Disco, church singer, set template.

1980s Small singer

Quiet, intimate singing style, known as much for dancing as for singing. Focus on visual presentation in videos and concerts

3 Types of disco

R&B Disco, Euro Disco, Pop Disco

Ray Charles hits

R&B: "What'd I say" 1959 - groove based song with controversial vocal sounds. Pop: "Georgia on my Mind" 1960 - Tin Pan Alley song, re-imagined in a contemporary style. Country hit: "I cant stop loving you" 1962 - the Nashville sound, with Charles;s distinctive vocals and piano.

Stax Sound

Raw vocal performances and driving danceable rhythmic feel. Single singer with backing and featuring guitar, bass, drums, piano/organ, and horns. Simple song forms: blues or two chord vamps. Strong back beat on the snare drum. "Ecstatic". Energy and feeling in the vocals more important then the lyrical content.

Punk attidue

Rebellion against authority and rejection of mainstream values & counterculture; amateur, DIY music-making.

Jerry Lee Lewis

Recorded for SUN record, biggest star after Elvis. Piano player with wild man rock persona, hyper-sexualized performance, and song lyrics. Combined country and R&B to create up-tempo and hard-driving rock. Career collasped after he marrid his 13 year old cousin.

Grunge lyrics

Reflected and spoke to generational malaise; rising unemployment and other factors made it clear that this would be the first generation of Americans who would not, for the most part, be better off than their parents.

Political/protest music

Reggae just mean comin' from the people, an everyday thing, like from the ghetto. When you say reggae you mean regular, majority. And when you say reggae it means poverty, suffering, Rastafari, everything in the ghetto. It's music from the rebels, people who dont have what they want. - Toots Hibbert of the Maytals

Grunge sound

Retained the distorted guitar sounds and intensity of heavy metal but avoided its guitar solos and other signifiers of virtuosity.

Sony walkman 1979

Revolutionized how and where music was consumed. Sales f cassettes eclipsed vinyl sales for the first time.

Backspining

Rewinding an LP record to cue it up

Scratching

Rhythmically moving a record back and forth in while it is playing on a turntable

RG message

Riot grrl. Encouraged community participation and activism, reinforced the DIY approach of the movement and prompted young women nto start bands.

Counterculture

Rock music fans who disagreed with the Viet Nam War, wanted to find new ways to structure society.

The Early 1960s

Rock no longer about rebellion, as it became the dominant consumer music. New dance. New models of songwriting and record production developed as young rock'n'roll musicians and fans moved into positions of power in the music industry. Tin Pan Alley system of the "song factory" reinvented with Motown records and Brill Building.

Chicago House used

Roland 303 bass synth

Beatles success

Roots in black forms of music, evident in their successful cover of the Isley Brothers' "Twist and Shout", released in 1963.

Ray Charles vocal style

Rough-edged vocal timbre using shakes, moans and other improvised touches for emotional intensity.

Raising Hell

Run-DMC considered the most influential act in rap, established a hard-edge, rock-influenced style. 1st rap group to headline a national tour and be on MTV.

Old school days

Sample without care

Sly and the Family Stone

San Francisco. First inter-racial, mixed gender. Psychedelic soul. Brought funk music to a white audience, Woodstock festival.

The Grateful Dead (1965 - 1995)

San francisco-based psychedelic rock band known for its eclectic style (rock, folk, bluegrass, blues, country, jazz) and long improvised jams. More live shows than recordings. Only one song in the Top 40 in 30 years.

Cutting

Seamlessly cueing back and forth from 2 copies of the same record with mixer's crossfader

Message songs

Secular songs that address particular social issues. Political lyrics that may have subtle references to the bible.

Crate digging

Selecting obscure unique records

Micheal Jackson

Self-proclaimed "King of Pop". Singer/entertainer/songwriter since age 7. Turned pop music from a singing-and-playing to a dancing-and-performing medium.

James Brown's style

Seminal force in the evolution of soul and funk and influneced countless genres: afro-beat, rock, Jazz , reggae, disco electronia and hip hop. Renowned for his shouting vocals, feverish dancing and thrilling live performances.

God save the Queeen (Its a Fascist Regime)

Sex Pistols

New wave sound

Shared certain punk elements (faster tempos, stripped down arrangements and alienated lyrics, DIY-ethos) but was more experimental and mixed with other genres (funk, disco, reggae and ska). Used synthesizers, sequencers, and drum machines together with conventional "rock" instruments.

Eddie Van Halen

Shred Guitarist. Most influential rock guitarist in the post-Hendrix era. Found member of glam rock band Van Halen. Set the template for rock virtuosity.

Disco clue

Shrine to hedonism and illicit good times

The musical foundations of Hip Hop

Signifying, personality Djs, Jamaican Toastings and Sound Systems and "beat" poetry

Garth Brooks

Singer and songwriter known as integrating elements of rock music into country. The most commercially successful country artist of the 1990s, selling over 60 million records. Wore a cowboy hat with a microphone attached to perform in a way similar to rock musicians. Added rock growl to vocal twang. Big, glossy production style on his records.

Midnight Request line

Skream

Dubstep labels

Skull Disco, Hyperdub

Surface Envy

Sleater Kinney

Black Sabbath pioneered

Slow tempo, heavy grooves which influenced sub-genres doom metal, stoner metal and sludge metal.

The Talking Heads 1974 -1991

Smart, exploratory new wave band that incorporated influences from punk, funk, classical minimalism & Afro-Beat.

Motown Artists

Smokey Robinson, The Supremes, the Temptations, Gladys Knight & the Pips, Marvin Gaye, Stevie Wonder, Isley Brothers, the Jackson 5, among others.

Public Enemy

Socially conscious rap in the manner of "The Message". Noisy, aggressive, confrontational music concerned with civil rights and declining fortunes of urban black communities. Founded in 1982 by Chuck D, Flavor Flav and DJ Terminator X. Para-military image modeled after the Black panther movement.

Prototypical heavy metal:

Song built on loud, distorted, bluesy guitar-riff, flashy guitar solo, high, soaring vocals and big drum sound.

Sex Pistols style

Songs are short, aggressive, amateur-ish, low-fi. Acted confrontational and violent.

Kurt Cobain

Songwriter of Nirvana, success was difficult. Overdosed on heroin, then died of self-inflicted gun shot wound.

Nashville sound

Sophisticated phrasing and articulation, background vocals, strings, rhythm section, honky tonk piano . Contrasts with the hillbilly music heard earlier. "Adult" orientated music, songs about personal relationships and pain.

Hip Hop

South Bronx was a segregated neighborhood. Poverty and Crime set in as the South Bronx was cut off from services and opportunities. Early DJs and MCs were Jamaican descent. Sound systems allowed for the colonization of public space.

Control

Spawned 7 hit singles, asserted her independence from the Jackson family. 1986. State of the art production using electronic instruments, Complex beat supporting lyrics about taking control of one's life.

Phil Spector

Started as a singer and then shifted to the role of producer and songwriter. Understood the importance of sound of recordings as something other than a documention of live performance and where the real money could be made. Set the template for auteur producer. Called his productions "teenage symphonies". Girls group.

Marvin Gaye

Started at Motown as a songwriter, became one of the label's star performers.

Linda Ronstadt

Started singing folk and country rock in California in the mid-1960s. Grew up listening to country, jazz and mexican music. Toured with the Doors and Neil Young. First femal "arena" rock star, voted top Female pop singer of the 1970s.

Soft rock/ Adult contemporary music

Still hold Tin Pan Alley tradition.

The Motown Sound

Strong lead singer (with clear diction) and call & response backing vocals. Singers from local churches. String sections, elaborate horn parts, orchestral instruments (bells, percussion, brass), guitar, bass, drums, tambourine, and piano Avoided blues-derived forms in favour of verse-chorus pop forms; ABABCC form.

Purple Haze

Strophic song with novel guitar -based sound events and virtuosic solo

Detroit Techno

Style of electronic dance music originating from the Detroit suburbs in the mid-1980s - "Synthesized soul"

West Coast Gangsta Rap

Sub-genre of hip hop that focuses on inner-city gang lifestyle (blatant violence, sex, power, rebellion). Emerged on the West Coast, where artists wanted to make music that reflected their lived experience. Reaction against the "pop rap" that was dominating the charts. Developed rivalry with New York rap scene. Very popular with suburban white youth, who pushed the album to multi-platinum sales.

Grunge

Subgenre of rock, that was reaction against the successful glam rock/hair metal bands on the time. Opened spaced for female musicians.

Motown in the 1960s

Successful artists, Marvin Gaye, Diana Ross of the Supremes and Stevie Wonder.

Burt Bacharach

Successful songwriter for other performers, most notably Dionne Warwick.

The Byrds

Sweethead of the Rodeo (1968) a highly influential record, started the "country rock" trend. Departure from band's previous psychedelic and folk-rock sound. Got back to basics of rock but had no impact on the core country. Became blue print for 1970s Los Angeles country-rock movement and alternative country of 1990s and 2000s. Hickory Wind.

Car

Symbol of freedom, wealth, identity in North America

The Black church in America is a

Syncretic religion - purposeful blending of African music and spiritual traditions with figures and stories from the Christian bible.

Sampling

Taking a portion of one sound recording, the sample and reusing it as an instrument or element of new recording usually with help of sampler or computer software. Samplers opened up a range of legal and ethical issues that are still being sorted out.

Contemporary Example of 1980s Small singer

Taylor Swift, Britney Spears, Miley Cyrus, Katy Perry

John Denver and Olivia Newton-John

Tension between "hardcore" country fans and popcentric.

Electronica

Term used since 1996-97 to refer to electronic dance music: currently called EDM. Music produced primarily for nightclub DJs, focused on dance-based entertainment. German experimental electronic music.

Turntablism

Term used since the mid to late 1990s. Art of manipulating sounds and creating music using two turntables, an auido mixer and select LP records. Used early 1970s by disco Djs and then by Hip Hop Djs in the late 1970s.

Communal resource

That functions in opposition to the recording industry's fixation with ownership.

DJ Kool Herc Observed

That people danced the hardest in the instrumental "breaks" on funk and disco records.

Key psychedelic recordings

The Beatles "sgt. Peppers longely hearts club band" (Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds) and Jimi Hendrix "Electric Ladyland"

Pop Disco artists

The Bee Gees, Abba

Mr Tambourine Man

The Byrds were influnced by Dylan and made this cover version.

London Calling

The Clash

London calling

The Clash, classic double album.

Middle of the Road Rock

The Eagles "Take it Easy" 1972 a smooth song that sounds like rock music.

James Brown's Nicknames

The Godfather of soul, Soul Brother #1, The Hardest Working Man in show business.

Early names for Beatles

The Quarrymen, Johnny and the Moondogs, The Silver Beetles

CBGB bands

The Ramones, Television, Patti Smith, The Dictators, Blondie and Talking Heads.

Blitzkrieg Bop

The Ramones, live in the UK 1976.

I shot the Sherif

The Reverse of Elvis.

Rock Opera

The Who pioneer the idea of long form, narrative rock music with the album and movie Tommy. Based on the story of disabled boy who discovers he is very goof at pinball. Considered to be based on the song-writer Pete Townsend's childhood. "Pinball Wizard"

Napster

The birth of p2p file sharing, founded in 1999 by 18 year-old named Shawn Fanning.

Bob Marley

The face of reggae internationally. Devoted Rastafari, skilled songwriter, impassioned singer and performer.

Licensed to III

The first "rap" record to top the Billboard charts, incorporated a lot of rock elements: "Fight for your right to party"

Beastie Boys

The first commercially successful white act in Hip Hop, part of classic trend of white appropriation of black future.

Beatlemania

The first instance in the US of adulation for non-American cultural figures

Billie Jean

The first video by a black artist to be played in heavy rotation on MTV in 1983.

1950s

The invention of "Teenagers"

Porto-Market

The local, independent music scenes where musicians are willing to work for little or no economic reward in the hopes of "making it" provides a cheap labour for the big businesses

Salt'n'Peppa

The most commercially successful female-led rap group in the 1980s. Powered by DJ Spinderella and sex positive lyrics. A salt with a Deadly Pepa, featured the hit "Shake your thing".

Queen Latifah

The most important woman in early hip-hop established a female presence in the genre. Performed with Afrika Bambaattaa's Native Tongues collective.

James Brown (1933 - 2006)

The most influential musician of the 20th century. Prolific singer, songwriter, bandleader & producer. Brought ecstatic gospel singing-style to pop music.

Argument

The orginla theft is the poor record deals that give lables the majority of the rights to artists' music. Labels lose when something is sampled nut win the legal rights are sorted.

Horizontal integration

The process of corporate takeover of businesses in related industries. Example: Warner Bros. buying TV stations and record companies to present their content.

Aretha Franklin

The queen of soul. Daughter to Reverend C.L. Franklin. Been able to cross back and forth. Overwhelming power, intensity and emotion in her singing. Symbolized female empowerment and black power, took active role in songwriting and arranging. "Respect" biggest hit.

Little Red Rooster 1964

The rolling stones. Written by Willie Dixon; recorded by Howlin' Wolf in 1961. Straight up cover, attempt to capture the raw feel and sound of the original.

Cut One

The slits, one of the classics debut album of the era.

Key New technologies

The sony walkman, digital synthesizers, drum machines and samplers

Hardcore sound

Thicker,heavier and faster than punk; less melodic; abrupt tempo changes; use of irony

The Ramones structures

Three chords, very catchy melodies, basic rock beats, 2 minutes long, no guitar solos

Minneapolis sound

Tight funk rhythms with synths replacing horns.

Standard

Tin Pan Alley songs, songs that are known by the majority of the mainstream population and that are frequently performed by various artists. Represent a particular era of professional songwriters crafting songs for musicals, movies and artists.

Punk image

Torn jeans, homemade clothes, confrontational haircuts.

Beat Matching

Transitioning from one record to the next by matching BPM

Gangster rap

Tupac and NWA

Digital recording technology

Turns sound waves into 0s and 1s, allowing for much greater manipulation of sound than analog recording.

British Metal Sound

Two guitar, loud and fast guitar solos, melodic, soaring vocals, complex forms, virtuousis musicianship.

The summer of Rave

Underground, outdoor dance parties take over the UK in the summer of 1989, building on the Northern soul foundation of club culture.

Entertainment conglomerates

Universal, sony, Warner Brothers, Disney

Tomorrow Never Knows (Studio techniques)

Use of I bar drum loop, backward guitar solo, sped up and slowed down sounds, the tape used as an instrument and non-instrumental sounds.

TR-808 & TR-909

Use of analog synthesizer and drum machine s

Personality Djs

Use of rapid-fire hip language (colloquialisms)

Frank Sinatra

Used Tin Pan Alley songs (still famous), created the first "concept album" by programming sings to follow a specific narrative on his LPS. Come fly with me - all songs about trave

Dubstep sound

Uses samples of real percussion, but relatively sparse drums, informed by Jamaican dub reggae.

"Money"

Uses sound effects, odd meter and long instrumental jam in the middle.

1980s Big singer

Usually drawn from the black church music tradition, known for emotive, ecstatic, virtuosic singing and focus on the voice and lyrics.

Double coding

Usually refers to how an internal audience will understand something one way, and an external audience will find a different meaning

Signifying (or "Playing the Dozens")

Verbal game of rhyming and wit.

MuchMusic

Videos worked synergistically with radio and other media to boost record sales and create a new generation of rock superstars. Site of censorship and consumption. Sound and image become inextricably linked.

Whitney Houston

Virtuosic singer drawn from the African American church music scene. Starts the trend of the R&B diva, "Big singers" in pop music.Broke the colour barrier for black women on MTV.

New country sound

Vocalists maintained the country "twang" and the steel guitar and fiddle of Honk Tonk, but added big pop production styles drawn from rock and pop music. Lyrical subjects focused on rural hertiage and the outsider pride of rural people in an increasingly urbanized world.

Kingston Trio

Were popular, non-threatening part of the American folk song tradition, released LPs rather than singles.

How Bob Dylan rose to fame?

When other people recorded his songs, most notable when established folk group Peter Paul and Mary recorded "Blowin in the wind"

Vertical intergation

When the supply chain for raw materials and the distribution network for a product is owned by the same company. Example; Warner Bros. owns talent agency, record label, record manufacturing plant, music stores, theatre chains, advertising companies, TV channels, ticketing companies

Example of 1980s Big singer

Whitney Houston, Mariah Carey and Celine Dion

Future focused

With its focus on experimentation and new technology, electronic dance music has long been plundered by pop singers looking for "contemporary" sound.

The Women of Rock

Women could not compete with the male, because of the conservative views about the role of women. Country music more welcoming for female singers. Example Wanda Jackson.

Archetypical pop star

Works with songwriters, producers, engineers, studio musicians, video directors and label promotional departments.

I Got a Woman

Written by Ray Charles & Renald Richard, #1 on R&B charts in 1954. Example of the direct connection between sacred and secular music in the African-American community. Built on the gospel hit "It must be Jesus" by the southern tones.

I want to Hold your Hand (1963)

Written with the American market in mind. Heavily promoted in the US by Capital records. First #1; Beatles record in US; launched British Invasion, 4-track. Produced by George Martin at Abbey Road studios.

Bob Dylan's legacy

Wrote enduring protest anthems about Viet Nam war and Civil rights. Brought poetry and literary surrealism to folk music

Riot Grrrl characteristics

Yelling, intense vocals and fast tempos. Focus on energy and spirit conventional "technique". Heaviness: thick textures and noise.

Shackleton

You Bring me down

Taylor Swift

Young singer/songwriter who idnetified as a country artist. Obvious country markers are absent in later music, but are clear on first records. Appealed to a younger generation of fans, drawing them to country.

Grace Slick

became the most important female musician in psychedelic rock.

PIR

begins making the lush dance music that came to be called "disco" in the mid 1970s.

Black Sabbath image

black leather jackets, jeans, Christian and occult iconography, long hair and beards.

Antenna of the age

captured the spirit of the counter culture in the early 1960s.

San Francisco Sound

centre for "beat" and gay culture, LSD invented there. Haight Ashbury neighbourhood. Summer of love 1967. Music intergrated blues, folk, Latin music and Indian classical music.

Run-DMC

collaboration with 70s rock group Aerosmith became a huge "crossover" hit, introduced many white listeners to rap: "Walk this way" 1986

Musical characteristic

disorienting sounds, surreal imagery in lyrics, non-instrumental noises, studio manipulation, "not-live" recording style

Bro country element

distored guitars, big stadium shows, bad boy image. Production techniques drawn from pop and hip hop.

Black Sabbath sound

down-tuned, driving guitar riffs, occult and horro-laden lyrics, eerie vocals, sudden tempo shifts.

I sat a Little prayer

example of 1960s Tin Pan Alley style songs

Progressive rock instruments

extended improvised and composed passages. Integration, thematic coherence within tune and sometimes album.

Riot Grrrl topics

gender politics, human rights, sexual politics

Hard Rock/Heavy Metal

hyper-masculinity, aggression, theatricality, loud volume, prominent guitar parts with amplified distortion.

David Mancuso

influential early disco DJ and club owner, travelled the world looking for good dance music.

1991-2001

lawsuits by the Recording industry Association of America for copyright violation, Metallica and Dr.Dre led the way for artists protesting Napster.

Counterculture's look

long hair, beards, jeans and jewelry

Speed Metal

louder! faster! more lemmy! (Motorhead)

Charts

measured single sales

Progressive rock musical elements

metric/tempo/dynamic changes, asymmetrical, phrasing, harmonic and timebral extensions.

Interest in Inidian classical music

modal, drone based, meditative, trance-inducing. Contributed to San Francisco Sound.

Psychedelic Soul

musical style from late 1960s that blended psychedelic rock and soul music with socially engaged lyrics.

British Metal Lyrical themes

mythology, fantasy fiction and the occult

AM

now home to talk radio, sports, and "oldies" music

Sound of silence

original by Simon and Garfunkel 1964. Producers added secretly full rock band and it became a hit.

The Stooges performance

physical contortions, leaping from the stage into the audience, cutting himself with broken glass, smashing his microphone against his teeth, throwing up and urinating on audiences and smashing his teeth and pouring hot wax on his body.

Beatles developed skills

playing all-night dance parties in Hamburg, Germany

Different branches of rock

pop rock, adult contemporary; sing-songwriter; soft soul; country pop; bubble gum pop; disco

Dylan's influence

resulted in rock becoming more "serious" music, where intellectual and political themes could be explored.

CANCON

rules introduced in 1971: Canadian media stations have to play a fixed percentage of Canadian Content.

R&B disco

self-contained bands, live feel. Funk/soul instruments: Guitars, bass, drums, horns, keyboards. Funk-based Vamps. Soulful vocals, solo and group.

The police element

short, energy songs, no instrumental solos, focus on guitar, bass and drums. Pioneered the genre of "pop" punk. Released five albums and toured.

Increased entertainment industry consolidation

six record companies accounted for 80 percent of sales, independent labels fold, increased focus on "bankable" stars as opposed to seeking new talent

West Coast Gangsta Rap sound

slow bass beats, high portamento sine wave synthersizer lead, P-Funk samples, female vocals, and a laid-back lyrical delivery referred to as a "Lazy drawl"

Cannabis and LSD drugs

slow thought and amplify sensation, rendering the commonplace fascinating and making it hard to judge the worth of one's impressions.

The concept album

songs structured in a narrative to tell a story, or centred around characters.

Hard Rock/Heavy Metal classical influence

technical virtuosity on all instruments, operatic-like high-pitched male vocals, complex musical structures (connected to prog rock)

Beatles set the template for

the "progressive" rock band, meaning that they went from writing conventional pop music to more creative, experimental music.

Clyde Stubblefield

the drummer of James Brown band, died in poverty cause never paid royalties. "Funky Drummer".

Hard Rock/Heavy Metal lyrics/Visual

the occult, evil, power, the apocalypse, sexual conquest

Cyclical form

two distinct parts of indeterminate length, determined in performance by Brown.