Nutrition Chapter Six
The adequate intake alpha-linolenic acid for women is
1.1 g/day
The adequate intake for alpha-linolenic acid is
1.6 g/day
The adequate intake of linoleic acid for women(19-50) is
12 g/day
Alcohol is poisonous, and yeast die when the concentration of alcohol in the fermenting solution reaches
14 to 16%
Long chain fatty acids
14-24 carbons
The adequate intake for linoleic acid for men
17 g/day
Short chain fatty acids
2-4 carbons
What is the AMDR for fat?
20-35% of total calories
On average that contributes to about ______% of the energy in an American adult diet
38
The American heart association recommend everyone 20 years and older to have their wrist factors and Lipo proteins profile checked every
4 to 6 years
Distilled spirits such as whiskey, bourbon, and vodka are generally _____ ____ _____% alcohol
40 to 50
If tequila is 80% proof what percent of alcohol is it
40% alcohol
In 2017, almost ____% of Americans who were 12 years of age or older reported being current alcohol drinkers during the 30 days prior to the survey.
51
Medium chain fatty acids
6-10 carbons
Has an uncontrollable need to drink; is unable to limit his or her alcohol consumption; suffers with withdrawal symptoms, such as shakiness and anxiety, when alcohol is unavailable after a period of heavy drinking; and experiences tolerance to the drug.
A person who is dependent on alcohol
Is chemically similar to a triglyceride, except that one of the fatty acids is replaced by chemical groups that contain phosphorus and, often, nitrogen.
A phospholipid
Experiences problems at home, work, and school that are associated with his or her drinking habits.
A problem drinker
What is the difference between a saturated and unsaturated fatty acid
A saturated fatty acid has each carbon within the fatty acid chain completely filled with hydrogen atoms. And unsaturated fatty acid has two neighboring carbons within the chain that are missing two hydrogen atoms.
A fixed a bunch of clots that remains in place and disrupts blood flow. If it partially closes off the women of an artery that nourishes the heart, the effected section of the heart muscle is unable to receive enough oxygen and nutrients to function properly. As a result, the infected person typically experiences bouts of chest pain, especially when his or her heart beats faster, such as during intense emotional states or physical activities.
A thrombus
Has three fatty acids attached to glycerol, a three carbon compound that is often referred to as the backbone.
A triglyceride
After her college graduation party, jades BAC was 0.16%. This level is blank times the legal limit. A. 2 B. 4 C. 3 D. 5
A. 2
Fats in foods A. Add taste and contribute to mouth feel. B. Are digested and absorbed in the stomach C. Carry water soluble nutrients D. Need to be eliminated to have a healthful diet
A. Add taste and contribute to mouth feel
Which of the following statements is true A. Certain fish are rich sources of omega-3 fatty acids B. Omega-3 fatty acids increase the risk of cardiovascular disease C. Trans fats are rich sources of omega-3 fatty acids D. The human body converts dietary fiber into omega-3 fatty acids
A. Certain fish are rich sources of omega-3 fatty acids
The enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase converts most of the alcohol to
Acetaldehyde , a substance that is more toxic than alcohol.
Identify the two essential fatty acids, and list at least three signs of an essential fatty acid deficiency
Alpha linolenic acid and linoleic acid are essential fatty acids. signs of essential fatty acid deficiency include Poor growth in infants, scaly skin, poor wound healing, and hair loss
What is in omega-3 fatty acid
An Omega-3 fatty acid has the first double bond in a polyunsaturated fatty acids carbon chain appearing at the third carbon, when you start counting carbons at the omega end of the molecule. Alpha linolenic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid(EPA), and docosahexaenoic (DHA) are omega-3 fatty acids
Instead of relying on partially hydrogenated oils to extend the shelf life of products, manufacturers can preserve fat and other ingredients in foods by adding
Antioxidants
High blood levels of homocysteine may injure arterial walls and contribute to
Atherosclerosis
Most cases of CVD result from _____________, a chronic process that negatively affects the functioning of arteries.
Atherosclerosis
Lipoproteins A. Are water insoluble B. Transport lipids in the blood stream C. Contain glucose D. Are toxic cells
B. Transport lipids in the blood stream
Cholesterol is A. Metabolized for energy B. Found only in animal foods C. Not made by the human body D. Harmful to health
B. found only in animal foods
In 2015, the food and drug administration determined that partially hydrogenated oils posed a health risk, and the agency
Banned their use in foods. As of December 2020, the ban will go into affect in 2021.
3 to 6% alcohol
Beer
A form of heavy drinking, but the definition often differs according to sex
Binge drinking
Five or more drinks/occasion (about 2 hours) for men and Four or more drinks/occasion (about 2 hours)for women
Binge drinking
Homocysteine is an A. Form of folate B. Lipid that lowers blood pressure C. Possible marker for cardiovascular disease D. Essential amino acid
C. Possible marker for cardiovascular disease
The primary site of triglyceride digestion absorption is A. Stomach B. Liver C. Small intestine D. Gallbladder
C. Small intestine
____ ________ can detect coronary calcium deposits. A sc
CT scan
Blood alcohol concentration of 0.20
Cannot walk without help, mental confusion, may pass out
A group of medical conditions that affect the functioning of the heart and blood vessels.
Cardiovascular disease
Involves abnormal functioning of the carotid arteries in the neck that provide blood to the brain
Carotid artery disease
Alcohol affect on skin
Causes flushing of skin and heat loss
Alcohols effect on liver
Causes liver cells to fill with fat, eventually resulting in hepatitis, cirrhosis, and liver failure; increases risk of liver cancer
Most lipids, particularly triglycerides and phospholipids, have fatty acids in there
Chemical structures
As fatty chyme is the stomach and enters in your small intestine, it stimulates certain intestinal cells to release the hormone
Cholecystokinin
Signals the gallbladder to contract and release bile. It also signals the pancreas to secrete digestive enzymes, including pancreatic lipase, into the duodenum.
Cholecystokinin
Damages arteries that supply many organs, especially the heart, kidney, and brain
Chronic high blood pressure
____________ ____________ is significantly associated with the formation of cornea calcium, calcium deposits in arteries of the heart.
Cigarette smoking
Unsaturated fatty acids usually have the two hydrogen atoms of the double bonded carbon's on the same side of the molecule. This type of structure is called a
Cis fatty acid
______ _________ _______, such as all the oleic acid, have a kink or bend where the double bonds are in the carbon chain.
Cis fatty acids
Serum is the liquid portion of blood; plasma is similar to see him except that it contains
Clotting factors
Common foods that are rich in polyunsaturated fat include
Corn, soy beans, and cottonseed oils, as well as some types of sunflower and safflower seed oils
Affects the arteries that supply the heart and often leads to heart attack.
Coronary artery disease
Trans fatty acids are A. Naturally and many foods B. Lack glycerol in their chemical structures C. Do not occur naturally D. Are partially water soluble
D. Are partially water soluble
Tania has ____________, which makes her at high risk for cardiovascular disease A. Low saturated fat intake B. Low LDL cholesterol C. A family history of headaches D. High oxidized LDL
D. High oxidized LDL
José would like to reduce his saturated fat intake and increase his polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fat intake. Which habit should Jose adopt A. Choose chicken with the skin on instead of rib bone steaks B. Cook with coconut oil instead of canola oil C. Switch from 2% milk to whole milk D. Spread mashed avocado on toast instead of butter
D. Spread mashed avocado on toast instead of butter
Brita was a binge drinker during the first three months of her pregnancy. Her baby was born with FAS. Which of the following conditions is a sign of FAS A. Chronic vomiting B. Iron deficiency anemia C. Bleeding gums D. Thin upper lip
D. Thin upper lip
A healthy dietary pattern that promotes fruits and vegetables, low-fat dairy products, whole-grain foods, tree nuts, seeds, fish, poultry, and legumes to reduce blood pressure.
DASH diet
Alpha-linolenic acid is an omega-3 fatty acid that the body can convert to
DHA and EPA
Infants require ______ and _______ for nervous system development, and babies do not grow properly when there are diets like essential fatty acids.
DHA, EPA
Alcohols effect on heart
Damages heart muscle, resulting in enlargement of the heart and heart failure; causes hypertension
Easy ways to meet the adequate intake for alpha linolenic acid and linoleic acid
Eating 2 to 3 tablespoons of vegetable fat daily, especially products made with canola and soybean oils, and meals that contain fatty fish, such as salmon and tuna, at least twice a week.
______ _______, for example, naturally contains phospholipids and is used to Moore supply oil and vinegar when making mayonnaise or mixing oil and milk and cake batters.
Egg yolk
A thrombus or part of class that breaks free from where it formed and travels to the bloodstream is an
Embolus
A phospholipid molecule also has hydrophobic portion that avoids watery substances and attracts oily ones. By having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions, a phospholipid can serve as an
Emulsifier
A substance that keeps water soluble in water insoluble compounds mixed together
Emulsifier
The process of recycling bile from the intestinal tract is called
Enterohepatic circulation
A two carbon compound that chemist classify as an alcohol
Ethanol
True or false Alcohol is not water-soluble
False
True or false An embolus that lodges in an artery won't create the same serious consequences as a stationary thrombus
False
True or false The distilling process decreases the alcohol concentration of an alcoholic beverage
False
True or false People need large amounts of essential fatty acids for good health
False, small amounts
True or false Phospholipid deficiencies among adults are common
False, they are not because lipids are in a variety of foods and bodies of healthy adults synthesize these compounds
True or false Beef and dairy foods do not naturally contain amounts of PHOs
False, they do
Why did food manufacturers make products that contain PHOs?
Foods made with PHOs can be stored for longer periods than foods that contain cis fatty acids. Trans fatty acids are less likely to undergo oxidation, a chemical process that alters the compound structure. When oxidized, the fat in food becomes rancid and develops in an appetizing odor and taste. Unsaturated fatty acids that have the cis double bond arrangement, especially PUFA, are very susceptible to oxidation
Alcohol affects every cell in the body, and when consumed in excess, the drug damages every system in the body, particularly the
Gastrointestinal, nervous, and cardiovascular systems.
The end products of lipid digestion
Glycerol, fatty acids, monoglycerides, and phospholipid fragments.
15 or more drinks a week for males and eight or more drinks a week for females
Heavy drinking
HDL cholesterol of 40 or less for men and 50 or less for women
High risk
Total cholesterol of 240 or higher
High risk
Triglycerides 200 or more
High risk
Chronic information is involved in the development of CBD and other chronic diseases. The liver responds to certain kinds of information by producing and releasing
High sensitivity C-reactive protein into the blood stream
A chronic condition characterized by abnormally high blood pressure levels that persist even when the person is relaxed. It is a major risk factor for heart disease and stroke.
Hypertension
In addition to interfering with blood flow, atherosclerosis causes the affected arteries to thicken and lose their flexibility. This condition is commonly called hardening of the arteries. As a result, arthrosclerosis contribute to the development of
Hypertension
_____________ also damages arteries in other parts of the body, which increases risk of internal bleeding problems and even sudden death , depending on the artery size and location
Hypertension
Alcohols effect on the brain
Impairs brain functioning and damages brain; increases risk of stroke
Alcohols effect on pancreas
Impairs pancreatic function, can cause inflammation of the pancreas and increases risk of pancreatic cancer
Alcohols effect on abdomen
Increases fat deposits in abdominal region
Alcohols effect on breasts
Increases risk of breast cancer
Alcohols effect on esophagus
Increases risk of cancer of the esophagus
Alcohols effect on the colon and rectum
Increases risk of colon and rectal cancer
Alcohols effect on mouth, throat, voicebox
Increases risk of liver cancer
Alcohols effect on the small intestine
Interferes with nutrient absorption
Alcohols affect on stomach
Irritate stomach lining and increases risk of stomach cancer
Is the major phospholipid in food; egg yolks, liver, wheat germ, peanut butter, and soy beans are rich sources.
Lecithin
_________ ______ Is in vegetable angles, often used for frying foods and making margins in salad dressings. Additionally, whole grain products contain acid.
Linoleic acid
Triglycerides and phospholipid need to be broken down by special enzymes called
Lipases
A class of macronutrients that includes fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, and cholesterol.
Lipids
Are crucial components of the plasma membrane that surrounds each human cell. In fact, a person cannot claim to be fat free because every cell in the body contains fat, as well as other lipids.
Lipids
As chylomicrons circulate through the body, ___________ ____________, an enzyme in the walls of capillaries, breaks down chylomicrons load of triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol. Nearby cells can then pick up the fatty acids and glycerol molecule to use for energy.
Lipoprotein lipase
Are water soluble structures that transport lipids through the bloodstream. These must pass through the large openings of lacteals, lymphatic system vessels in each villus.
Lipoproteins
________-_______ consumption of excessive amounts of alcohol can cause the neurons to shrink, and the brain develops other structural abnormalities. Confusion and memory loss are common signs of the extensive brain damage that occurs in a chronic heavy drinker
Long term
Blood alcohol concentration of 0.08
Loss of balance, slower than normal reaction time, impaired reasoning ability and memory. Reduced ability to control one's behavior
Blood alcohol concentration of 0.25 or above
Loss of consciousness, coma, possible death from respiratory arrest
______ ______________ lipoprotein transports more cholesterol then HDL in the bloodstream
Low density
HDL cholesterol of 60 or more
Low risk
LDL cholesterol of 100 to 129
Low risk
Total cholesterol 200 or less
Low risk
Triglycerides of 150 or less
Low risk
Unlike the alcohol dehydrogenase pathway, ________ waste energy in the form of body that dissipates into the environment. Thus, alcohol typically gain a little weight from their energy intake when alcohol supplies most of their energy.
MEOS
Consuming too much alcohol may also increase the excretion of certain minerals, particularly the minerals
Magnesium and zinc
- providing and storing energy (fat) -maintaining cell membranes - producing certain hormones - insulating the body against the cold temperatures -cushioning the body against bumps and blows -contributing to body contours - absorbing fat soluble vitamins and phytochemicals
Major functions of lipids in the body
Blood alcohol concentration of 0.10
Major impairment of hearing, vision, and muscular coordination. Slurred speech and obvious delayed reaction time
What are the major lipids in food and body
Major lipids include fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids, particularly cholesterol.
The simple good or bad classification, is no longer helpful in predicting a person's risk of atherosclerosis . Why?
Malfunctioning HDL's may transport oxidized cholesterol. Like oxidized LDL cholesterol, oxidized HDL cholesterol is also associated with increased risk of arthrosclerosis
7% alcohol by volume
Malt liquors
Bile salts surround the lipids, forming tiny lipid rich particles called
Micelles
Up to two drinks a day for males and up to one drink a day for females
Moderate drinking
Unhealthy diet, hypertension, insulin resistance and diabetes, elevated blood cholesterol especially LDL cholesterol, excess body fat, physical inactivity, tobacco use or exposure to tobacco
Modifiable risk factors for atherosclerosis
Unsaturated fatty acids can have one or more double bonds within the chain of carbons. If the fatty acid has only one double bond linking to carbon atoms; it is referred to as a
Monosaturated fatty acid.
What is the difference between a monosaturated in a polyunsaturated fatty acid
Monosaturated fatty acids have one double bond within the carbon chain; polyunsaturated fatty acids have two or more double bonds within the carbon chain.
A chemical that transmits messages between the nerve cells. The human body makes small amounts of coin, but the phospholipid is classified as a vitamin like nutrient because deficiency symptoms can occur under certain conditions.
Neurotransmitter
Family history of CBD, increasing age
Non-modifiable risk factors
Digest triglycerides by removing two fatty acids from each triglyceride molecule
Pancreatic lipase
Was a food manufacturing process that added hydrogen atoms to some unsaturated fatty acids in liquid vegetable oil.
Partial hydrogenation
According to the dietary guidelines, what is the recommendation for saturated fat intake
People should consume less than 10% of their total calories from saturated fatty acids
Affects the arteries that supply the arms and legs and pelvic region.
Peripheral artery disease
Are naturally found in plant and animal foods.
Phospholipids
In the body, phospholipids are major structural components of cell membranes. Salmon brains are composed of a double layer that is mostly ________________
Phospholipids
How does a phospholipid differ from a triglyceride
Phospholipids have a hydrophilic region that contains phosphorus and a hydrophobic region with two fatty acids. A triglyceride has three fatty acids attached to a glycerol backbone
Plants make small amounts of substances that have chemical structures that are similar to cholesterol. The substances are
Phytosterols and phytostanols
Interfering with enterohepatic circulation can reduce blood cholesterol levels because the liver must use cholesterol to make new bile salts. ______ contain substances, such as soluble fiber, that interfere with cholesterol and bile absorption.
Plants
If a fatty acid has three double bonds within its hydrocarbon chain it is a
Polyunsaturated fatty acid
Blood alcohol concentration of 0.15
Poor muscular control, vomiting, loss of balance
Why is it important to understand the difference between saturated, unsaturated, and trans fat, and identify foods that contain high amounts of these fats?
Populations that consume diets rich in saturated fat and trans fats have a higher risk of CVD than populations whose diets contain more unsaturated and saturated fat. Furthermore, diets that contain high amounts of unsaturated fatty acids, especially the omega-3's, may reduce the risk of common types of CVD.
When a drinkers BAC reaches 0.25% or higher, his or her brain is unable to
Process information
The body uses EPA, DHA, and AA to make several compounds that have hormone like functions, including
Prostaglandins
True or false A chylomicron is the largest and least dense kind of Lipoproteins
R
Blood alcohol concentration of 0.05
Reduce inhibitions, resulting in exaggerated emotional and behavioral responses to situations. Impaired judgment, good mood
88-year-old Rose has more body fat than her 88-year-old cousin, Lily. Explain why having excess body fat can be beneficial for older adults
Roses excess body fat can provide a source of energy for her, if she is ill and cannot eat. Also, the fat provides some insulation against cold temperatures and may protect her bones from breaking if she falls.
Liquid Cournoyer contains a greater proportion of unsaturated than
Saturated fatty acids.
Signs of essential fatty acid deficiency include
Scaly skin, hair loss, and poor wound healing.
Blood alcohol concentration of 0.02
Some loss of good judgment, altered mood, relaxation
Reduce elevated blood lipid levels. They interfere with the liver is metabolism of cholesterol, effectively reducing LDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels as a result.
Statins
Have carbons arranged in rings, which makes them a more chemically complex type of lipid than a triglyceride or a phospholipid.
Sterols
Prostaglandins produce a variety of important effects on the body, such as
Stimulating uterine contractions, regulating blood pressure, and promoting the immune system's inflammatory response.
Eating too many calories from fat contributes to unwanted waking, but consuming too much energy from proteins and carbohydrates also increases body fat. Why?
The body can convert excess glucose and certain amino acids into fatty acids that are used to make triglycerides. Additionally the non-nutrient alcohol stimulates triglycerides synthesis, and excess body fat can accumulate as a result of alcohol consumption.
The first carbon in the molecule has three hydrogen atoms attached to it. Chemist call this part of the molecule
The omega end
The body cannot make the two polyunsaturated fats, alpha linolenic acid and linoleic acid so
These lipids are essential fatty acids because they must be supplied by the diet
____________ occurs as the levels of their enzymes needed to metabolize alcohol increase, and as a result, the rate of alcohol metabolism increases
Tolerance
True or false 10 to 12 hours after a meal, most chylomicrons have been reduced to small cholesterol rich remnants
True
True or false A healthy person who weighs 154 pounds metabolizes about one alcoholic drink per hour
True
True or false According to the dietary guidelines, women who are pregnant or breast-feeding can safely consume up to 12 ounces of low mercury fish and shellfish weekly
True
True or false Although artherosclerosis can begin during adolescence and young adulthood, the disease usually does not produce signs or symptoms of CBD until decades later
True
True or false Although each gram of alcohol provides 7 cal, alcohol is not a nutrient; it is a mind altering drug that is often classified as food
True
True or false Although the body can use transparent acids for energy, these lipids are not essential, and medical researchers have not discovered any positive health effects from consuming them.
True
True or false An estimated 88,000 Americans die each year as a result of excessive alcohol use
True
True or false Because alcohol is a poison, the liver shifts its metabolic focus from macronutrient metabolism to alcohol detoxification when the compound enters its tissues
True
True or false Both problem drinkers and those with alcohol use disorder engage in behaviors that place themselves and others in danger, such as drinking and driving
True
True or false Chemist identify a fatty acid by its number of carbon atoms and type of bond between carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain. Additionally, these factors influence how various fatty acids can affect a persons health.
True
True or false Cholesterol does not undergo digestion; small intestinal cells can absorb cholesterol directly from food
True
True or false Cholesterol is a component of every cell membrane in your body
True
True or false Cholesterol is found only in animal foods
True
True or false Cholesterol is the most well known sterol
True
True or false Compared to men who drink heavily, women have a higher risk of serious health problems, especially damage to their liver, brain, and heart, when they abuse the same amount of alcohol
True
True or false Deficiencies of certain B vitamins can also cause homocysteine levels to become elevated
True
True or false Distilled spirits have essentially no nutritional value other than water
True
True or false Drinking small amounts of alcohol can raise beneficial HDL cholesterol levels
True
True or false Elevated blood pressure can cause harden arteries in the brain to tear or burst
True
True or false Even if you do not eat animal foods, your body produces cholesterol, primarily in the liver
True
True or false Fat in beef and dairy products contains more saturated fat than unsaturated fatty acids
True
True or false Fats that contain a high proportion of partially hydrogenated oil's are more solid at room temperature than those with a high proportion of cis fatty acids.
True
True or false Fatty acids provide energy for muscles and most other types of cells
True
True or false Foods that are rich sources of long chain saturated fatty acids, tend to be more solid at room temperature
True
True or false High-density Lipo proteins is the smallest and dentist kind of Lipo proteins because it transports more protein and less lipids than other lipoproteins
True
True or false In 2015 about 6% of Americans who were 18 years of age or older had in alcohol use disorder
True
True or false In 2017, Americans who were 18 to 25 years of age or more likely to binge drink than Americans in other age groups.
True
True or false In 2018, heart disease and strokes responsible for about 28% of deaths in the United States
True
True or false In nature, fatty acids have even numbers of carbon atoms.
True
True or false In the United States, a BAC of 0.08% is the legal limit for intoxication for automobile operators who are age 21 years or older
True
True or false In the United States, essential fatty acid deficiency is uncommon because most Americans eat plenty of fat, especially linoleic acid.
True
True or false Monosaturated fatty acids generally lower LDL cholesterol without reducing HDL cholesterol levels
True
True or false Most triglycerides contain mixtures of unsaturated and saturated fatty acids.
True
True or false Oil is less dense than water so it rises to the top of vinegar in small gobbles when added to vinegar
True
True or false Olive oil is a rich source of monosaturated fatty acids
True
True or false Phytosterols and Phytostanols are often added to certain foods, beverages, and dietary supplements because they may lower elevated blood cholesterol levels, a risk factor for heart disease
True
True or false Saturated fat alters the structure of liver cell membranes so they no longer function properly
True
True or false The heart of a person with hypertension must work harder to circulate blood through abnormally stiff arteries
True
True or false The lymphatic system transports chylomicrons to the thoracic duct, where they enter the bloodstream through the left subclavian vein in the chest
True
True or false Trans fats raise LDL cholesterol while reducing beneficial HDL cholesterol levels
True
True or false Whether fat is naturally in food or attitude, the nutrient often makes food taste more appetizing
True
True or false Whole milk and whole milk products, butter, and me naturally contain small amounts of trans fats
True
True or false Women tend to become more impaired than men do after drinking the same amount of alcohol, even when differences in body weight are taken into account.
True
True or false alpha linolenic acid Is in omega-3 fatty acid.
True
true or false Processed foods, such as cheese food, salad dressing, and ice cream, often have phospholipids added as emulsifying agents
True
Has two neighboring carbons within the chain that are missing two hydrogen atoms, and a double bond holds those particular carbons together.
Unsaturated fatty acid
As a result of the partial hydrogenation process, vegetable oil could be made into
Vegetable shortening or shaped into sticks of margarine
LDL cholesterol of 190 or higher
Very high risk
A third major classes of Lipoproteins, may also contribute to Atherosclerosis, carries a larger amount of triglycerides and cholesterol. A high level of triglycerides in the bloodstream is stimulate the production of small, dense LDL cholesterol particles that are prone to becoming oxidized. When oxidized particles bind to the walls of arteries, they promote information and atherosclerosis.
Very low density lipoprotein
LDL cholesterol of 100 or less
Very low risk
Although cholesterol is not metabolized for energy, cells use the liberty synthesize a variety of substances, including
Vitamin D, and steroid hormones such as estrogen and testosterone. The liver uses cholesterol to make bile, and emulsifier that facilitates lipid digestion.
A brain disorder characterized by mental confusion, memory loss, and uncoordinated muscle movements. The person with this condition typically staggers when trying to walk. Taking thiamine supplements can resolve some signs of the syndrome, but the person must avoid drinking alcohol while being treated.
Wernicke Korsakoff syndrome
Poor diets contribute to deficiencies of vitamin E, vitamin C, and the B vitamins Simon and Foley among alcoholics. It is not unusual for chronic alcoholics to become diamond deficient and develop
Wernicke Korsakoff syndrome
8 to 14% alcohol
Wine
Commercial alcoholic beverage production relies on________, that break down simple sugars in the absence of oxygen to obtain energy in the metabolic waste products, alcohol.
Yeast
When your body needs energy, ________ cells break down some stored triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol molecules, and release the substances into your bloodstream.
adipose
Chronic __________ _________ causes muscular wasting that affect skeletal as well as heart muscle. Obviously, such effects will have a negative affect on muscular mass, strength, and endurance
alcohol abuse
An individual suffering from __________ ____________ is confused, passes out and cannot be aroused, breathe slowly and irregularly, and has pale or bluish skin.
alcohol poisoning
Chronic alcohol consumption increases the risk of __________ ____________ , a painful and sometimes fatal condition characterized by inflammation and destruction of the pancreas
alcoholic pancreatitis
Lipo proteins transport cholesterol and triglycerides in the bloodstream, so the structures played major roles in the development of __________________
arthrosclerosis
Alcohol metabolism is not influenced by a persons A. Sex B. Level of caffeine consumption C. Prior history of alcohol use D. Body size and composition
b. level of caffeine consumption
Solid fats generally have a high proportion of ______________ fatty acids. A. Unsaturated B. Saturated C. Polyunsaturated D. Monounsaturated
b. saturated
Bile contains ______ ______, compounds that enhance digestion and absorption by keeping lipids dispersed in the water the environment of the small intestine.
bile salts
According to the centers for disease control and prevention, _______ _________ is defined as having four or more drinks during an occasion (about two hours) for females and five or more drinks during an occasion for males
binge drinking
LDL cholesterol of 130 to 159
borderline high risk
Total cholesterol of 200 to 239
borderline high risk
Triglycerides of 150 to 199
borderline high risk
Modifiable risk factors for atherosclerosis include A. Family history B. Age C. Tobacco use D. Racial/ethnic background
c. Tobacco use
A saturated fatty acid has A. One double bond within a hydrocarbon chain B. Two double bonds within the hydrocarbon chain C. No double bonds within a hydrocarbon chain D. Three or more double bonds within the hydrocarbon chain
c. no double bonds within the hydrocarbon chain
Lecithin contains ________, a water soluble compound that nerves use to produce the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.
choline
Alcohol is toxic to cells, including rapidly dividing embryonic cells. An infant born with a fetal alcohol spectrum disorder has some degree of _____________ ________________ as a result of its mothers consumption of alcohol during pregnancy.
developmental abnormalities
Alcohol requires no ___________ and readily passes through the tissues lining the inside of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and small intestine. When alcohol is consumed with meals, food delays it's absorption from the stomach and slows the rate at which the drug enters the bloodstream. To reduce alcohol is harmful effects, the body detoxifies the simple chemical by converting it into less damaging compounds.
digestion
Triglycerides comprise about 95% of lipids in your body and food. Triglycerides are often referred to as Fatz and oils. The body stores _________ as triglycerides.
energy
LDL cholesterol of 160 to 189
high risk
Bile salts have _____________ heads and __________ tails. The tails are oriented inward, so they surround the lipid particle, while the heads face outward and tour the watery components of chyme.
hydrophilic, hydrophobic
The primary omega-6 fatty acid, linoleic acid, increases _____________ and blood clotting
inflammation
Grains, fruit, and potatoes - just about anything that contain simple sugars - will ferment under the proper conditions. Yeast will even ferment __________ and milk.
lactose
The ________ ___ _____ under your skin stores energy, insulates you against cold temperatures, protects you against minor bruising, and contributes to your bodies contours. I
layer of fat
Detoxification begins in the stomach, where the enzyme gastric alcohol dehydrogenase metabolizes up to 20% of the alcohol. Most of the remaining alcohol passes through the small intestinal wall and circulates to the _______, the primary site for metabolizing alcohol
liver
The process of absorbing lipids also involves ___________, which transport the fat soluble end products of digestion to villi in the small intestine. When micelles are close to the tip of a Villus, the fatty acids, monoglycerides, and cholesterol leave them and move into the villus.
micelles
If a person consumes excessive amounts of alcohol such as during a drinking binge, the alcohol overwhelms delivers ability to metabolize the drug using the dehydrogenase pathway. When this occurs, the second method of processing alcohol, the ________ ________ ________ system takes over.
microsomal ethanol oxidizing
If a thrombus completely blocks blood flow to a section of the heart muscle, the muscle dies and a ____________ ____________ occurs
myocardial infarction
linoleic acid is an
omega-6 fatty acid
Consuming too much alcohol, contributes to hypertension and damages every _________ of the body. Excess alcohol consumption has devastating effects on society, as well as on personal safety and relationships.
organ
When each carbon in the chain has two hydrogen atoms attached to it. This is a ___________ ______ ______ because each carbon within the chain is saturated, that is completely filled with hydrogen atoms.
saturated fatty acid
After being absorbed, _______ and ______ chain fatty acids can enter the portal bloodstream of the villi directly
short, medium
Eating foods that are rich sources of fiber, particularly ________ fiber, can reduce LDL cholesterol levels without lowering beneficial HDL cholesterol levels
soluble
In general, lipids are insoluble in water, but they are _________ in organic solvent such as alcohol and acetone.
soluble
A fatty acid is composed of a hydrocarbon chain, a chain of carbon atoms bonded to each other and to hydrogen atoms. The first carbon in the molecule has ______ _____________ ________ attached to it.
three hydrogen atoms
Heart disease and stroke, the most common forms of CVD, or among the ______ ______and even causes of death in the United States.
top five
In the body, _____ ______ raises blood levels of an unhealthy form of cholesterol, which increases the risk of heart disease
trans fats
A _____ ______ ______, such as elaidic acid, has two hydrogen atoms of the double bonded carbon on the opposite side of the molecule
trans fatty acid
Mild alcohol intoxication Often produces presentation and relax inhibitions. Consuming large amounts, however, depresses normal motor function, including breathing, and deaf can result. Alcohol use is often involved in a motor vehicle accidents, Falls, and drowning as well as acts of __________ and _______
violence and abuse
In addition to storing energy and fat-soluble vitamins, the fat deposits in your body and abdominal region cushion your ______ _________ from jarring movement and damaging blows
vital organs
Unlike triglycerides, phospholipids are partially _______ _______ because the phosphorus containing portion of the molecule is hydrophilic; that is, it attracts water.
water soluble
