Nutrition Final Exam
The Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range for dietary fat for children aged 1 to 3 years is of total calories.
30% to 40%
Justin weighed 7 pounds, 3 ounces at birth and was 20 inches in length. What is his anticipated weight and height at one year?
21 pounds, 9 ounces; 30 inches
What law was passed in 2016 re: trans fatty acids?
Added trans fats banned in the US
phytochemicals
physiologically active chemical compounds that are beneficial to human health
More than 40 drugs can interfere with the vitamin _____ and cause anemia.
pyridoxine
Pantothenic acid is found widely in food and a deficiency is ___
rare
insulin resistance
this is what happens during type 2 diabetes; when cells have a decreased sensitivity to insulin, which results in impaired glucose uptake, increased blood glucose levels and further insulin release from the pancreas
is a hormone that increases the life of osteoblasts
Estrogen
Sodium is the primary ____ cation
Extracellular
Diarrhea
-Frequent loose and watery bowel movements that occur more than three times a day -Can be caused by food intolerance, infection of GI Tract, Stress, and Bowel Disorders -Can lead to severe dehydration - Is more dangerous for children than elderly
identify target HgbA1C, LDLc, HDLc, Fasting blood glucose, hyper and hypoglycemia, target triglycerides
-HgbA1C: evaluates the average amount of glucose in the blood over the last 2 to 3 months(4-5.6% is normal; 5.7-6.4% is higher chance of diabetes; 6.5% and above means you have diabetes) -LDLc: <100mg/dl is optimal; 130-159 is borderline high; 160-189 is high; 190 and above is very high -HDLc: >60mg/dl is desirable; 40-59mg/dl is acceptable; 39 and below is undesirable -fasting blood glucose: between 70-100mg per 100mL (pre diabetes is 100-125 per 100mL) (above 125mg is diabetes) -hyperglycemia: when blood glucose levels skyrocket (>125mg) -hypoglycemia: when blood glucose drops too low (<70mg/100ml of blood) -target triglycerides: 0-149 is normal; 150-199 is borderline high; 200-499 is high; >500 is very high
eosinophilic esophagitis
-Inflammatory condition with a characteristic infiltration of eosinophils in the esophagus mediated by inhaled or food allergens. -Occur at any age
Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR)
-Intake ranges for energy yielding macronutrients that are consistent with good health, expressed as a percent of total calories -Follow these guidelines for the percent of calories from carbohydrates, fat, and protein -Carbs: 45% - 65% of total calories Protein: 10%- 35% of total calories Fat: 20%-35% of total calories
What are the characteristics of protein deficiency?
-Kwashiorkor -inadequate protein intake (not necessarily low-calorie intake) -edema-fatty liver -Marasmus -skin and bones appearance -inadequate intake of proteins, calories, and overall nutrients
Compare/contrast three categories of malnutrition
-Nutrition imbalance: person eats too much of a certain macro or micronutrients (ex: keto, or protein) -Undernutrition: nutrition deficiency -Overnutrition: obesity
the big eight food allergens that have the potential to cause a potentially life-threatening allergic reaction in susceptible people include all of the following except
gluten
Iodization of salt began in the US in 1924 to prevent __
goiter
Many cardiac medications interact with __
grapefruit
School-aged children 6 to 11 years old:
grow at a steady pace with occasional growth spurts.
Excessive iron absorption due to a genetic disorder is called ____.
hemochromatosis
Vitamin D primarily acts as a ______ in the body to maintain a calcium to phosphorus ratio of 1:1
hormone
what is fat essential for?
Fat is essential for transport, body function (cell membrane structure, nerve cell transmission, protection of internal organs, insulation for body heat, digestion (bile)
Iron is absorbed from food and bound to ____ in the intestinal cells.
Ferritin
was added to drinking water in the US in the 1940s to reduce dental caries.
Fluoride
____ deficiency causes megaloblastic anemia and neural tube defects so all women of child bearing years are encouraged to take a supplement each day of this vitamin.
Folate
is a condition of low blood potassium that may result from diuretics and alcohol consumption.
Hypokalemia
The elderly at highest risk of malnutrition appear to be those:
in long-term care facilities
Renin and angiotenin ____ blood pressure
increase
All of the following are TRUE with regard to fluid status in the older adult, EXCEPT:
increased DRI for water after age 70
The DRI for calcium:
increases from 1,000 mg to 1,200 mg for adults 51 years and older
Enternal Nutrition
intake of food via the gastrointestinal tract (GI); tube feeding, inability to swallow, cant comply with oral diet; risks are aspiration
The only nutrient for which supplementation during pregnancy is universally recommended is:
iron.
Babies that are considered small for gestational age are defined as having a birth weight that is:
less than 10th percentile of gestational age.
To help reduce risk of obesity, the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that "screen time," whether watching television, playing electronic games, or using the computer, should be:
limited to one to two hours a day
Identify the essential fatty acids
linoleic acid (omega 6) and alpha-linoleic acid (omega 3)
Selenium
MAJOR DEFCIENCIES: generally doesn't occur without additional stress factors; can cause cancer and heart disease MAJOR FOOD SOURCES: brazil nuts, seafood, meat, and whole grains
Weight-bearing activities increase bone __
mass
___ and dairy products are the only reliable food sources for cobolamin (B12).
meat
state waist circumference cutpoints for men and women associated with chronic disease risk
men: >40 increased risk women: >35 increased risk ....of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and premature mortality
Calcium
MAJOR DEFCIENCIES: impaired bone development leading to rickets, osteopenia, osteoporosisMAJOR FOOD SOURCES: dairy products, certain green leafy vegetables, canned fish with bones
Zinc
MAJOR DEFCIENCIES: impaired immune function, delayed sexual maturation, slow growth, hair loss, neurological impairment MAJOR FOOD SOURCES: oysters, meat, poultry, legumes, nuts, whole grains
Define the glycemic index
ranks food by how quickly and to what degree they raise blood glucose levels
The Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics provides tips to help families avoid foods that elicit allergic reactions, including:
read food labels and ingredient listings carefully. educate family members, caregivers, and teachers about food allergies and allergens. teach children about their allergies at a young age. consult a registered dietitian nutritionist to develop a healthy eating plan that avoids allergens. ALL OF THE ABOVE!
The benefits of breastfeeding include:
reduced incidence of diarrhea and vomiting in infants. reduced incidence of childhood leukemia and juvenile diabetes. enhanced infant oral motor development and digestion. increased mother-infant bonding. ALL OF THE ABOVE!
DRI (Dietary Reference Intakes)
reference values for vitamins, minerals, macro nutrients,and energy that are used to assess and plan the diets of healthy people in the United States and Canada -Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) -Adequate Intakes (AIs) -Estimated Average Requirement (EARs) -Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (Upper Levels or ULs)
A reliable source of the vitamin _____ is found in milk and easily destroyed by light.
Riboflavin
Vitamin D deficiency in children is called _____ in children and osteomalacia in adults.
Rickets
Relate diet and the stages of cancer development
Studies have proven that plant-based diets help reduce the risk of cancer. Processes of cancer start with initiation, mutation, and then progression
Vitamin D is made by the body when skin is exposed to _____ and cholesterol is converted to an inactive form of vitamin D
Sunlight
Which of the following about folate is NOT correct?
Supplementation is most critical during the second trimester when folate-related birth defects develop.
Fortified flour, beans and green leafy ____ are good sources of folate.
Vegetables
Pyridoxine is needed for all reactions in the body that involve ____ _____.
amino-acids
The primary function of vitamin K is to _____ or clot blood.
coagulate
Absorption of iron and recycling of red blood cells requires the mineral ____.
copper
Deficiency of iodine during pregnancy causes ____ and diminished IQ in infants and children
cretinism
All processed wheat _____ is required to have B1, B2, B3 and iron added back to it after processing.
flour
What is the hunger and satiety hormones?
ghrelin: only hormone found to increase hunger
Nutritional recommendations for infants include all of the following, EXCEPT:
vitamin B12 supplementation for all breastfed babies.
The DRI for _____ is higher for older adults than for their younger counterparts:
vitamin B6
Calculate protein needs of an adult
(0.8 gram of protein) x (weight in kilograms)
What are components of metabolic syndrome?
- risk factors associated with development of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes - elevated blood glucose levels along with abdominal fat and high blood pressure or other serious health risks.
What is the role of atherosclerosis in heart attack/stroke?
Atherosclerosis causes narrowing and loss of elasticity in the blood vessels also involving inflammation and a build-up of plaque.
Identify key people in early nutrition history
Antoine Lavoisier: father of nutrition -Dr. Lind James: developed treatment for scurvy -Dr. William Beaumont: made discoveries of digestion*stomach doesn't grind, juices break things down -Cassmier Funk: coined term "vitamin" -Christian Eijkman: cured beriberi by adjusting diets of chickens
Reliable food sources of ____ ____ include strawberries, broccoli, citrus fruits and peppers.
Ascorbic Acid
A t-score of > -2.5 is a diagnostic marker of _______.
Osteoporosis
All of the following are TRUE regarding life expectancy, EXCEPT that it:
represents the actual number of years an individual lives
Vitamin A plays a key role in cell differentiation, bone health, reproduction and ______.
vision
Interpret a T-score from a bone density test
+1 to -1 is normal bone density -2.5 and below is considered to be osteoporosis
Compare/contrast energy density and calorie density
- Energy density: provide calories and low amounts of nutrients; "empty calories" - Calorie density: the concentration of energy in a food.
Know carbohydrate nomenclature
- Monosacchrides aka "simple sugars"; made up of ONE sugar unit -glucose (circulates in the bloodstream; found in fruits, veggies, and honey) -fructose (found in fruits, veggies, and honey) -galactose (one of the monosaccharides that make up milk sugar) - Disaccharides; made up of TWO sugar units; -maltose (formed in large amounts as a product of starch digestion; very little is found in the foods we eat today -sucrose (is known as "table sugar" is found in fruits and vegetables) -lactose (often called "milk sugar" as its found only in milk, yogurt, and other dairy products)
Know difference between water soluble and water insoluble fibers, health benefits of each and food sources of each
- Soluble fibers: does dissolve in water, and often forms and viscous gel that acts to slow digestion and lower blood cholesterol and the risk of heart disease; often fermented by bacteria in the colon .- Insoluble fibers: doesn't dissolve in water; increases transit time through the GI tract (stays in tact); contributes to making stool and fostering bowel movements.
Compare/contrast type 1 and type 2 diabetes- known risk factors for type 2
- Type 1 Diabetes: occurs when the pancreas doesn't produce enough of the hormone insulin, required for blood glucose control - Type 2 Diabetes: occurs when specific tissues become resistant to the effects of insulin; RISK FACTORS: obesity, family history of diabetes, high blood pressure, higher in African Americans than in whites.
Describe the differences between whole grains and processed grains
- Whole grains: contain all the essential parts (endosperm, germ and bran) of the entire grain seed in its original portion. - Processed grains: have been stripped of the bran and germ, and are left with the endosperm
1. Compare and contrast major categories of eating disorders
-Anorexia nervosa: characterized by distorted body image with excessive dieting that leads to severe weight loss; fear of being fat (common in girls) -Bulimia nervosa: characterized by frequent episodes of binge eating (at least once per week) followed by self-induced vomiting to avoid weight gain -Binge eating disorder: characterized by reoccurring episodes of eating large amounts of food in a short period of time than most people would eat; is accompanied by feelings of lack of control.
Crohn's disease
-Can affect any portion of the GI tract and is often characterized by skipping areas of the GI tract involvement -Symptoms include abdominal pain, diarrhea, fever, oral aphthous, ulcerations, pyroderma, gangrenosa
celiac disease
-Complete intolerance for gluten, a protein found in wheat, rye, and barely - Can damage the small intestine leading to poor absorption of nutrient - Requires a diet lacking wheat, rye, and barley - There may be a genetic component to this disease -Average diagnoses time is 10 years Symptoms Include: 70% have diarrhea, failure to thrive in children, +/- weight loss, 80% with malaise/depression, mono deficiencies, Abnormal bone density, Dermatitis, and Malignancies
Know characteristics of dietary fat and functions of fat in food and in the body
-Dietary Fat: compound found in plant and animal food that is essential as an energy sourceCATAGORIES OF DIETARY FAT -Fatty acids: a major energy source -Triglycerides: the most abundant lipid in our diet and storage form of fat in our bodies. -Sterols: cholesterol is the primary dietary sterol -Phospholipid: primary lipid in the cell membranes; can be produced by body.
food sources of saturated fat, monounsaturated fat, polyunsaturated fat
-Saturated fat: fatty meat, coconut oil, butter, whole milk, ice cream -Monosaturated fat: nuts, olive oil, canola oil, avocado, peanut oil -Polyunsaturated fat: walnuts, corn oil, sunflower seeds, flax seeds, fish (salmon)
Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)
-The recommended nutrient intake levels that meet the daily intake levels that meet the daily needs and decrease risks of chronic disease in almost all healthy people for different sexes and life stage groups -Consuming an adequate, balanced, and varied diet each day will allow our average daily intake to meet the RDAs over the course of several days -Goals for average daily intake over time
irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
-disorder that interferes with normal colon function -Symptoms include abdominal cramps and bloating Either diarrhea or constipation - More common in women than in men - Two Kinds: Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn's
ulcerative colitis
-generally affects the lower bowel, and in particular, the colon and rectum -Trulove and Witts criteria are used to characterize the severity of UC - Symptoms include abdominal pain/cramping, bloody diarrhea, and fever -Ulcers cover the surface of the colon
Constipation
-having a bowel movement fewer than three times per week (no stool is passed for two or three days) -Can cause an intestinal blockage
Know the required components of a food label
-product net weight -product ingredient content -company name and address -product date if applicable -religious symbols if applicable -safe handling instructions if applicable -special warning instructions if applicable -nutrients fact panel
Know the changes required of the 2016 food label (nutrient facts panel)
-servings: larger, bolder print-serving sizes updated-calories: larger print -updated daily values -new: added sugars -change in nutrients required -actual amounts declared-new footnote -include the link between diet and chronic disease such as obesity and heart disease
Estimated Average Requirement (EAR)
-the average nutrient intake level estimated to meet the daily requirements of half of the healthy individuals according to sex and life stage. -Intake that meets the nutritional requirements of 50% of individuals within a group -Not recommended for individuals as half of the population would be eating less than they need at this level of intake -used to assess the nutrient adequacy of populations and are the first step in setting another set of values (RDA) -Do not use this amount
List the bullet points of the Dietary Guidelines for Americans
1. Follow healthy eating patterns across the lifespan 2. Focus on variety, nutrient density, and amount 3. Limit calories from added sugars, saturated fat, and reduce sodium. 4. Shift to healthier food and drink choices 5. Support healthy eating patterns for all
how to calculate energy needs of an adult?
1. estimate your physical activity2. covert your body weight from lb to kg by dividing by 2.23. convert your height in inches to meters by multiplying by 2.54 (to convert to cm) and then diving by 100 to convert to meters4. enter values in equation**PA is physical activity males:EER=(662-(9.53xage)) + PA x (15.91 x weight,kg) + (539.6 x height, m) females:EER=(354-(6.91xage)) + PA x (9.36 x weight, kg) + 726 x height, m)
Factors that influence oral health
1. pH (Acids food) 8. Tobacco 2. Sugar Content 9. Alcohol 3. Caffeine 10. Malnutrition 4. Juice Abuse 11. Tooth Grinding 5. Juice Consumption 12.Over Zealous tooth brushing 6. Colas 13. Medications 7. Energy Drinks 14. Industrial waste exposure 15. Saliva Deficiency
Marilyn weighed 140 pounds prior to pregnancy and her BMI was 22. According to healthy weight-gain recommendations, she should anticipate weighing ______ by the end of her pregnancy.
165 to 175 pounds
Compare/contrast pros & cons of vegan diet
A vegan diet excludes all foods of animal origin, including dairy, eggs, and honey; PROS of the diet: lower blood cholesterol, low density lipoprotein levels and low blood pressure, which all reduce the cardiovascular risks; lower obesity, heart disease, hypertension, cancer, type 2 diabetes, and premature death risk; they have a higher intake of vitamins C and E, magnesium, potassium, folate, antioxidants and phytochemicals CONS of the diet: you lack certain essential nutrients such as omega-3 fatty acids and vitamin B12; not getting enough protein; poor iron; iodine deficiency.
Why might older adults be prone to vitamin D deficiency:
A. a suboptimal intake of vitamin D B. reduced exposure to sunlight and ultraviolet light C. diminished production of vitamin D in the skin D. increased vitamin D dietary requirements ALL OF THE ABOVE
Interpret BMI
BMI is a measure of body weight relative to height. **25.0-29.9 - overweight >30.0 is obesity
_______, potatoes, orange juice, milk and dried apricots are very high in the mineral potassium.
Bananas
Thiamin deficiency is called _____.
Beriberi
The ___ diet emphasizes fruits, vegetables, whole grains, low-fat dairy products, poultry, fish and nuts to lower blood pressure
DASH
What micronutrients are encouraged and what micronutrients are limited on the DASH diet?
Decreasing sodium intake and increasing intake of potassium.
To encourage healthy eating habits in children, which of the following strategies is NOT recommended for parents or caregivers?
Deny dessert or special treats if a child does not eat all foods offered at a meal
Describe the MyPlate (Links to an external site.) tool for diet planning
Helps individualize diets for people based on needs; focuses on variety, amount, and nutrition; ¼ each of fruits, vegetables, grains and proteins, and the a cup of dairy.
75% of the iron in the body is bound to
Hemoglobin
in the stomach declines with age so all people over age 50 are encouraged to take a B12 supplement each day.
Intrinsic factor
Both a deficiency and toxicity of ____ causes enlargement of the thyroid gland.
Iodine
Fortified cereals, red meat and dried beans are reliable sources of ___.
Iron
Which of the following does NOT characterize a food allergy?
It include lactose intolerance and celiac disease
Compare/contrast LDL and HDL cholesterol
LDL: (low-density lipoproteins) primary carrier of cholesterol; made in the liver; liver to cells; elevated levels are associated heart disease-often called "bad cholesterol" HDL: (high-density lipoproteins) transport of cholesterol from cells to tissues and back to the liver; contain higher proportion of protein (low fat)-made in the liver -"reverse cholesterol transporter"-high levels of HDL are associated with lower heart disease risk-"good cholesterol"
Compare/contrast types of vegetarian diets
Lacto-vegetarian: diet consist of plant foods in addition to dairy products -Lacto-ovo-vegetarian: diet consists of plant foods in addition to dairy products and eggs. - Pescatarian: mostly consume a plant-based diet but occasionally eats meet, more specifically fish. - Vegan: eats no foods of animal origin
Manganese
MAJOR DEFCIENCIES: RARE; poor growth and dermatitis, low status may increase the risk of diabetes, osteoporosis, and atherosclerosis MAJOR FOOD SOURCES: grain products, tea, coffee, nuts, legumes, spinach
Iron
MAJOR DEFCIENCIES: anemia, decreased thyroid hormone production, impaired immune function, growth, and intellectual development MAJOR FOOD SOURCES: meat, fish, poultry, legumes, nuts, enriched grains
Copper
MAJOR DEFCIENCIES: anemia, poor immune function, osteoporosis MAJOR FOOD SOURCES: organ meats, shellfish, nuts, seeds, chocolate, and legumes
Potassium
MAJOR DEFCIENCIES: fatigue, muscle weakness and cramps, abnormal heart rhythm, risk of hypertension, and cardiovascular disease MAJOR FOOD SOURCES: fruits and vegetables, legumes, and dairy
Sodium
MAJOR DEFCIENCIES: inadequate intake is rare; hyponatremia can cause headache, nausea, vomiting, muscle cramps, fatigue, confusion, seizures, and coma MAJOR FOOD SOURCES: ultra-processed foods: cheese, deli meat, convenience food and snacks
Iodine
MAJOR DEFCIENCIES: inadequate thyroid hormone production, goiter, impaired brain production and growth, and reduced work capacity MAJOR FOOD SOURCES: seafood, dairy products, ionized salt
Fluoride
MAJOR DEFCIENCIES: increased risk of dental caries MAJOR FOOD SOURCES: treated drinking water, tea, grape juice, and sardines
Magnesium
MAJOR DEFCIENCIES: low blood calcium levels, muscle cramps, seizures, possible risk of CVD, diabetes and hypertension MAJOR FOOD SOURCES: green leafy vegetables, whole grains, and nuts
Chromium
MAJOR DEFCIENCIES: none in healthy individuals; only seen in those who have been receiving nutrients 100% intravenously for extended periods MAJOR FOOD SOURCES: broccoli, grape juice, processed meat, whole grains, spices
Molybdenum
MAJOR DEFCIENCIES: none observed MAJOR FOOD SOURCES: legumes, whole grains, and nuts
Sulfur
MAJOR DEFCIENCIES: not observed MAJOR FOOD SOURCES: all dietary protein
Phosphorus
MAJOR DEFCIENCIES: not observed in healthy individuals; impaired bone mineralization, anorexia, muscle weakness, and anemia MAJOR FOOD SOURCES: dairy products, meats, and sodas, and other soft drinks
Chloride
MAJOR DEFCIENCIES: not observed in healthy individuals; increased blood pressure MAJOR FOOD SOURCES: found in the same foods as sodium
Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)
MAJOR DEFICENCIES: (ARBIOFLAVINOSIS) inflammation of the mouth and tongue, cracks in the corner of the mouth MAJOR FOOD SOURCES: dairy products, fortified cereals, liver, almonds, clams, and pork
Choline
MAJOR DEFICENCIES: liver damageMAJOR FOOD SOURCES: liver, eggs, meat
Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)
MAJOR DEFICENCIES: megaloblastic anemia, nerve damage, neurological disorders MAJOR FOOD SOURCES: fish and shellfish, liver, and beef
Vitamin K
MAJOR DEFICENCIES: uncontrolled bleeding and hemorrhaging, **no evidence of any toxic levels of Vitamin K MAJOR FOOD SOURCES: green leafy vegetables
Thiamin (Vitamin B1)
MAJOR DEFICIENCES: (BERIBERI) mental disturbances, muscle weakness, impaired cardiac function MAJOR FOOD SOURCES: pork, fortified and enriched cereal products, seeds and some nuts, and fish
Vitamin A
MAJOR DEFICIENCES: rough/dry/scaly skin, cornea ulcerations, night blindness, and keratinization MAJOR FOOD SOURCES: animal products (highest in liver), fish, eggs, and dairy
Niacin (Vitamin B3)
MAJOR DEFICIENCIES: (PELLEGRA) diarrhea, dermatitis with sun exposure, delirium MAJOR FOOD SOURCES: poultry, meat, fish, fortified cereals, peanuts, mushrooms
Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)
MAJOR DEFICIENCIES: (SCURVY) bleeding gums, loose teeth, pinpoint bruising, poor wound healing, serve joint pain MAJOR FOOD SOURCES: guava, citrus fruits, peppers, kiwi, broccoli
Vitamin D
MAJOR DEFICIENCIES: bone pain and muscle weakness, increased death from cardiovascular disease, cognitive impairment in adults, severe asthma in children, cancer, osteocalcin/rickets in children (bowed legs) MAJOR FOOD SOURCES: fatty fish (salmon, tuna, and mackerel), fish liver oils, cheese, eggs, and some mushrooms(exposed to sun)
Vitamin E
MAJOR DEFICIENCIES: deficiencies are rare, and usually due to underlying problems with digesting dietary fat (can cause nerve problems) MAJOR FOOD SOURCES: nuts and vegetable oil, fortified cereals, green leafy vegetables.
Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)
MAJOR DEFICIENCIES: dermatitis, anemia, depression, confusion, and weakness MAJOR FOOD SOURCES: meat, fish, potatoes, bananas
Biotin (Vitamin B7)
MAJOR DEFICIENCIES: dermatitis, hair loss, depression, and neurological abnormalities MAJOR FOOD SOURCES: liver, eggs, meat, fish
Folate (Vitamin B9)
MAJOR DEFICIENCIES: megaloblastic anemia, neural tube defects, malabsorption and diarrhea MAJOR FOOD SOURCES: legumes, green leafy vegetables, liver, fortified grains and cereals
Pantothenic (Vitamin B5)
MAJOR DEFICIENCIES: neurological disturbances, irritability and restlessness, fatigue, and GI disturbances MAJOR FOOD SOURCES: widely distributed in foods; highest in liver, fortified cereals, poultry, potatoes, and mushrooms
A high oral intake of ____ supplements can cause diarrhea or treat constipation
Magnesium
A ___ mineral is needed in amounts greater than 100 grams per day in the diet.
Major
Consistent, optimal intake of ____ is associated with lower blood pressure.
Potassium
Define NHANES
Nation Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; assess the North American diet and physical activity; it's the longest population study in the world.
deficiency caused over 100,000 deaths in the southeastern part of the United States after the Civil War.
Niacin
Stage ___ hypertension is diagnosed when repeated blood pressures measure 135/95
One
_ is a hormone released by the parathyroid glands when blood calcium drops too low.
Parathyroid Hormone
Niacin deficiency is called ______.
Pellagra
must be maintained in a 1:1 ratio with calcium in the blood but not likely to be deficient because it's a component of ATP
Phosphorous
Long term deficiency of iron causes a craving for non-food substances like ice, clay or dirt and is called ____.
Pica
More than table salt, ___ foods contribute high levels of sodium in the diet
Processed
Vitamin C deficiency is called ______ and is critical for wound healing and absorption of iron.
Scurvy
Briefly explain dietary supplement regulation
The FDA regulates both dietary supplement products and the ingredients in them. They don't approve supplements before there made available to consumers. FDA is responsible for taking action against unsafe and improperly labeled dietary supplements after the go to market
Estimated Energy Requirement (EER)
The average energy intake predicted to maintain current body weight in a healthy adult of a specific age, sex, weight, and activity level. 50% of individuals will have energy needs higher or lower than this value -Similar to the EAR -
Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL)
The maximum amount of nutrient allowed that has been proven to have no risk of side effects -The highest level of daily nutrient intake that is unlikely to cause adverse effects for nearly all individuals in the population -Do not exceed this amount from all sources, including fortified foods, supplements, and prescription drugs
Deficiency of ____ in alcoholics and severely undernourished hospital patients can cause refeeding syndrome and/or death.
Thiamin
identify calorie deficit needed to lose 1-2 pounds per week
To lose one pound per week, reach a total calorie deficit of about 3500 calories per week or 500 calories per day. To lose two pounds per week, double that number; reach a 1000-calorie per day deficit or 7000 calories per week.
A disorder of excessive copper accumulation is called _____ disease.
Wilson's
deficiency causes stunted growth and diminished taste and smell acuity
Zinc
Vitamin E primarily functions as an _____ at the cellular level to protect the body from damages by free radicals.
antioxidant
Studies demonstrate that the best diet to delay age-related chronic disease includes which of the following characteristics:
avoids excess calories, high in vegetables, high in legumes, low in saturated fat (all of the above)
components of energy needs for an adult
basal metabolic rate - 60% physical activity - 30%- exercise 30%- non exercise activity 70% thermic effect of food - 10%
Pre-formed vitamin A in plants is a weak antioxidant and is called _____ _____.
beta-carotene
Consuming raw eggs on a regular basis can induce a ____ deficiency
biotin
is needed for optimal bone health, blood clotting, muscle contraction and nerve transmission
calcium
Tea, coffee, phytates and low acidity of the stomach ____ iron absorption
decrease
Physiological changes associated with pregnancy include all of the following, EXCEPT:
decreased breathing rate.
Gastric acid production and secretion decreases with age, which potentially results in all of the following, EXCEPT:
diminished growth of intestinal bacteria
Typically, calorie needs during the first trimester of pregnancy:
do not increase over prepregnancy requirements.
Six of the Cytochrome P450 enzymes metabolize 90 percent of all _____ and require iron as a co-factor
drugs
Studies suggest that children who consume the most total energy, saturated fat, and sodium:
eat most of their meals away from home.
To be diagnosed with metabolic syndrome you must have at least three of the following
excessive abdominal fat, high blood pressure, elevated blood triglyceride levels, low HDL levels, and elevated glucose levels
During pregnancy, there is a maternal adaptation to utilize ______ as primary fuel.
fat
High doses of ____ can mask a B12 deficiency.
folate
Total Parental Nutrition
method of feeding that bypasses the GI tract; is administered through a vein by a central line, or catheter.
A low hemoglobin, low hematocrit, MCV and MCH indicate _____, hypochromic anemia usually caused by low iron
microcytic
Leafy greens, legumes and ___ are reliable food sources for calcium
milk
5% of iron is stored in the muscles as _
myoglobin
Green leafy vegetables, whole grains and ____ are excellent sources of magnesium
nuts
All of the following have been identified as potential nutrients of concern during childhood, EXCEPT:
omega-6 fatty acids.
Dark green and bright _____ vegetables are good sources of pre-formed vitamin A.
orange
In addition to nuts, cereals and meat, ____ are very high in zinc
oysters
All of the following are true in regards to food jags, EXCEPT that they:
require immediate parental intervention to stop these behaviors.
Increased calcium absorption, decreased excretion in the urine and bone ___ are three mechanisms the body uses to increase blood levels of calcium
resorption
All of the following reflect updates in the National School Lunch Program, EXCEPT:
restriction of total fat to less than 20% of total calories.
Consistent, excessive intake of ____ is associated with high blood pressure
sodium
The scientific name for vitamin E is _____ which means to bear offspring.
tocopherol
The RDA for iron is set at ___ times actual need because of its limited absorption in the gut.
ten
With regard to protein intake in the older adult, recent studies demonstrate:
that slightly increased protein intake can reduce loss of lean body mass
Sarcopenia can be defined as:
the age-related reduction in skeletal muscle mass
Adequate Intake (AI)
the estimated value for recommended daily nutrient intake level used when there is insufficient evidence to determine a specific RDA -Based on research or observations of the amount of nutrient healthy individuals typically consume -Aim for this if an RDA isn't available